INTRODUCTION
Aims
Through this graduation thesis, there are 3 main aims that I would like to bring to:
- Helping Vietnamese people understand thoroughly the future of the world under Covid-19 effects.
- Providing a suggested translation and analysis for English-majored students, particularly those who study English translation, to read and refer.
- Improving everyone’s translation skills and analytic abilities.
Objectives
By finishing this paper, I has expected to gain numerous valuable things:
- Knowing how to use words and structures which are appropriate to report related to SARS-CoV-2 variants
- Knowing more about terminologies and concepts of Covid-19, as well as medical and biological fields.
Scope of the Study
This graduation paper offers a proposed translation of sections 4 and 5 from the report "SARS-CoV-2 Variants" by PHG Foundation, originally published in English and updated on March 11, into Vietnamese.
2021 In addition, I want to suggest an analysis of the original version as well as the difficult words phrases, and structures.
Parts 4 and 5 of the report on "SARS-CoV-2 Variants" provide a comprehensive analysis of the virus's impact from four distinct perspectives This analysis highlights the significance of understanding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their implications for public health By translating these sections, I aim to convey the critical insights and findings that can inform strategies for managing the ongoing challenges posed by the pandemic.
The report on "SARS-CoV-2 variants" consists of six sections, but due to time constraints, this summary focuses on the last two sections that discuss the impact of SARS-CoV-2 The complete report spans approximately 4,000 words across 10 pages.
There are 6 parts of this report I chose from the report:
- Chapter 2: SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations
- Chapter 3: Impact of variants on diagnostics
- Chapter 4: Impact of variant identification on public health measures
In these 6 chapters, the text I choose to translate is chapter 3 and chapter 4.
Parts 4 & 5 of the report “SARS-CoV-2 variants" is released by PHGFoundation for FIND on 11th March 2021 It was published at link https://www.finddx.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/COVID-variants-report-FINAL-12MAR2021.pdf
Method of Study
In my scientific research, I employed qualitative methods to fulfill my objectives Initially, I gathered data and documents pertinent to translation theory Subsequently, I reviewed materials on English grammar and idioms Finally, I analyzed the source text through the lens of the established theory.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Translation Theory
In fact, based on each linguist's point of view, there are many definitions of translation, some of which are:
Translation, as defined by Nida (1969), involves reproducing the closest natural meaning of the source language (SL) material in the target language (TL), prioritizing meaning over stylistic elements from both languages.
According to Larson (1984:3), translation involves utilizing semantic structures to convert the form of the original language into that of the target language In this process, the translator focuses on conveying the meaning of the original text accurately.
In Catford's view (1965:1), it is "the process of replacing a text in one language with a text in another."
Newmark (1988) defines translation as the process of conveying the meaning of a text into another language, ensuring that it reflects the author's original intent for how the material should be understood.
Translation involves conveying meaning from one language to another, with written language termed "translation" and spoken language called "interpretation." The primary objective of translation is to accurately communicate the original message while considering cultural and geographical differences inherent in different languages.
Based on terms of extent, levels, and ranks, Catford (1965) divided translation into following categories.
This distinction relates to the extent of SL text which is submitted to the translation process.
In an understandable way, full translation is known as every part of SL is replaced by TL.
For example: SL: But in fact, all was for my ambition.
TL: Nhưng thực ra tất cả là dành cho tham vọng của anh.
In this translation script, it is so easy to observe that the translator translated every word in SL into TL, including the preposition or the conjunction.
On the other hand, in partial translation, some parts of SL text are left non- translated.
SL: Năm 2021 đã chứng kiến những sự mất mát đau thương do Covid-19.
TL: Covid caused many grievous losses in 2021.
It is clear that the TL lacks some components of SL, the phrase “đã chứng kiến” is non-translated.
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation.
Total translation is the replacement of SL’s grammar and lexis with the equivalence in TL at all levels.
SL: The collapse of education is the collapse of a nation.
TL: Sự sụp đổ của giáo dục là sự sụp đổ của một quốc gia.
In this translation, every levels of the SL are replaced by TL Each lexis has an equivalent version in TL, and so does the grammar.
Restricted translation is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent target-language material at only one level (phonologically or graphologically).
Brazil is just a name of a southern American country, so it is translated into Bra-xin, which is only at phonological level.
2.1.2.3 Rank-bound and unbounded translation
This distinction relates to the rank in a grammatical (or phonological) hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established.
The grammatical hierarchy starts from the smallest to the largest unit, and it is made up of morpheme – word – group (phrase) – clause – sentence.
Rank-bound translation means that the selection of TL text equivalent is limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for- morpheme equivalence, etc.
SL: It rains cats and dogs.
TL: Nó mưa những con mèo và những con chó.
In this translation, the focus is solely on word-for-word equivalence, resulting in a target language (TL) sentence that reflects the individual meanings of each word Consequently, the overall semantic meaning of the entire sentence remains unclear.
Unbounded translation can move freely up and down the rank scale.
SL: It rains cats and dogs.
TL: Trời mưa như trút nước.
In this translation, there is more than one rank of grammar is submitted, cats and dogs, an idiom, is translated in rank of group It makes the sentence semantical.
Principles and Methods of Translation
There are many Principles of Translation, but this graduation paper only refers to some general principles Here are some general principles that are relevant to all translations:
The translation should faithfully reflect the original text's meaning without altering or rearranging words unnecessarily, while allowing for some transposition of meaning when needed.
For example: He was limp with fatigue.
Anh ta mệt đến độ không đứng lên nổi
In translation, it's crucial to maintain the order of words and ideas from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) as closely as possible In English, achieving emphasis or primary stress can often be accomplished by inverting word order and employing various sentence structures.
For example: Anna is not only beautiful but also incredibly talented.
Anna không chỉ xinh đẹp mà còn vô cùng tài năng.
Language varies significantly in formality depending on the context, such as in business correspondence To navigate these variations effectively, translators need to identify and differentiate between formal and fixed expressions.
For example: “Thanks”, “I am most grateful”, or “I would like to express my gratitude…”
All of them have the same meaning: “Cảm ơn”.
A common critique of translation is that it often lacks a natural flow This issue arises because translators are heavily influenced by the original text in their choices of words and expressions To overcome this, a helpful technique is to temporarily set aside the source material and translate key phrases from memory This practice encourages more instinctive thought processes in the translator's native language, which can be stifled when focusing solely on the source-language text.
Sales experienced a boost due to a government tax reduction aimed at new homebuyers.
Idiomatic expressions pose significant challenges in translation due to their unique meanings Examples include similes, metaphors, proverbs, jargon, slang, colloquialisms, and phrasal verbs When direct translation isn't feasible, consider using inverted commas to preserve the original terms.
Example: Nhạc "pop" (Because there is no referent for pop in Vietnamese) b keeps the original expression but include a literal explanation in brackets.
Example: Rừng vàng biển bạc "prosperous wealth" c substitute a similar term
Example: Great minds think alike Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã d utilizes a plain prose or non-idiomatic translation.
Example: Take your time! Cứ thong thả!
A good translation should maintain the original style, but if the source material is poorly written or overly repetitive, the translator should make necessary corrections to enhance readability for the audience.
Example: He ate, and drank, and talked, and asked during the meal.
Anh ấy vừa ăn uống luôn miệng nói, hỏi suốt cả bữa ăn.
Word-for-word translation, often referred to as interlinear translation, presents the target language (TL) directly below the source language (SL) words This method typically maintains the original SL word order and translates individual words without considering the surrounding context.
Tin tưởng vào bản thân
Literal translation is a method where the grammatical structure of the source language (SL) is closely matched with the nearest equivalents in the target language (TL) This approach often translates polysemantic words individually, focusing on their literal meanings while considering the context.
For example: A long row of shells
Một hàng dài của vỏ sò
Translators strive to closely mirror the original text while ensuring contextual meaning is accurately conveyed, despite the limitations of grammatical structures This process involves translating comprehensible words while preserving certain grammatical and lexical peculiarities present in the source material.
For example: Don't suit with me:
The semantic translation method prioritizes the aesthetic value of the source language (SL) text, ensuring that the final version avoids deviations, puns, and repetitions This approach maintains the full meaning and essence of the original work while being tailored to the target language reader It allows for a more flexible and creative exploration, achieving up to 100% fidelity by adhering closely to the rules of the original language compared to other translation methods.
For example: The act of sowing seeds of love touches people's heart
Hành động gieo mầm yêu thương chạm đến trái tim của con người.
Freestyle translation is often employed in the translation of plays and poetry, allowing for a more creative approach While it maintains the original themes, characters, and plots, it adapts the source language's cultural elements to fit the target language's context, resulting in a rewritten text that resonates with the new audience.
For example: Tâu Bệ hạ!
This technique replicates the substance of the original work while omitting its stylistic elements, resulting in a version that is often paraphrased rather than directly translated Known as "infra-lingual translation," this approach can sometimes appear verbose, overly elaborate, and may not resemble a traditional translation at all.
For example: Have a nice day!
Chúc một ngày tốt lành!
This produces the message of the original again but tends to distort the nuances meaning by referring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
For example: as strong as horse
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both context and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
For example: I was allowed to go shopping by my mom.
Mẹ đã cho tôi đi mua sắm.
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
4 Impact of variant identification on public health measures
4 Tác động của việc xác định biến thể đối với các biện pháp sức khỏe cộng đồng
The newly identified VOCs are more transmissible, resulting in increased infection rates and hospitalizations, which places additional strain on healthcare systems Although existing public health measures like infection prevention, social distancing, and mask-wearing remain effective, adjustments are necessary to address the heightened transmissibility.
Các biến thể đáng lo ngại (VOC) mới đang gia tăng khả năng lây nhiễm, dẫn đến tỷ lệ nhiễm trùng và nhập viện cao hơn, gây áp lực lớn lên hệ thống chăm sóc sức khỏe Mặc dù các biện pháp y tế cộng đồng như phòng chống lây nhiễm, giãn cách xã hội và đeo khẩu trang vẫn hiệu quả, cần có sự điều chỉnh để ứng phó với sự gia tăng này.
Concerns exist regarding the emergence of variants that may enable immune escape, potentially increasing the likelihood of reinfection in a shorter duration than previously observed with other variants.
Có mối lo ngại rằng các biến thể virus mới có thể xuất hiện, dẫn đến hiện tượng thoát miễn dịch Điều này có thể làm tăng khả năng tái nhiễm trong thời gian ngắn hơn so với các biến thể trước đó, gây ra tình trạng tái nhiễm.
1 Các biến thể đáng lo ngại infections A UK-based study examining this issue, the SIREN
2project, is studying immunity and reinfection in healthcare workers Any
COVID-19 positive cases in this group are sequenced, which will allow for greater understanding of the risk of reinfection from different variants within communities.
Dự án SIREN, một nghiên cứu tại Vương quốc Anh, tập trung vào khả năng miễn dịch và tái nhiễm COVID-19 ở nhân viên y tế Tất cả các trường hợp dương tính trong nhóm nghiên cứu đều được giải mã trình tự gen, giúp cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về nguy cơ tái nhiễm với các biến thể khác nhau trong cộng đồng.
In response to emerging variants, many countries have implemented stricter public health and social measures to curb their spread These measures include school and workplace closures, cancellation of public events, restrictions on gatherings, and limitations on public transport Additionally, stay-at-home orders, public information campaigns, and controls on both internal and international travel have been enacted to enhance safety and health compliance.
Để đối phó với các biến thể mới, nhiều quốc gia đã áp dụng các biện pháp xã hội và sức khỏe cộng đồng nghiêm ngặt hơn nhằm làm chậm sự lây lan Những biện pháp này bao gồm việc đóng cửa trường học và nơi làm việc, hủy bỏ các sự kiện cộng đồng, hạn chế tụ tập đông người, dừng hoạt động các phương tiện công cộng, và hạn chế ra ngoài Ngoài ra, các chiến dịch truyền thông cũng được triển khai, cùng với việc kiểm soát di chuyển nội địa và quốc tế.
[P4] With the situation changing [P4] Với tình hình thay đổi nhanh
Evaluating the immunity and reinfection rates of SARS-CoV-2 is being conducted swiftly on a daily basis Below is a summary of some of the measures currently being implemented to address this issue, as reported by Our World in Data.
The data website offers a global overview of various measures being implemented, including the enhancement of genomic surveillance efforts in different countries A summary of these ongoing initiatives is provided, highlighting the current strategies being adopted worldwide.
Dữ liệu cung cấp cái nhìn tổng quan về các biện pháp toàn cầu, bao gồm việc thực hiện và tăng cường nỗ lực giám sát bộ gen tại các quốc gia, điều này sẽ được thảo luận chi tiết ở phần cuối.
4.1 Public health measures 4.1 Biện pháp y tế cộng đồng
In response to the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOCs), various public health measures were implemented or reinforced Nevertheless, a recent report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) highlighted that pandemic fatigue might negatively impact the public's acceptance and adherence to these health and social measures This issue requires careful consideration and proactive strategies as the pandemic evolves.
Để đối phó với sự xuất hiện của các VOC, một số biện pháp y tế cộng đồng đã được thực hiện và củng cố Tuy nhiên, một báo cáo gần đây từ trung tâm kiểm soát và phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (ECDC) chỉ ra rằng sự kiệt quệ do đại dịch có thể ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến sự chấp thuận và tuân thủ các biện pháp y tế cộng đồng và xã hội Điều này cần được xem xét cẩn thận và giải quyết khi đại dịch tiếp diễn.
[P6] Stricter and extended [P6] Phong tỏa chẽ hơn và trên
3 Trung tâm kiểm soát và phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (Châu Âu) lockdowns
The UK implemented a tier system to enforce regional restrictions in areas experiencing rising COVID-19 cases, particularly where the B.1.1.7 variant was prevalent This system primarily targeted regions in the southeast and east of England, as well as emerging hotspots in south Wales and Cumbria.
Các quốc gia châu Âu bao gồm Đức,
Hà Lan và Đan Mạch đã quyết định mở rộng các biện pháp phong tỏa, trong khi Vương quốc Anh triển khai một hệ thống phân cấp để áp dụng các hạn chế khu vực nhằm kiểm soát sự gia tăng ca nhiễm, chủ yếu liên quan đến biến thể B.1.1.7 Các khu vực bị ảnh hưởng chính bao gồm miền Đông Nam và Đông nước Anh, cũng như những điểm nóng mới nổi ở miền nam xứ Wales và Cumbria.
[P7] Initial allowances for movement and household mixing over the
The emergence of a new variant led to stricter and reduced Christmas celebrations in the UK, prompting the government to implement a national lockdown in early 2021 after analysis showed that previous measures were ineffective in curbing the spread of the variant.