... classification, ontological metaphors, and conceptual metaphors of abstract nouns in English and in Vietnamese In the end of the study, we have the following conclusions: 1. The researches of Alexander, ... perception, emotion, categorization, abstraction process, and reasoning. Lakoff claims that conceptual metaphor is defined as a cross- domain mapping in the conceptual system, and metaphors are expressions ... the following questions: 1. What are the formations of abstract nouns in English and Vietnamese? 2. What are the classifications of abstract nouns in English and Vietnamese? 3. How are abstract...