II CAC LUAN DIEM VE VX SUA DOI HIEN PHAP CUA CIAl DOAN XAY DUNG NA NUOC PHAP QUYEN
1) vl dae linh nhdn ddn Theo Chu lich Hd Chi Minh, nha nude
va phap ludt (ndi chung) va Hien phdp (ndi ricMig) phdi Idy dan lam gdc, phai Id ciia nhdn dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan; vi theo quan diem
ciia Ngudi: chu quyin cita nhdn ddn phai dirng tren, cao ban chii quyen
ciia Nhd nude va chinh Hien phap nam 1946 Id ban Hien phap Viet
Nam duy nhat cho den nay da phan anh ro net chu quyen cita nhdn ddn
trong todn bd cac quy dinh ve td chire BMQL nhd nude (ma rdt tiee la khdng cd mdt ban Hien phap nao sau nay ciia nude ta cd the so sanh dugc). Ngudi ndi: "Chinh phii la la Chinh phu ciia nhdn ddn...", "Id ddy td, cdng bdc ciia nhan dan. nghTa la de ganh vac vice chung cho dan chir khdng phdi de de dau cudi cd dan nlur trong ihiri ky dudi quyen thdng trj ciia Phdp, Nhdt". "Nhan dan cd quyen ddn ddc vd phe binh Chinh phu... nlu Chinh phii ma cd hai cho ddn chung, thi ddn chiing phdi Idt do Chinh phii dd", "Trong bau trdi nay khdng gi quy bdng nhdn dan. Trong the gidi khdng gi manh bang luc lugng doan ket eiia nhdn ddn", "Ddng ta la Dang lanh dao, nghTa la tat ca cac cdn bd bat ky d cap ndo vd ngdnh ndo deu phdi la ngirdi ddy td trung thanh ciia nhdn ddn", "Bao nhieu lgi ich deu phai vi dim. Bao nhieu quyen ban deu eiia ddn", "Vice gi cd lgi cho dan ta phai bet sire lam, vice gi cd hai cho ddn ta phai bet sue trdnh"; v.v... (• Cac TL 7, lr.348; TL 8, lr.270; TL 9, tr.8, 15 - 19; TL 11, tr.35 - 36; v.v...). lliln phap nam 1946 dirge soan thdo dudi su chi
thu nghiem chinh, the hiin mgt cdch mgnh me vd ghi nhdn mgt cdch minh bach han cd nguyen tdc hiin djnh quan trgng nhdt ve chu ejuyin thuc sit eiia nhdn ddn - quyen lyc nha nude (ma trudc hit la quyin lap hiin) thirc six xudt phdt tir nhdn ddn. Dieu nay co the nhdn thdy thdng qua mdt loat cdc Diiu 21,
31, 36, 52 va 70 cua Hiin phdp ndm 1946. Dae biet, doan 2 Diiu 1 "Tdt ed
quyin binh trong nude Id cita todn thi nhdn ddn Viet Nam", Diiu 21 "Nltdn ddn cd quyen phuc quyet ve Hien phdp vd nhiing viec quan he din vein minh qudc gia... " va diem "c" Dieu 70 ve sua ddi Hiin phdp "Nhieng diiu thay ddi sau khi dd dugc Nghi vien ung chudn thi phdi dua ra todn ddn phiic quyet".
Nhu vdy, tu tudng nhdn vdn Hd Chi Minh the hien rd trong ludt ea ban dau tien ciia Viet Nam (cung nhu trong Hien phdp ciia bat ky qudc gia nao dugc
coi la NNPQ) la: 1) Chu quyen ciia rJian ddn cao hon chii quyin cua nha nude vi nhdn ddn chinh Id chii the tdi cao eua quyin lue nhd nude (ma trong do quyen quan trgng nhdt la quyen lap hiin); 2) Theo quy trinh SDHP tai
Dieu 70, thi Nghi vien (Qudc hgi) la chu thi SDHP khi cd 2/3 tong sd nghj vien (dai bieu Qudc hdi) yeu cdu (dilm "a"), nhung nhan dan lai la chii thi
thdng qua Hien phdp khi tham gia phiic quyit (tuc Id tnmg cau dan y) dao
ludt CO ban dd.
2) Ve ddc tinh ddn chii. Theo Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, Hiin phdp Viet Nam phdi the hipn tren thyc te su tham gia rgng rdi ciia nhdn ddn
vao cdc boat ddng ciia qua trinh to chuc BMQL nhd nude vi Ngudi dd timg khdng djnh: "Cd phat huy ddn chii din cao do thi mdi ddng vien duge nhdn dan...", "Nude ta la nude ddn chii. Dja vj cao nhat la dan, vi dan la ehii", "Chinh quyen nhdn dan lanh dao phdi ddn ehii, thilt thuc... va cd nhipm vy thyc hipn ty do dan chii cho ddn chiing", "Nhan ddn Id
dng chii ndm chinh quyin", nen "quyin phdi giao cho dan chirng s6 nliilu, chd
dl trong tay mgt bgn it ngudi"; v.v... (• Cac TL 15, tr.690. 691; TL 24, tr.5, TL71,tr.6,TL72,tr.9;v.v...)
3) Va cudi cimg, vl ddc Xinhphdp quyin. Liic sinh thdi, Chu lich Ho
Chi Minh ludn quan niem ring, chu quyin cua nhdn ddn chi cd the duoc thuc hiin tren thue te bdng Hiin phdp vd pheip ludt trong NNPQ nen
ngay tir nam 1922 trong tdc phdm "Viet Nam yeu cdu ca" Ngirdi da khdng dinh: "Bciy xin hien phdp ban hdnh; trdm dieu phdi cd thdn linh phdp
4.3. Mire eld dieu chinh ciia HPSD trong mil qude gia Id mdt phgm trii
khdeh eptan phdn dnh ve luanin phgm vi (giai lutn) dieu chinh ddi ve'/i cdc QHXH dang tdn lgi vd se lyliiil trien trong tiarng lai md pheim vi diiu chinh bdng cdc quy dinh trong Hien phdp dd duoc hem hdnh Irue'rc ddy dd khdng cdn phu lie/p ve'ri nhieng elgc diem vd nhu cdu mang tinh quy ludt eiia cdc QHXH dd nira vd niu nhu khdng cd su hd sung vd hodn thien mgt cdch kip ihe'ri thee) hue'rng lich cue ihi se dua den nhimg he luy khiing hoeing xd hdi nghiem trgng. Tir djnh nghTa khoa hpc ciia khai niem nay cho thdy, nd
(mirc do dieu chinh ciia HPSD) bao gdm ba dae diem co ban nhu sau: 1) La mdt pham trii kheich quan phan anh ve luemg pham vi (gidi ban) dieu
ehinh ddi vcii cac QHXH dang tdn tai va se phdt trien trong tuong lai; 2) Pham vi dieu chinli cdc quy djnh trong Hien phdp da dugc ban hdnh trutrc ddy da khdng cdn phii hgp vdi nhimg dac die.m vd nhu cdu mang tinh quy luat ciia cdc QI IXII dd nua va chinh vi the, 3) Nizu iiliu khdng cd su bd sung va hodn thien mpl each kip thai theo hudng tich cue thi se dua den nhung be luy khiing hoang xa hdi nghiem trgng. Nhu vdy, cdn cir vao cac due diem va nhu cdu mang tinli quy luat ciia cac QEIXH dang tdn tai va se phdt trien trong giai doan xay dimg NNPQ Viet Nam hien nay, chiing ta cd
the xac djnh mice do diiu chinh (MDDC) ciia Hien phap nam 1992 hien
hdnh ciia Viet Nam trong lan sira ddi, bd sung Idn thu 2 ndy la: can ghi nhdn sao cho cac quy dinh trong dao luat ca ban cd hieu lyc phap ly cao nhdt eiia ddt nude sau klii da ducre sira ddi phai phan dnh dugc pham vi ve
lugng mdt each klioa hgc. klidch quan vd chinh xdc ba ddc tinh ea ban nhu
da neu tren ciia Hien phap nam 1946. Ndi mdi each khdc, mue do dieu chinh ciia HPSD Idn nay phdi mang linh Idng the va toan dien, ddy dii va sau sdc chu khdng ihi^' chung chung, qua loa, dai khai. Do vay, tir su phan tich tren day ve thue trang ciia cdu triic (c(r cau) vd MDDC ciia Hien phdp
ndm 1992 bien hanh, tren co sd ce'tc quy ludt chung, biin chieng vd tdl yeu
ciia ljch su nhd nude va phap lual dang dien ra triin the gidi, ciing nhu khdt vgng nhan ddn ta, cdn cir vao nhung dieu kien cu the eiia ddt nude va thyc tien ciia cac QHXH dang tdn tai va se phat trien trong tuong lai d Viet Nam, chiing tdi cho rang, cdu true HPSD ciia Viet Nam trong giai doan xdy dimg NNPQ hien nay nen chang can dugc bien soan tuong irng theo thu ty
tir km den nhd theo tirng Phan, Chuang (dii cho ceiu triic ed khde nhau nhu the ndo chang nira) nlimig MDDC ciia nd can phai bdo ddm dugc day dii it nhdt la 5 nhdm QHXH chinh, trong dd bao gdm nhiing vdn de ca bdn cd