II CAC LUAN DIEM VE VX SUA DOI HIEN PHAP CUA CIAl DOAN XAY DUNG NA NUOC PHAP QUYEN
3. Ve che djnh quyen con ngu-oi va quyen cong dan Cac quy phani vl
cac che djnh quyen eon ngudi vd quyin edng ddn vdi tu each Id nhimg gia trj
xa hgi cao quy nhl.t dugc thira nhan chung cua nin van minh rJian loai'trong
cac NNPQ djch thiec md le ra cdn phdi dugc dl cap rieng biet trong hdn mgt
Phan ciia Hiin phap, nhung Hiin phdp ndm 1992 chi quy djnh ven ven trong mdt Chuang vd lai sdp xep nd d vi tri thir ndm (sau nliilu Chuang khdc) -
Chuang V "Cdc quyen vd nghTa vu co bdn cua cdng ddri' nhung Chuerng nay ciing lai cdn mdi sd nhugc diem rdl co bdn vd quan trgng la:
3.1. Ngay ten ggi ciia Chuang ciing chua chinh xdc vi mill khoa hgc va
chua dgt vi mill ky ihugl lap hiin (KTLH) khi da khdng sir dung tluiat ngu "con ngudi' (vi eac quyin con ngudi rd rang la khac vdi quyin cdng dim).
3.2. Neu elii quy djnh cac quyin "co bdn" vdy thi cdc quyin "klidng ca ban" Id cdc quyen nao va khdng dugc ghi nhan trong Hiin phdp hay sao (?).
3.3. Thieu hodn todn eac quy pham vl cdc co chi phdp ly (cd quoc gia va
qudc te) de bdo ve cdc quyin hiin dinh ndy vdi tu each la ke hd "chit nguiri" ciia Hien phdp vi no lam cho ai (ngudi nao) khdng cd kiln thirc vl phdp luat rat khd ty bdo ve dugc cac quyin hiin djnh cua minh khi bj xdm pham (nli^t Id khi su xdm pham dd xuat phdt tir phia cdng quyin).
3.4. Trong Chuang ndy le ra phdi ghi nhan ddy dii eac quyin ty nhien
md bat ky mdt ngudi ndo sinh ra diu eluang nhiin duexc hudng vdi tu
each Id cac gia tri xa hgi cao quy nhdt dugc thira nhdn chung ciia nhan
loai tien bd da dugc ghi nhdn trong Bg lugl qude ti vi nhdn epiyin vdi ba van ban ndi tilng - Tuyen ngdn thi gidi "Vi cdc quyin con ngudi" (ggi tdt la "nhdn quyin") nam 1948, hai Cdng udc Lien hgp quoc "Vi cdc
quyin chinh tri vd ddn su" vd "Vi cdc quyin kinh ti, vdn hda vd xa hdi"
ndm 1966 - ma Viet Nam va bdu nhu cac quoc gia la thdnh vien Lien herp
qude da ky vd cam kit thuc hien, thi nhung trong 33 diiu eiia Chuang nay thi cd den 30 Idn xudt hien thuat ngir "Nhd nude" (vi mdt khi dd la
quyen ty nhien eua con ngmri thi ducmg nhien dugc hudng chir khdng the la "qua tang" ciia Nha nude hay bat cu phdp nhdn, ban lanh dao hay cd nhan ngirdi cam quyen nao het).
4. Vc CO- che KSQL nha nude. Van cdn thieu hoan toan cdc quy pham de
cap den ca che KSQL nha nude ndi chung ngay trong chinh ndi bd he lhdng BMQL nha nude de cd the tao nen dugc su kiem Ira vd cdn bdng (hay cdn ed each ggi kJidc la chua diing la "kiem che vd ddi trgng" vd chinh cdch sir dung
thuat ngir nhu vay de lam cho mdt sd ngudi chua hieu dimg bdn chat phap ly ciia chiuig thay "lo sg" vi cir tudng Id cd gi ghe gdm 1dm tao ra su "xung dot" (trong khi thuc chat chi la su che udc nhau va phan cdng lao ddng quyin luc
nhd nude giua cac ca quiin cdng quyen) - day chinh la vdn di ea bdn nhdl
too ra ke lid cho su tiiy lien, hieu qud llieip vd ndng lire cpudn ly nhd nude yeu trong Iwgt eldng cua cdc ca quan cdng quyen.
5. Vc CO- che bao ve Hien phap. Cdc quy pham biln djnh lien quan din
ca chii BVHP cdn mdi chi mang tinh mot chiiu vd chua deiy du vi trong khi
hai nhdnh quyen lyc ddu tien (QLP vd QHP) duge Hiin phdp trao cho rat
nhieu tham quyen de thirc hien su KSQL nliu nirdc ddi vdi nhanh quyin lire
thir ba (QTP), thi ngugc lai, klidng he ed bat ky mdt quy djnh ndo ghi nhan CO che KSQL nhd nude ciia nhdnh QTP ddi vdi hai nhanh quyin lye nhd
nude kia).
6. Vc tinh khoa hoc. Van chua thirc sir bdo dam tinh ehinh xac vl mat
khoa hgc khi khdng cd ranh gidi rd ret giiea eeic ea quan thugc cdc nhdnh
quyin liec nhd nue'/e khdc nhau vi khdng ghi nhdn ten ggi cdc CQTP la nhiing
ecr quan nao khi cac Toa an nhan dan (TAND) va Vien kiim sat nhan dan (VKSND) deu dugc quy dinh trong ciing mpt Chinmg IX.
7. Vc quy trinh lap hien v a hicu luc cua Hien phap. Cdc quy pham hiin
djnh lien quan den quy trinh lap hiin va hieu luc ciia Elien phdp mac dii eiing
la phdn rdt quan trpng ma le ra can phdi dugc dieu chinh cy thi vd cdng khai timg cdng doiui de todn the nhdn ddn dugc bill nhu: soan thao (1), sua ddi (2), bo sung (3), thdng qua (4) vd cdng bd (5) Hiin phdp nhu thi ndo (?), nhung rat
ticc la trong Mien phap nam 1992 van cdn chua de cap gi din bdn cdng doan duu. ma chi mdi ghi nlidn rdt so sdi nwl cdng doan sau cimg Id khi ndo thi Hiin phap dugc "siea ddt"' (Diiu 147).
§3. Cac quy djnh h l f n hanh vd to chu-c va kiem soat quydn lyc nha nu'O'c trong Hl§n phap va phap luat Viet Nam
1. Thyc trang chung cua c^c VBPL chu yeu co lien quan den to chiic va KSQL nha nu-dc d Vi|t Nam hifn nay. Klii phan tich thuc trtuig ciia qui