L CAC UAiV DIEM VE NHA Nl / 6C PHAP QUYEN DUONG DA
H VAI TRO CUA KOA OC PAP LY TRUOC YEU CAU S U A DOI IEN PAP, CAI CAC TU PAP VA OAN
THIEN CHINH SACH HINH SU TRONG GIAI DOAN X.VY DUNG NHA NUOC PHAP QUYEN
§'. tNhapd§
U Nhu vdy, xuat phat tir neiin nhiem vu chii yeu tren ddy ciia BMQL
nld nude trong giai doan xay dirng NNPQ Viet Nam (kl tir ndm 1994 den nay), can cir v;io c;ic liuin dilm liln bg va dan chii ciia Dang trong eic Nghj quyit sd 48/NQ-TW va so 49/NQ-TW, cac vdn kien ciia cac Dii hdi Ddng Idn ihir X (2006) va Ian thir XI (2011), cung nhu trong
Crang ITnh nam 1991 "Ve xdy elicng ddt medc trong thdi ky qud do len
ciu nghTa xd hdi" (phdt triln, bd sung ndm 2011), tren ca sd phdn tich
thjrc trang ciia KHPL nude nha cho phep khdng djnh rang, KHPL nude nld hien nay ed sir menh to Idn trong viee lam sdng td ve mat ly ludn niilu vdn dl lien quan din cac chuyen nganh phap luat (thuc djnh) khac niau ma thuc tien xa hdi Vict Nam da dat ra trong suot ban mdt thap ky qia (kl tir Dai hdi Dang Idn thir VII nam 1991 \a dae biet la tir Hdi nghj dii Ibilu toan qudc giira nhiem ky ciia Dang nam 1994 den nay).
2. Tuy nhien, ti-en ea sd each dat vdn dl tren ddy, can eii vdo thuc tien xa
hgi Viet Nam vd thuc tien qudc te duang dai, trong Chuerng mdt dudi ddy cua cudn sdch chuyen khao nay chi dl cap din vai trd - xac djnh nhiem v\i cua KHPL trong viec gidi quyit vl mat ly ludn ba nhdm vdn di cdp bdck VJ
chu yeu tuong ling vdi ba yeu eau co ban va quan trgng ciia ddt nude trt:)ng
giai doan xdy dung NNPQ hien nay theo he thong nhu sau: 1) Nlii^^m vy cua KHPL trudc yeu edu SDHP ndm 1992 (Ian thii hai); 2) Nhiem vu ciia KHPL trudc yeu edu CCTP va; 3) Nhiem vu cua khoa hgc phap ly trudc yeu edu hoan thien CSHS nhdm BVCQ con ngudi.
§2. Nhiem vu cua khoa hoc phap ly tru'O'c yeu c i u sCpa doi Hi§n phap nam 1992 ( l l n thip hai)
Trudc vew edu SDHP ndm 1992 ciia dat nude md Dai hdi Dang Ian thir XI
va cac Hgi nghi TW 2, TW 5 khda XI da dl ra - SDHP nam 1992 (Ian Ihii
hai) dd ehi dao theo djnli hudng "tdt cd quyin lue Nhd nude thugc vi nhdn
ddn vd KSQL nhd nude", can cu vao ndm ddc diim ehinh trong giai doan
phat trien cua xa hgi Viet Nam duong dai - ndm nhiem vu chii yiu ma BMQL nha nude can phai thyc hien trong sudt cd giai dogn xdy dimg NNPQ (da neu tren ddy), ddng thdi xuat phat tir thyc tien lap hiin thdi gian qua, dl gdp phan phuc vu thiit thuc cho cdng cudc SDHP hien nay va de bao diun
cho HPSD cd duge tinh on dinh Idu dai hang chuc, hdng tram nam sau (ma van khdng phai sira ddi) vi cae thi he hdm nay vd mai sau, vi Igi ich chung ciia Td qudc va nhdn dan, vi su phat triln ciia dat nude, theo quan dilm cua chung tdi, nen chdng KHPL (ma trudc hit la khoa hgc Ludt hiin phdp) cdn
thyc hien tdt ba nhiem vu nhu sau:
1. Mot Id, nghien cim sdu sdc dl lam sdng td vl mat ly luan it nhat Id 7
nhdm vdn de ea hdn cua khoa hgc Ludt biln phdp Viet Nam hien nay -
ljch sir lap hiin Viet Nam vd chu nghTa lap biln (1), phdn edng va KSQL nhd nude (2), chii quyin cua nhdn ddn va td ehirc BMQL nhd nude (3), cae quyin va ty do hiin dinh ciia eon ngudi va ciia cdng ddn (4), ky thuat lap hien (5), quy trinh lap biln vd quy trinh lap phap (6), cau true va pham vi diiu chinh ciia HPSD (7).
2. Hen Id. tham khdo kinh nghiem lap biln va nhung thdnh tuu lien tiln ciia khoa hge Ludt biln phdp d mdt sd qude gia Id eac NNPQ elich ihiee thudc
Ipc nhung diem lien bd, uu viet \ a pliii hap vdi thuc tien ciia Viet Nam Irong qua trinh soan thao HPSD eua nude la.
3. Va cuoi cimg, ba la, phan lich thuc trang cdc quy djnh hien hdnh
trong Hiin phap nam 1992 de thay rd dirge nhung nhugc diem, bat cap
eiia cac quy dinh d(), ddng thdi kit hgp vdi ket qua nghien ciru tir hai
nhiem vu neu tren dl dua ra va kip luan cho nhung ludn cir khoa hgc -
Ibirc lien cua cae Du iheio HPSD dugc de xudt vdi: 1) cac phuong an
khac nhau vl Id cluic BMQL nha nude va 2) MHLH vl nhung vdn dl ma
HPSD cdn phai diiu chinh. de tir cac Du theio HPSD dd dugc soan thdo,
Qudc hdi va nhan dan cd the so sanh vdi Hien phdp hien hanh nham lua chgn mdt phuang an tdi uu nhal cho dat nude.
§3. Nhiem vij ciia khoa hoc phap ly tru'O'c yeu cau cai e a c h tu- phap
Trudc ye:u edu cita cdng eiigc CCTP ma Nghj quyet sd 49/NQ- TW ngay 02/6/2005 "Vi Chien luge cdi cdch tie phdp den nam 2020"
da dl ra, Dai hdi Ddng Ian thir XI (2011) dd khdng djnh lai mdt Idn
niia, can cii vao ndm dgc die:m chinh trong giai doan phat trien cua xa hdi Viet Nam duang dai - ndm nhiem vu chu yeu md BMQL nha nude can phdi thuc hien trong sudt cd giai dogn xdy dieng NNPQ (dd neu tren day), dong thdi tren ca sd phdn tich thue tien tu phdp a nude ta thdi gian qua, dl gdp phdn phuc vu thiet thuc cho thdng Igi cua cdng
cudc CCTP trong bdi cdnh SDHP hien nay, theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi, nen chang KHPL (ma trudc bet la khoa hgc Ludt hien phap) can
thuc hien tot ba nhiem vu sau:
1. Mdt la, nghien ciru sau sdc dl xay dung cho dugc hgc thuyet (hay cdn ggi la he thdng cdc ludn diem cita nhieng vdn de ly ludn mang tinh
hge ihiidt) vl CCTP, ma trong dd can lam id eac luan diem khoa hge it
nhdt la vl ndm nhdm vdn dl sau: I) Cdch hilu ve pham trii "lu phdp"
trong NNPQ; 2) Khai niC-m va cac ddc dilm co ban eiia CCTP; 3) Mue tieu, ddi hdi (yeu cau) va doi tugng ciia CCTP; 4) He nguyen tdc CCTP va; 5) Nhirng PHCB ciia CCTP d Viet Nam.
2. Hai Id. tham khdo kinh nghiem id chiec QTP vd nhung thanh tuu
tien tiln eiia cac chuyen nganh KHPL vl tu phap d mdt sd qude gia la cac
tir dd ITnh hdi ed chpn Igc nhirng diem tiln bd, uu viet va phii hgp vci thuc tien ciia Viet Nam trong tiln trinh CCTP d nude ta.
3. Va cudi cimg, ba la, phan tich thyc trang cac quy djnh hien hdnh vl
QTP trong Hien phdp va phap luat quoc gia dl thay ro dugc nhirng nhugc diem, bat cap ciia cac quy djnh dd dl kit hgp vdi kit qua nghien ciru t i
hai nhiem vu neu tren, dua ra va lap ludn cho nhirng ludn cii khoa hgc -
thyc tien ciia cac dl xudt vdi cac phuong an khac nhau vl CCTP ma ddc
biet Id cac phuang dn ve md hinh cdi each ba he thdng ea quan cong
quyin trong BMQL nha nude - CQDTr (1), VKSND (2) va TAND (3);
ddng thdi dua ra cac MHLP ve mdt sd VBPL chii yiu va quan trgng hon
ca trong cac ITnh vyc thugc QTP.
§4. Nhiem vu cua khoa hpc phap ly tru'O'c yeu c i u hoan thien chinh sach hinh s y n h l m bao ve cac quydn con ngu'O'i
Trudc yeu edu ciia vi?e hodn ihi^n CSHS nhdm BVCQ eon ngudi trong dat nude ma Nghj quyit sd 48/NQ-TW ngay 24/5/2005 "Vi Chiin
luge xdy dung vd hodn thien he lhdng phdp ludt Viet Nam din ndm 2010. dinh hudng din ndm 2020", Nghi quyit sd 49/NQ-TW da dl ra va Dai
hdi Ddng Idn thii XI da khdng djnh lai, cdn cii vdo nam dgc diim chinh trong giai doan phdt trien ciia xa hdi Viet Nam duong dai - ndm nhiem vu
chii yeu ma BMQL nha nude can phdi thyc hien trong .sudt ed giai dogn xdy dieng NNPQ (da neu tren ddy), ddng thdi xuat phdt tir thye trang ciia
CSHS va thyc tien dp dyng phap luat ve ddu tranh vdi tdi phgm
(DTrVTP - bao gdm ca phdng va chong tgi pham, hay cdn ggi la phdp
luat vl tuphdp hinh su - TPHS) trong thdi gian qua, dl gdp phdn phuc
vu thiet thuc cho viec hodn thien CSHS nhdm BVCQ eon ngudi trong boi
toan cau hda hi?n nay, theo quan dilm cua chiing tdi, nen chdng cdc chuyen nganh KHPL vl TPHS (ma trudc hit la khoa hge Luat hinh sy va
khoa hpc Ludt TTHS) cdn thyc hien tdt ba nhiem vu nhu sau:
1. Mgt Id, nghien cim sdu sdc de xay dung cho dugc h^ quan diim ciia
nhirng vdn de ly ludn mang linh hgc thugt vl CSHS trong giai doan xay
dyng NNPQ Viet Nam, ma trong dd cdn lam rd cae ludn dilm khoa hgc It
nhdt la ve ndm nhdm van dl sau: 1) Ngi ham cua "CSHS" trong giai doan
lufil vl ITI IS) trong NNPQ: 3) Sir cam ihiel ei.ia vice hoan thien phap luat vl lilPS hien nay: 4) Nhan iliue chang ve HVC(^ con ngudi bdng phap liuil Irong ITnh \'ue TPHS (ma iruoe liet la 1 ang PLUS va phdp ludt ITHS) va; 5) Nhung PHCB eua vice hoan Liien PLHS vd phdp ludt
1THS (ndi rieng) nham BVCQ eon ngudi hie.-i nay.
2. Hai Id, tham khao kinh nghien lioeich Jinh CSHS va nhirng thanh
tuu tien tiln eiia cae chuyen nganh KHPL vl DTrVTP d mdt sd qude gia
la cac NNPQ dich ihirc ihude eac hd thong ph;lp luat khac nhau tren the gidi d^ tir dd ITnh hdi ed ebon loe nhang dien: lien bd, uu viet vd phii hgp
vdi thuc tien cua Viet Nam irong vice hoan thien CSHS.
3. Vd cudi cimg, ha lu, phan lieh thuc trang cac quy djnh hien hanh cd
lien quan din vice BVCQ con ngudi trong phan ludt ve DTrVTP qudc gia dl thdy rd dugc nhirng nhugc diem, bat cap cua cac quy djnh dd nhdm ket
hgp vdi kit qua nghien ciru tir hai nhiem vu neu tren, dua ra vd lap ludn
cho nhirng luan cir khoa hpc - thirc lien ciia cac md hinh lap phdp ve hodn thien chiing.
HI. NHUNG KET LUAN
Tir vice nghien ciru cac ludn diem chung ve vai trd ciia KHPL tuang
irng vdi ba nhdm vdn de cap bach da neu trong giai doan xdy dung
NNPQ Viet Nam hien nay. cd the di den mdi sd ket ludn nhu sau:
1. Mat Id, KHPL {ndi chung), cung iiliu khoa hgc Ludt hien phdp vd cac chuyen nganh khoa hoc \e TPHS {ndi rieng) ciia Viet Nam ehi thue
su ed y nghTa eldi vdi cudc sdng, elem Igi hi ich cho Td qudc, nhdn ddn vd ge'jp phdn phe'it triin ddt nude khi nd thuc hien dugc mdt cdch tning ihiee, nghiem tuc, tdn luy vd vdi tdm thien sir menh cao cd ciia nd - lam
tdt chire ndng du hdo de soi duimg cho thuc tien.
1. Hai Id, dl cd ihl thuc hien dugc sir menh da neu tren day, thi viee
soan thdo cdc luan dilm vl mat ly luan tuang ling vdi ba nhdm vdn de
cdp bc'ich vd chu yiu ciia KHPL trong giai doan xdy dung NNPQ Viet
Nam hien nay trudc yeu edu SDHP (1), CCTP (2) vd hodn thien CSHS
dich ty thdn trong 4 biie tudng ciia kilu NCKH "phdng gidy". ma trdi lai, cac nghien cuu nay cdn phdi dugc triln khai mdt each dong bd, long thi trong sy lien he bi?n chiing va hiiai ca, chdt che vd khdng kbit vdi thire
tien xa hgi {ndi chung), cung nhu thuc tien lap hiin, lap phdp va dp dung phap ludt trong ITnh vyc TPHS {ndi rieng).
3. Ba Id, vi gdn lien vdi cac chuyen ngdnh ludt thyc djnh nhu: Lu§t
hien phdp, Ludt hinh sy va Ludt TTHS (ehii khdng phdi la cae chuyen ngdnh KHPL ea bdn nhu: Ly ludn hay Ljch sir nha nude vd phap luat,
Triet hgc phdp quyen, nen de ed thi lam tdt sir menh ciia minh thi cdc kit
qud nghien cieu cudi cung tuong ung vdi ba nhdm vdn di cdp hdch vd chit yeu eiia KHPL nude nhd (da neu tren) nhdt thilt vdi tu ecich Id .sdn phdm ddu ra cua cac nghien cim dd (dii trudc mdt cd thi chua dugc cdp
mdt dong kinh phi nao tir ngan sach Nhd nude) cdn phdi it nhdt la mot trong ndm dang sdn pham nhu sau; 1) Van bdn Die thdo HPSD nao do voi
ea edu ehung, ten ggi eu the ciia tieng Phdn vd Chieong -f tdng sd luemg Dieu; 2) Cac bieu bang tuong ung vdi tirng md hinh td ehirc BMQL nha
nude (theo cdc phuong dn cu ihi khdc nhau); 3) Nhieng KGLH vi ngi dung
cu the cua it nhdl Id hdng chuc Diiu trong Die thdo EIPSD da dl xudt;
4) Md hinh lap phdp vl mdt Du thdo Ludt (Bd ludt) nao do vdi ca edu
chung, ten ggi cu the cua tieng Phdn vd Chuong -t- tdng sd luong Diiu va;
5) Nhieng KGLP ve ndi dung cu the eiia it nhdt la hdng chuc Diiu trong Die
thdo Ludt (Bg luat) da dl xuat; v.v...
4. Bdn Id, viec dua ra dugc nhirng dang san phdm dau ra vdi tu each la cac kit qua nghien ciiru cuoi cimg neu tren se dem din It nhdt la ba Igi icih
nhu sau: I) Toan bg y tudng khoa hgc chi la nhiing Idi le, edu chir suong ndm tren gidy da duge cu thi hda thdnh cdc dilm, khoan, diiu luat cu th^
trong vdn bdn Die thdo da dl xudt; 2) Khdng bj Ddng, Nhd nude, eac da i
bieu Qudc hdi hay cdc ddng nghiep che trdch (nhu thue trang hipn nay dang cd d mdt sd nhd khoa hpc - ludt gia) Id "hodn todn phi thye tien", "khdng cd hoi thd eua cudc sdng", "ehi di theo Idi mdn ciia kilu NCKH phdng gidy", "chi cd mdt md ly thuylt sudng (dii cd day din hang tram., hang nghin trang giay" v.v...; 3) Giup cho cdc dong nghiep, ban dpc vai nhdn dan ed the de dang phdn biet dugc ngay vdi cae diiu hay van ban
luaKBd ludt) tucnig img hiC>n hanh va cua do, dinh gia duge su nghiem tiic :rong NCKH, ciing nhu phan nao ve irnih do. nang lyc trong ky thuat soar t.hao vdn ban. ky thual lap h.ln hay ky ihuat lap phdp ciia nguiiri nghcn ciru.
5. Va cuoi ciing, ndm la. lit ca 4 kit luan tren ddy cho phep khdng djnl rdng, cdc nghien ciru tucrng irng v di ha nhdm van de cdp bach va ehii
yiu hi en nay ciia KHPL cdn phai dugc cac nha khoa hgc - ludt gia nude ta tilp tuic cimg nhau soan thao. nghien cuu va phan tich sdu sac de ed die dua ra nhirng KGLH va KGLP tot. khd thi cho sy nghiep xay dung NN'Q va edng cudc CCTP tren ddt nude Viet Nam thdn yeu din thdng
Igi :uoi ciing vi Igi ich chung ciia Td qudc va nhiin ddn.
Chwcna hai