- AlfredRussel Wallace: Der Darwinismus Eine Darstellung der Lehre von der natiirlichen Zuchtwahl und einniger ihrer
3 Karl Popper: The Rationality of Scientific Revolutions, trong Problem of Scientific Revolution, Rom Harrec chu bien, Oxford
4.1. Phe phan "thl gioi quan" nhan qua
Neu tat ca deu troi chay, bien djch thi, n6i nhu Heraclitus, it nhat phai c6 m9t cai logos bat bien. Hay
186 • BUI YAN NAM SON
n6i theo kieu hi�n d�i, neu gia thu m9t cai gi dong d�ng khong bao gid dien ra theo quy lu�t, ta at khong the nh�n thuc duQ'c gi ve the gioi ca. Nam bat sv bien dtch bang quy lutJ,t la tu tuong nen tang cua m9i khoa h9c thudng nghi�m. Ngay ca vi�c mo r{>ng thanh quy lu�t thong ke, chang h�n trong V�t ly luQ'ng tu, cfing khong thay doi Cd
ban each nhin ay. Thang lQ'i cua "the gioi quan nhan qua" lay v�t ly hQC lam mau mtjc tu thdi Phl;lc hung da bu{>c tat ca cac khoa h9c tinh than va khoa h9c xa h{>i deu phai dong long voi n6. Vi�c ra ddi cua mon thong dien h9c (Hermeneutics) vao the ky XIX tu Schleiermacher den Dilthey la no ltjc dau tien cua stj bat phl;lC tung! Ngay nay, ta da de dang hdn de thay ca m�t uu Ian khuyet cua "the gioi quan" nhan qua: hen c�nh kho tang kien thuc do SQ nhd n6 mang l�i, ta cfing chung kien Thien nhien phong phu bien thanh v�t chat ddn thuan, va cung voi n6, mQi sinh the, ke ca con ngudi, cfing tro thanh nhung co may. Them vao d6, nhin o giac d(> nhung dinh lu�t, ta chi con c6 trong tay cai pho bien thay vi cai ca bi�t; cai thlidng ton thay vi cai d9c nhat VO nhi; cai sd
do thay vi stj giau c6 khong the tat c�n cua moi phut giay: giua CUQC song dliQ'C trai nghi�m VOi gioi ttj nhien duQ'c hieu theo nghia khach quan, lien chu the c6 m9t vtjc tham each ngan. Va chang, ban than vi�c di tim cai thudng ton trong ttj nhien ciing c6 tinh 4ch su, nghfa la luon gan lien va phl;l thu{>c vao nhung h� hinh tu duy
(Paradigms). Vi the, ngay nay, dudng nhu dang c6 m{>t stj chuyen tr9ng tam: thay vi chi di tim nhung dinh lu�t cua stj bien doi, ngudi ta huong den ban than cai dang bien doi. Thien nhien khong con duQ'c hieu la v�t chat
TRO CHUYlN TRIO HOC • 187
ddn thuan ma la m9t "the gioi CUQC song" hay mQt "sinh the" ("Lebenswelt") ma con nguoi phai no hie baa V�j m9t each nhin "sinh h9c" dang dan thay cho cho m9t
each nhin nhan qua ddn thuan. Nhu da n6i, mon thong
dien h9c (mon h9c ve vi�c "Hieu") da c6 buoc di dau
tien, nhung vi le doi tliQ'ng cua n6 khong phai la nghien
cuu ve cau true cua slj thay doi Iich su, nen n6 khong c6 nhi�m V\1 dua ra cau tra loi ve "logos" cua slj bien doi, lien quan den slj hinh thanh mang tinh lich SU cua nhung tien trinh da d�ng ve sinh h9c, xa h<)i va van h6a.
Phep bi�n chung cfing c6 nhung uu diem, nhung trang sd
do ly giai cua no, khong c6 cha cha nhung hi�n tliQ'ng bi "phu dinh s�ch trdn" ( chang h�n slj di�t vang cua taan b9 nhieu giong laai hay cua nhung nen van h6a), cfing nhu chua c6 du d9 sang r6 va ranh m�ch ve khai ni�m de phat huy hi�u qua trang tung khaa h9c rieng le. Trang
tinh hinh d6, khong c6 gi 1� khi sd do tien h6a lu�n - vay
mtiQ'n tu mon sinh hQC tien hoa - dang dtiQ'C danh cha stj quan tam va tan dong sau. r9ng.