- AlfredRussel Wallace: Der Darwinismus Eine Darstellung der Lehre von der natiirlichen Zuchtwahl und einniger ihrer
5. KITO GIAO VA TRUYEN THONG
Cung nhu nhieu nguoi cung the h�, Hamvas it c6 thi�n cam voi Kito giao hieu nhu ton giao da dugc dinh
che h6a, it nhieu xd cung, th�m chi thieu khoan dung
nhu ban than che d9 "Kito giao dan t9c" cai tri Hungary
trong thoi gian giua hai CUQC The chien. Ong quay sang
d9c Nietzsche cu.a "I(e phan-Kito". Khong phai ngau
nhien ma trong phan dau cu.a Minh trie't thieng lieng,
Hamvas khong ban den Kita giao, nhung ( c6 le cung l�i tu Nietzsche?), ong dan dan thay doi thai d¢ va suy nghI. Tat nhien con c6 ly do khach quan. Kita giao - hieu theo nghia ch�t che - la hi�n tuc;>'ng ve sau, khong thu9c ve thoi Tn;tc von la quan tam chu yeu cua ong. Nhu da n6i, Hamvas khong dung tu "thoi Tn;ic", nhung dung
each n6i khac: "thiti t6'i nguang" ("liminal"), ket thuc voi
240 + BUI YAN NAM �ON
khai huyen". Vi�c danh gia 19-i Kito giao mo ra cho ong vien ttiQ'ng moi va niem hy v9ng moi.
Lu�n diem o day tuong doi gian di. Giao thuyet Kita giao, theo each nhin cua Hamvas nhu ta da biet, khong
the hi�n dieu gi th�t sl.j moi me, vi, ve co ban, van dong
nhat voi cac truyen thong thieng lieng trtioc day. £)6 la ly do giai thich tinh pho quit va tiem ltjc phat trien cua
n6. Hieu theo nghfa ay, Kita giao khong phai la m9t CUQC
each m9-ng, cho bang la loi keu g9i tro L�i voi tr�t tl.j Va
sl.j tiet d9 trong cac truyen thong khac cua thoi Tn;c.
Nhung, loi keu g9i ay la tri�t de, cap tien va kien quyet
trtioc hiem h9a cua sl.j hon 109-n va doi b9-i.
Cho dang nhan m9-nh la thtjc sl.j moi me cua Kita
giao chinh la tam quan tr9ng danh cho "tinh yeu th tiong", m9t d�c diem tuy c6 nhung con kha mo nh9-t trong cac truyen thong trtioc do. Tinh yeu thuong tro thanh gia tri cot loi trong Phuc am: the gioi do tinh yeu thuong t9-o ra
th�m chi con cao ca hon sl.j sang t9-0 nguyen thuy.
"Tinh yeu thuong la thuoc do cua Ton t<}.i", vi n6 g6p
phan chu yeu de giai quyet S\i doi b9-i va hon 109-n. Tinh yeu thudng giai quyet nghich ly giua tl.j do va ctiong che, c6 the khoi phvc tr�t tl.j, boi ban than n6 co sue m<}.nh hon han nhung the Ive khac. Sue m9-nh cua tinh yeu thtiong gan giii voi sue m9-nh cua an sung; em diu ma khong yeu duoi, han hoan va h9-nh phuc chu khong 19-nh lung, khac nghi va tran day long tu man, tha thu. N 6 la
TRO CHUY(N TRlfr HOC • 241
Phuc am ( chang hc:tn Mathieu 7, 28-29 ). Quyen nang ay tat nhien de bi ton thtidng, che bai hay da kich, voi tat ca slj hung bc:to cua ac tam, cai doi nghich v6'i tinh yeu tht.tdng. Ket lu�n sau cung kha bat ngo cua Hamvas, khac v6'i ngon tu kha "bi quan" ve thoi Khai huyen: sue mc:tnh cua tinh yeu thtidng va an sung se la VO dich.
oOo
Hai each tiep nh�n va ly giai cua Karl ] aspers va
Hamvas Bela ve thoi T11;1c thoc:tt nhin c6 ve ttidng phan. Nht.tng, nhti hai m�t sap ngua cua cung m9t dong tien, hai loi nhin cang cho thay slj phuc tc:tp cua m9t chu de h9c thu�t qua r9ng 16'n va uyen ao ma khong ai, ke ca nhung nha tti ttidng tam co nhti hai 6ng, c6 hy v9ng tat Cc:tn va n6i dtiQ'c loi sau cung. Diem chung dang ghi nh�n la cho thay sue thu hut khong he giam sut cua chu de, sau hang nghin nam lich SU. Thoi T11;1c - voi slj hinh thanh b9 khung tti duy va tin nguong cho toan nhan loc:ti nhti
242 • BUI YAN NAM SON
nguon SUa m� nguyen Sd nhat, thanh Sq.Ch nhat - tnio'C
sau van duQ'c xem la "thoi dq.i va cau true ( de) quy chieu
va tham chieu" (Referenz- Strukturzeit), de tren Cd so
do, mo ra trien VQng ve mQt CUQC dq.i doi thoq.i lien-van h6a. Them nua, CUQC doi thoq.i ay c6 the g6p phan xay
d\ing m9t "nen due ly toan hoan vu" (Weltethos), nhu
ten g9i de an vi dq.i cua Hans Kiing, nha than h9c Kita
giao nhieu anh huong. N en "due ly'' nhu the nhat thiet phai d\ia tren S\i hoa dongva doi thoq.i lien-ton giao theo
quan ni�m cua Kiing? Hay phai tren Cd so the tl;lC nhu
y kien phan bac cua nhieu nguoi khac? Quan h� luon
het sue cang buc va sau tham giua cai "divinum" va cai
"humanum" phai xu lyva hoa giai nhu the nao? M9t each nhin luong phan, den trang fq.Ch roi ve thoi Tfl;lC de dan den yeu sach tuy�t doi cua moi ben. Neu xem nh� S\l khac bi�t va tuy�t doi h6a S\l tlidng dong, ta Se rdi vao each ly giai n�ng tinh "y hf'. N guqc l<).i, tuy�t d6i h6a s\i khac bi�t se can tro dien ngon va d6i tho<).i. Cu9c doi tho<).i lien van h6a, neu c6, at phai chap nh�n m9t phien ban "mem" Ve S\l dong thu�n: S\i dong thu�n la ly tliong Vlidn toi, nhung khong nen doi hoi Va VQi Va khang dinh, nhat la trong boi canh day xung d<)t cua the gioi ngay nay. Tat nhien, can phan bi�t hai hinh thuc cua tuy�t doi h6a: huong ngoq.i va huong n9i. Tuy�t doi h6a huong ngoq.i xem minh la d9c quyen chan ly, m�c nhien xem
cac each nhin khac la sai lam. a day can hdn het le phai
cua S\l khoan dung: con duong cua toi la dung, nhung
TRO CHUYlN TRlrT HOC • 243
sai! M�t khac, l�i nen de cao yeu sach tuy�t doi httong n¢i: vfing tin vao xac tin cua minh, khong can nhan nhttQ'ng hay tttdng doi h6a, dong thoi ton trQng sl.j xac tin cua ngttoi khac. M¢t "phttdng phap lu�n" trong doi tho�i lien van h6a la can thiet: gift vfing niem tin, nhttng khong gay ra xung dot. "Tranh minh" khong nhat thiet phai thanh "tranh thang", m9t thong di�p hien minh, an m�t cua thoi Trvc?
Xuan Binh Than, 2016 (Lai Tµa cho b9 Minh triet thieng lieng (3 t�p) cua Hamvas Bela do N guy�n H6ng Nhung dich (NXB Tri thuc 2016))
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