- AlfredRussel Wallace: Der Darwinismus Eine Darstellung der Lehre von der natiirlichen Zuchtwahl und einniger ihrer
Bo ng1:ty them chan, khai thong ke hq.u tan"
(Loi de tu cho "Tan phien kinh lu�n") The thoi. Bao nhieu vinh quang danh cho N gai khi con song ( don rttoc linh dinh, xay chua dvng thap cho Ngai lam "djch tniong") va sau khi nham mat (vua bai trieu ba ngay, than tho: "Tram nay mat m9t quoc bao ! ";
204 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
m<)t tri�u nguoi tham dv dam tang, ba v�n nguoi lam leu o c�nh mQ ... ) deu chi la nhung chuy�n phu van. Nguoi h9c tro ay ra di nam 33 tuoi (nam 628), l�n 1¢i 17 nam, mang ve nu'oc 657 b¢ kinh, danh 19 nam de dich dtiQ'c 75 b¢, gom 1335 quyen. Buoc vao tuoi 69 ( cuoi thang 1, 664 ), con bat tay dich b¢ D�i Bao Tich, dich duQ'c it dong, bo but, than tho: "B<) nay dai bang b¢ D�i Bat Nha, Huyen Trang nay t\i luqng sue khong con dich noi nua". D� tu kh6c, de nghi dich tom tat, N gai khong dong y. May dem sau, N gai gac but nghin thu (5.2.664).
Hay nghe d� tu cua N gai la Hu� L�p ke l�i: "N gai o chua Tu An, chuyen lo phien dich, ngay nao g�p vi�c, dich chu'a xong, thi dem den, dich the l�i, dich cho den cho lam dau tru'oc trong nguyen ban moi dung l�i, cho toi canh ba. Sang canh nam, N gai da tro d�y, dQC to ban Kinh chu Ph�n, lay diem son lam dau thu t\i, dich tru'oc nhung do�n se dich trong ngay ... Dau thi Ngai dung thuoc chu khong bao gio nghi vi�c phien dich va d�y h9c". (Vo Dinh Cuong, Duang Tam TCJng thinh kinh).
Vua Duong Cao Tong quy Ngai, muon den tham, nhu'ng thinh thoang thoi vi ciing khong dam quay ray! D6 la sue lam vi�c. Con day la each lam vi�c: "N gai lay ba b¢ DCJi Bat Nhii khong cung m9t mau dem tu An D9 ve, he den do�n nao ngo, thi dem ra so sanh, hi�u duy�t can th�n den hai, ba Ian moi dam h� but".
N gai khong lam vi�c m<)t minh, ma to chuc ca m<)t
djch truifng gom hang tram nguoi, phan cong thanh mQt h� thong hoan bi: - dich chu, la nguoi chi huy, tinh thong
TRO CHUY(N TRlfl HOC • 205
Han-Phq.n, nghia ly phan doan xac thvc, do Ngai dam
nh�n; - but th1:t: dich nghia Phq.n 7 Han; - a9 ngil: thq.o
tieng Phq.n, phi en am ra tieng Han ( vd: "Ba la m�t" ... ) d9c len nghe am v�n, thay khong on thi phien am lq.i; - chung Pht;m: so lq.i voi Phq.n van xem co dung khong; -
nhuqn van: chuot lq.i cho hqp voi van phap Han; -chung nghla: dem ban dich so lq.i voi nghia ly nguyen ban, neu
sai thi sua lq.i; -tong kham: xet chung lq.i m¢t Ian cuoi cung
tntoc khi hoan thanh ban dich.
La m¢t dich gia tinh thong, nghiem can, N gai d�c bi�t quan tam den van de phudng phap luqn djch thuqt de tq.O Cd
so vung chac cho vi�c phien dich sach kinh dien. Huyen Trang la nguoi khai sang thoi
dq.i tan djch (phudng
phap moi ve phien dich kinh dien)' ke thua va phat trien hai truyen thong tnioc
do la tn/c djch ( dich
sat, thoi Han) va y
djch ( dich thoat, thoi Lvc Trieu). So di g9i
Tam T�ng Phap su' Huyen Trang; Th�ch that Don Hoang, the ky IX
Gi6 btji bitt trung nguyen Ductng xa nhu dt;zo thie'n
CI.le tam long ho tat Rau toe cu dai them
206 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
la tan djch, theo Ludng Khai Sieu, la vi: "Djch sat va djch thoat, phoi hQ'p hai hoa, d6 chinh la phudng phap phien djch tot nhat" (Tajc djch y djch, vien man dieu hoa, tu d�o chi ct;tc quy da).
Tien boi cua Ngai la D�o An, ngay tu nam 382, da di rat xa trong ly thuyet phien djch, due ket l�i tron� nguyen tac ngu that ban ( nam dieu mat mat) va tam bat
di (ha dieu kho), con co gia trj tham khao quy bau cho ngay nay. Nam die'u mat mat:
- Cu phap nguQ'c nhau ( vi dl;l: Han, Vi�t, Anh, Phap co cu phap thu�n; Ph�n, Due c6 cu phap nguQ'c), djch khong kheo se sai voi nguyen ban.
- Kinh dien Ph�n chu tr9ng n9i dung can truyen d�t ( thu<;1ng chat), con van phong Trung Quoc ( va ca Vi�t Nam?) thkh n6i van ve ( hieu van): djch hoa my thi khong dung nguyen tac; djch trung tht;ic thi khong duQ'c ua chu¢ng.
- Kinh dien dai dong, ban djch muon ngan g9n, la khong dung nguyen tac.
- Kinh dien c6 phan ho tuc, chu thich rat dai, ban dich cat b6 di mat.
- Kinh dien ban sau tan rc)ng, ban dich lc}i cho la tning lap, tuy ti�n luQ'c b6.
Con ha die'u kh6 la:
- Van h6a, phong tgc khac nhau, rat kh6 lam cho hai hen hieu nhau.
TRO CHUYlN TRIO HOC • 207
- Kinh dien uyen tham, nguoi thuong khemg de linh h9i. - Khong de nam bat y ngrua dich thtjc cua nguyen ban. Di vao ky thu�t dich, Ngai Huyen Trang co
dong g6p d¢c dao va sang t4o voi nguyen tac Ngu
bat phien ( nam dieu khong the I khong nen dich):
*nhung danh tu rieng khong the dich;
* nhungdanh tum�tgiao c6 uyltjc giatri,khongnendich; *nhung tu da nghia, dich m9t thi mat may ngrua kia; *nhungchudaquenthu9c,khongnendichl4i,lamroithem; *nhung gi nham nhi thi khong nen dich.
Nhu the, nguyen tac ((ngu that ban" cua D4o An va "ngu
bat phien11 cua Huyen Trang da baa quat hau het nhung
n¢i dung chinh cua m¢t ly lu�n phien dich hoan chinh,
va la Cd SO cha m9t mon thong dien hQC ve thanh dien
( hermeneutica sacra) a phudng Dong, song hanh voi
nhung Philo, Origenes, Augusl:in, M. Luther a phudng
Tay, dong g6p vao mon thong dien h9c pho quat hi�n
d4i (hermeneutica generalis), ban ve moi quan h� giua
van ban, sv Iy giai va dich gia I nguoi ly giai.
Tu ngay mat cua Ngai Huyen Trang den chung ta ngay nay la 1345 nam, tuc hdn ... mlioi ba the ky. Kinh dien, sach VO trong thien h4 khong biet phai chat thanh
bao nhieu bo. Cong vi¢c "chia dieu che If', "bo ngt;1y
them chan" n�ng ne Vil kho khan gap V4n b9i. Xin lay
chau Au lam vi dQ. Chau IQC ay gom rat nhieu quoc gia,
voi rat nhieu ngon ngu khac nhau. Va khong phai cu a
gan nhau la c6 the d9c duqc sach cua nhau ! Vi the, cong
208 • BUI YAN NAM SON
quy mo, don d�p Va lien tl;lC. Khong dich nhanh, dich dung, dich day du, dich ltjp thoi thi cac d�i h9c, nhat la cac b<) mon khoa h9c xa h<)i, nhan van, chac phai dong cua het. Khong the cho dqi sinh vien phai th�o ngo�i
ngfi (lam sao c6 the tinh thong nhieu ngo�i ngfi o lua
tuoi doi mlidi!); va cho du c6 biet, thi ca nen h9c thu�t day tlj hao cu.a m<)t quoc gia d<)c l�p cung khong duqc phep ... n6i bang tieng nlioc ngoai!
N 6i gan, n6i xa, chang qua n6i th�t: bao gio o ta moi c6 dttqc nhung dich truifng dung nghfa? Muoi ba the ky sau Huyen Trang!
TRO CHUYfN TRlfT HOC • 209
Scientia Sacra
ve bcii Theodorix
� ' '