tang trtrirng kinh to
Phan nay luan an he thong h6a quan diem cilia cac truang phdi 13"/ thuyet nghien ciru va tdc d'gng cua da clang hga mat hang xuat khau den tang truang kinh te.
1.3.1.1. Ly thuyjt thwang mai trulen thong
Mgi quan he gifra thuong mai qugc te va tang truang dugc Wet den va dugc trinh bay khd ro net trong cac 1)'T thuyet thuong mai truyan thgng (1)"7thuyet lgi the tuyat dgi, lgi the so sanh va ly thuyet Hecksher-Ohlin (H-0). Cdc nha kinh te truyan thgng cho rang xuat kh'Au la mgt d'gng luc quan trong thfic day tang truang kinh te. Nhung cau h6i quan trong dot ra a day la cac 1)'T thuyet thuang mai truyan thgng giai thich nhu the nao ve mgi quan he gitta da dang h6a xuat khau va tang truang. Nhin chung, cac 13'7 thuyet can thi'ap thuang mai trugc day nhu chn nghia tong thuong lap luan manh me cho su can thi'et ma rgng va fink day xuat khAu de too ra thong du thuung mai bang each giam thieu nhap khau nhu la mgt each de tich lay kim log quy (bullions), su giau co, va sire manh thuang mai cua qugc gia.
4 thuy'Z't kinh to hoc ca ddn trong thtrang mai quac to vai hai dai din tieu biau
A. Smith (1776) va D. Ricardo (1817) da xay dung IY7 thuyet lgi the tuy'at dgi va lgi the Wang doi. Trong tdc pham not tieng "Cita cdi cua cac dan tgc" (1776), A.Smith
da dua ray tuang ve lgi the tuyet dai va cho rang qu6c gia se tra nen sung tilc hon neu chuyen mon h6a san xuat va xuat khau mat hang ma minh CO lgi the tuyet d6i so vai qu6c gia khac. Can D. Ricardo (1817) da phat trien quan diem cua A.Smith va dua ra khai niem lgi the so sanh. Ong cho rang dat nuac se thu dugc nhieu lgi ich hon neu tier' hanh chuyen mon hoa san xuat va xuat khau nhung san pham ma minh co lgi the so sanh (lgi the ve chi phi lao &Ong). Nhu vay, ve tong the 13'T thuyet kinh to hoc ca dien ve thuong mai qu6c to (lgi the tuyet d6i va tuong d6i) da phat hien ra nhung dac tinh ca ban de san pham xuat khau cua mot quec gia c6 lgi the hon so vai san pham ding loai cira qu6c gia kirk.
Cac hoc gia thuOc trung phai 1j) thuyeCt tan ca dien -ti‘e thumg mai quac to lai tap
trung ban luan ve nguOn gac cua lgi the so sanh, Heckscher-Ohlin hai nha kinh to nguai Thu Dien da phat trienithuyet lgi the so sanh cua D.Ricardo vao d'au the kST XX. Hai Ong cho rang lgi the so sanh cua mot qu6c gia xuat phat tir sir khac biet ve mire dO san co cua cac yeti to san xuat (dat dai, lao &Ong, von). De tang truang kinh cac quoc gia nen tap trung chuyen mon hoa san xuat va xuat khAu cac san pham ma viec san xuat chUng sir dung nhieu yki to san xuat ma nuac do tuong d'ai dOi dao va re, &mg tiled nhap khau cac san pham ma viec san xuat chUng sir dung nhieu yki to san xuat ma nuac do tuong dai khan hiem va dat. 1_,3"T thuy& H-O to ra kha hau ich trong viec giai thich thuong mai qu6c tea nhieu nuac dang phat trien, cho phep cac qu6c gia co the lira chon dugc co call san xuat mat hang xuat khau cua minh de thu
dugc lgi ich tir thuong mai qu6c
Nhin chung, cac 13'T thuyet thuong mai truyen th6ng chu yeu phan tich lgi the finh (tai nguyen thien nhien, lao dOng van) trong thuong mai qu6c te. Quac gia thu dugc lgi ich neu nhu chuyen mon hoa san xuat va xuat khau nhung san pham minh co lgi the (tuyet d6i hoac tuong d6i), thay vi c6 gang san xuat tat ca moi loai hang h6a. Sau do xuat khau nhung san phAm chuyen mon h6a cna minh va nhap khau nhung san phArn minh khong co lgi the san xuat. Nhu vay, moi quo'c gia kirk nhau se co nhung lgi the khac nhau va do do co mo hinh chuyen mon hoa khac nhau. Va nhu vay, theo cac 13"/ thuy& nay c6 the thay, d6i vai cac nuac phat trien co lgi the ve von va cong nghe thi nen tap trung san xuat cac san pham co ham luong von va cong nghe cao; con cac nuac dang phat trien co lgi the ve lao &Ong va tai nguyen thi nen tap trung san xuat va xuat khAu nhfing san pham tham dung cac yeu to NTs lao dOng va tai nguyen thien nhien. Cac 13"T thuyet thuong mai truy'en th6ng cling du doan rang, khi mot qu6c gia tuong d6i ngheo bat dau tich luy von va dAn se co xu huang da clang h6a hon nha hieu ling Rybczynski. Dieu nay lam cho tS7 le tuong irng cac yeti to san xuat c6 phan
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ngang bang Ilan va dat nuac bat dau san xuat cac san pham tham dung von, co cau mat hang xuat khau da clang han.
Tuy nhien, phai den nhung nam 1950s caa the kY truac, van de da clang hoa mat hang xuat khau va tang truang kinh to mai bat dau dugc chu y nghien ciru khi hai h9c gia R.Prebisch (1950) va H.W. Singer (1950) da dua ra lap Juan cho rang trong dai han gia cac san pham filo tren thi truang qu6c to se giam so vai gia cua cac mat hang the Nan. Vi phAn lan cac nuac dang phat trian xuat khAu san ph'Am filo va nhap khau hang the bian, nen sly dich chuyan gia tuong d6i gifra hai nhom san pham nay va lau dai bu6c cac nuac dang phat trian phai xuat khau nhiau san pham tho hon de co the nhap khau duqc mot lugng san pham the bin nhu cu. Dieu nay dan den N qua la trong dai han cac qu6c gia dang phat trian se chiu nhiau bat lgi nau tap trung xuat khau nhilng san pham ma minh c6 lgi the nhu: nguyen lieu, khoang san, nong san, cac san pham tham dung lao d6ng it ky nang. Tir do hai 'Ong kin nghi cac nuac dang phat trian can phai da clang hoa mat hang xuat khau, phat trian cac san pham cong nghiap the bian, co nhu vay mai c6 the han the nhang bat lqi do su• giam sut cua he so trao d6i hang hoa.