Trin Thzic Vift
D<].i h 9c KHXH & NV Ha N<}i
Cling nhu ca.c nen van hQC khac a vung vien Dong, nen van hQC viet
Korea ra dai khong c6 con duang nao khac la phai chap nh~n h¢ thong chfr
viet cua nguai Trung Qu6c. Bai vl, chfr Han la san phAm van hoa d¢c dao cua
dan t¢c Trung Hoa, Ia Sl;( ki~n van hoa cua nhan lo~i da c6 l!ch Slr ra dm va
phat tri~n tren 2000 nam va c6 sue Ian toa ra toan vilng Dong Bac A. Cac mr6'c
Korea, Nh~t Ban, Vi~t Nam a tUng thai kY ljch str nhat d!nh da si'r d\}ng Han
van nhu m¢t van 1\1' chfnh thuc. Trong tieng Korea, ty 1~ chfr Han chiem kha
cao. Nguai ta da ti:rng thong ke, trong khAu ngfr va but ngfr tieng Han, ttr Vt!Dg
goc Han chiem khoang 60%, a linh vvc chinh tri, kinh te, xa h¢i tY 1~ nay
con cao han.
Chfr Han tham nh~p vao ban dao Korea tu rat s6'm (nhfrng nam dau sau
c6ng nguyen) nhung duqc sir d\illg r¢ng rai trong cac ti~u vuang quae tu the
ky IV den the k)r Vill theo phuang thuc dung chfr Han d~ ghi am tieng Korea
(gQi la chfr ldu). Sau d6 tu the ky VIII den the ky X xuat hi~n chfr viet
Hyangchal. Hyangchal (Huang trat) Ia chfr viet Korea bang each su dl;lng chfr
Han vuong du6'i thai Shilla, giong nhu cong C\1 chfr viet tuang tl! duqc sir
dt;~ng t~i Nh~t Ban va Vi~t Nam. Tuy nhien, tieng Korea nhieu am v! va am
tiet t&i muc Han tV kh6 c6 th~ ghi duqc tat ca nhfrng am v!, am tiet d6. Day Ia
ly do giai thich chfr Hyangchal khong duqc su d1;1ng lau nhu chfr Kana (Nh~t
Ban) va chfr Nom (Vi¢t Nam).
d Korea, van tho viet bang chu Hyangchal duqc gQi Ia Hyangga
(Huang ca). N6i chinh xac Huang ca la tho thai Shilla va Kory6 viet bang
Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education
tieng Korea qua 2 d'}.ng chu Idu va Hyangchal, m<?t hinh thuc tho viet b~ng
tieng Han doi l'.li vm lo'.li tho viet bAng tieng Han. Hi~n nay chi con m¢t phan
rat nho gom 14 bai Huang ca du6i thai Shilla tlm thay trong Samkukyusa (ghi chep ve thm Tam Quoc) cua Nhat Nhien vietnam 1281 va 11 bai duai trieu
d'.li Kory6 tlm thay trong Gynyeojeon (Quan Nhu truy¢n) vietnam 1075. S6
bai ft oi con l'.li van the hi¢n chieu sau tu tuCm.g va tinh uu vi¢t cua loi bi~u d'}.t,
do d6, n6 chiem m¢t vi tri v6 cung quan tn;mg trong lich sir van h9c Korea.
Nhu v~y, ve m~t chu viet, cho den nira dau the ky XV, b Korea van
chua c6 van tl! rieng va phan 16n cac van ban deu duqc ghi bAng chu Han. Thill
d6 nguoi Korea dting chu Hand~ ghi am tieng Han (chu ldu, chu Hyangchal).
Cach phien am ciia lo'.li van w nay thieu tfnh khoa hQC, rat kh6 dQC, kh6 nha.
Sau khi th~mh l~p trieu d'.li Chosen- trieu nha Ly (1392), 6ng vua thu 4
ciia trieu Ly da sang tac ra chu ghi am Korea g9i la Hangul duqc dua vao sir
dl;lng tu 1446. Day la m¢t h¢ thong chu viet ghi am m¢t each chuftn xac ng6n ngfr cua ngum Korea, dong thm l'.li rat de dQc, de viet. Do d6, n6 duqc ph6 c~p r¢ng rai, du ngum ta khong biet Han tlJ c6 van c6 the biet chfr Hangul.
Chfr viet Hangul ra dOi. Ut SlJ sang t'.lO Ian thu hai cua ngum Korea. C6ng dau phai ke den m¢t vi vua anh minh c6 c6ng lan trong ljch sir dan t¢c Korea -
Sejong (TheT6ng d~i de o ngoi 1418 -1450). Vao nam 1420 vua Sejong da l~p Vi¢n danh nhan, ch9n nhil'ng ngLYOi c6 h9c hanh d6 d'.lt cao vao vi~n d~ giup
trieu dinh CO Van dieu hanh cong vi¢c van hoa, giao dl;lC, hQC thu~t CUa dat nU-
OC. Nhieu truac tac Ian ve cac linh VlJC Itch sir, d!a ly' ng6n ngu, lu~t phap, am
nh'.lC, thien Van, y hQC, nong hQC XUat hi¢n, trong do S\! ra dffi CUa h¢ thong chfr viet Huan dan chinh am Hangul vao nam 1443 danh dau moe son ch6i lQi trong nen van hoa ngh¢ thu~t Korea. H¢ thong van t1J m6i hie dau gom c6 28 chfr cai.
v e sau do SlJ bien d¢ng cua tieng Korea, 4 chii' cai trong 28 chu em ban dau da bi lo'.li bo.
"Huan dan chinh am" (am chinh thuc d;;ty cho dan) t\rng bLYac dap trng
duqc thlJc te loi an tieng n6i cua nhan dan va n6 duqc sir dl;lng r¢ng rai. Dfch
than nha vua da cho xuat ban m¢t lo'.lt c6ng trlnh nhu Y ongbi Ochonga (Nhil'ng
Gia tn sang tS~o chr! viet Hangul va vai tro cua n6 trong ph8t trie'n van hoa, gii!Jo dvc Han Qu6c
song). Day Ia 2 thien si'r thi do nha vua trtJc tiep lam dan y va la nhfrng tac
phAm van h<;>c dau tien dugc viet btmg chfr Hangul vll'a m6'i dugc sang tC;lo ra.
N¢i dung chinh cua Nhting bai ca r6ng bay la ca nggi cac the h¢ cha ong da
l~p nen tri~u dl;li Choson, Anh triing chieit sang hang ngan con song ll;li t~p
trung ca t1;1ng vinh quang due Ph~t C6 Dam. Day la nhfrng tac phAm tha ca
dugc viet bang m¢t thu chfr hoan toan mai vai m¢t hlnh thuc chua tung c6
tn.rac day nen n6 da c6 stJ kich thfch sv phat tri~n cua tha ca qu6c ngfr ca.c the
ky tiep thea.
v ai tro cua chfr Hangul tren dia hC;lt van hQC tUng bu6'c da kh&ng d!nh
theo xu huang dau tien dung d~ dtch m¢t s6 truac tac c6 di~n Han van nhu
kinh Ph~t, Nho giao va m¢t s6 tac pha:m van hQC trong va ngoai nu6'c, roi sau
d6 sang tac btmg chinh chfr Hangul. Nam 1511, ti~u thuyet truy~n ky Tiel
Cong Toan truy¢n cua Thai T~o (1449- 1515) viet bang chfr Han dugc djch
sang chfr Hangul va luu hanh r¢ng rai. M¢t s6 tac pha:m van h<;>c Trung Qu6c
dugc djch sang Hangul nhu Tiln dang tdn thoq.i, Thai binh nhdn thoq.i hoq.t ke
truy¢n.. .. M¢t s6 tac ph Am khac ll;li dm;c bien d!ch, nhu~n sac sang tieng
Hangul nhu hi khuc N ga ludn toim bi kj tro thanh N gii ludn toan truy¢n cua
Korea. Tu the ky XVI nhi~u ti~u thuyet }ich su, ti~u thuyet truyen ky dO'i nha
Minh (Trung Qu6c) ciing dugc djch ra Hangul. D~c bi¢t la sv hru truyen r¢ng
rai ti~u thuyet Tam quae diln nghia.
Khi Hangul chua xuat hi~n, giai cap th6ng tri van chu tr<;>ng Nho hQC,
d~i s1 phu, van nhan v~n coi Han van la van h<;>c chinh thong. Sl! xuat hi~n
"Huan dan chinh am" da c6 anh huang khong th~ ltrO'ng dugc trong nen van
hoa, van hQC dan t¢c vl n6 san sinh m¢t nen van hQC qu6c ngfr. Van nhan, hQC
si khong chi sang ·tac tha ca bang qu6c ngfr, nang tha ca qu6c ngfr len m¢t
trlnh dQ mai rna con sang t~O ra hlnh thUC van hQC mai nhu ti~U thuyet quoc
ngfr. Nen van h<;>c qu6c ngfr tir d6 phon vinh chua tung c6, phat tri~n song hanh
cung nen van hQC viet bang Han w.
Nhieu ban dtch kinh Ph~t va Nho giao ra dO'i, d~c bi~t la sv xuat hi~n cua nhieu Ti~u truy~n thien su (Truy~n viet ve ti~u su CUQC dOi. cua cac v! thien su).
Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education
Ti~u truy¢n thien su trong nen van h9c Korea c6 th~ chia Him 3 giai do<;m:
-Lo~i cac truy¢n thien su c6 nhieu yeu t6 than ky, c6 m6 tip gan truy¢n c6 tich, c6 m6i lien h¢ ch~t che v6i van hoa - van h9c dan gian (Folklore) nhu
cac truy¢n thi€n su Xaboca, Khi xu ...
- Lo~i truy¢n thi€n su gan v6i truy¢n ky, truy¢n ng~n. trong d6 c6 dau hi¢u cua S\1' sang t(;\0 va dan xen bang nhii'ng bai thO' ng~n. Day la lo?i truy¢n c6 tinh xac thl;fc, giau chat van chuong (cac truy¢n landoky,
Xudozon ... a the ky XVIII -XIX).
- Lo(;li truy¢n thh~n su g~n v6i cac Sl! ki¢n ljch su, gan voi ki~u nhan v~t su thi, Cac nhan v~t thi€n su nay d~i di¢n cho phai than quy€n thuOn.g c6 m6i lien h¢ v&i VUO'ng quyen va g~n b6 voi qu6c gia, dan t¢c (Truy¢n Yxan truye'n dqo ... ).
Trieu d~i Choson th!nh hanh nhieu th~ tho c6 dien duqc viet bang chii'
Hangul cua cac sang tac ca nhan Nho si nhu Shij6 (ThCri. di¢u, nhfrng di¢u hat hi¢n hanh) va Kasa (Ca nr). Neu Shijo la m¢t th6 tho duqc sang tac theo m¢t niem lu~t nghiem ng~t (bill tho chi c6 3 dong, 45 am tiet) c6 dQng ham sue th! Kasa ciing c6 v~n lu~t nhu v~y nhung so dong kh6ng h<;m che, d6i khi n6 keo dai t6i vhl ngan dong va kh6ng phan tiet, phan do~ nen nguai ta gQi Kasa la trubng ca. Chu de chfnh cua Shijo la ca ngqi ve dyp thien nhien tho m¢ng dua den cho con nguOi m¢t tlnh cam thanh thoat. Kasa thuang t~p trung mieu ta hi¢n th\}'C 0 nhfi'ng chi tiet rna con nguai thay duqc, cam nh~n duqc, CO khi n6 nhu la m¢t t~p nh~t ky du hanh v6i ch~ng duOn.g dai. N¢i dung cua Kasa kh6ng
gi6i h<;m trong vi¢c th~ hi¢n tJnh cam ca nhan nhfrng thu vui tran tl;lC, Sl.J that
v9ng trong tlnh yeu rna n6 thuang chua dl.Jllg nhii'ng dieu ran bao v€ d~o due.
Kasa va Shij6 tuy "ngam trang vinh gi6" "van bay but mua" kh6ng phai nguOi bmh dan nao ciing c6 th~ lam duqc nhung v1 n6 la tho ca qu6c ngfr c6 tinh dan t¢c nen 2 the tho truyen th6ng nay tuy~t nhien kh6ng phai chi c6 van
nhan m~c khach sir d1;1ng. Buoc sang the ky XVII, lo?i tho qu6c ngii' nay phat tri~n theo huang bmh dan hoa, tu "Ca tu" de ra "T~p ca" va tir "Thai di~u" de
ra "Tu thuyet thai di~u"' n6 la CO' sa t(;\0 tien de cho sv ra dai cua tieu thuyet
Gia tn sang t~o chlr viet Hangul va vai tro cua no trong phat trien van hoa, giao d1,1c Han Quae
The ky XVII, nhfrng nguOi thu¢c t~ng lap duai, d~c bi¢t la cac thuang nhan do thi da tbn each nang cao trlnh d¢ van hmL Chi~u huang nay da giup
cho van h9c chfi' quoc ngii' duqc ph6 bien r¢ng rai, th~ lo~i hang d~u quan trQng cua van xuoi la ti~u thuyet phat tri~n m~.
Ba the k:Y XVII,XVID,XIX danh dau sl;l' ra dOi cua hang tram ti~u thuyet viet bang tieng Korea. Khi cac tac phfrm Phanx6ri sang tac bang mi¢ng duqc
tiep nh~n vao lmh V\!C ti~U thuyet thl chieu huang hi¢n th\fC chu nghia, phe phan xa h¢i tra nen ro net han. Oic ti~u thuyet nay xuat ban bang in van kh~c
go da duqc dem ban a nhfrng khu chq mai rna trong ca nuoc.
- Dau the ky XVIT xuat hi¢n cuon ti~u thuyet anh hung dau tien viet bang chfr qu6c ngfi' H6ng Cat Dong cua Hua Quan (1569-1618), ti~u thuyet c6 khuynh huang cai each xa h¢i. Cau chuy¢n k~ v6 CUQC doi Hong Cat Dong: con trai m¢t vien quan-cao cap phai chtu sv phan bi¢t d6i xu vl my, vq le la nguoi h~u ciia quan thua tu6ng, nen da bo nha ra di, t6 chuc m¢t dang cu6p chuyen lay ciia nha giau chia cho nguoi ngheo. Cu6i cling tra thanh m¢t
v~ vua a m¢t vuong qu6c tren bi~n.
- Cu6i the k:Y XVII, xuat hi¢n ti~u thuyet n6i tieng C~(u win m¢ng cua
Kim V~n TrQng (1637-1692) mieu ta cu¢c doi ciia m¢t anh hung ly tuemg c6
cu¢c song h~nh phuc vai 8 nguoi phl;l nfi', c6 chuc vi, giau sang nhung cu6i
cling l~i hoi mlnh ve cai ngh'ia cua b~c vang, ciia cai tren the gian, roi cu6i cung di tbn ni~m an iii bang d~o Ph~t. c~"tu van m¢ng c6 vi trf rat 16'n trong qua trlnh hlnh thanh va phat tri~n n6n ti~u thuyet quoc ngfr. Cac thoi ky tiep theo nhi6u ti~u thuyet lay chu d~ tlnh yeu duoi d~ng truyen ky lam n¢i dung chfnh
nhu N g9c lau m¢ng, Th~tc Anh mtong tLt truy¢n ...
- The ky XVII con xuat hi¢n m¢t ti~u thuyet lich su viet bang quoc ngfr
N ham thin l~tc, mieu ta cu(>c khang chien chong Nh~t. khai thac tu sv ki¢n lich
su ciia cu¢c chien tranh "Nham thln Nt;ty lo~n" (1592), tac phfrm de cao tinh
th~n yeu nuoc chong xam luqc, duqc viet bang ngh¢ thu~t tai hi¢n, mang nhieu yeu to dan gian.
- Trong so cac ti~u thuyet hi¢n thi;tc, Xuan Hu(Jng truy¢n, m¢t tac phfrm khuyet danh xuat hi¢n vao the ky XVITI Ia tac phAm d~c bi¢t n6i tieng, la tac phAm "c6 di~n", dinh cao, ki¢t tac cua van h9c Korea.
Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education
Til Phanxori Xuan Huong ca, Xuan Huong truy~n da phan anh nhiing xung d¢t xa h(>i bfulg each nhm sau s~c. Tac phAm la ca khuc cua tlnh yeu doi lua trong hanh khuc chien dau chong bat blnh d~ng va ap buc phong kien.
Di~u d~c bi~t la Xuan Hzt(Jng truy¢n c6 nhi~u ban duqc viet b~ng ca Han van
va quoc ngfr, trong d6 cac ban viet bfulg chii' Hangul nhu N g(}n w'in Xuan
Huang truy¢n, Quang Him /au kj, Li¢t nil Xuan Huang thu tiel ca, N glj.c trung hoa ... duqc luu truy~n r¢ng rai hon. Den nay gim nghien ct!u Han Quoc van
coi ban quoc ngfr Li¢t nil Xuan Hucmg thu tiel ca xuat ban vao dftu the ky XIX la ban tot nhat, cot truy~n goc cua n6 duqc gifr l<;li m¢t each day du nhat.
Ngoai ti~u thuyet, tho quoc ngu cling d(;lt duqc thanh tt;ru dang kl Van xuoi va tho sang tac bang chfr Hangul Ia m(>t dong van hQc trQng tam hlnh thanh tam nhm thong nhat cua van hQC Korea, n6 cang ngay cang c6 vj trf xli'ng dang d~ cuoi cirng chiem linh toan b(> di6n dan van hQC vao the ky XX trong dong chay van hQC sir ban dao Korea suot may chvc the k)r.
Tuy nhien, khi c6 Hangul, Han tl! van tiep tlJ.c duqc sir d\}ng d~ sang tac van hQc, hQc hanh, thi cir. N~n van hQc Korea song song ton t(;li hai dong van hQc viet bang Han van va quoc ngfr. Den cu6i the ky XIX, dftu XX, Hangul tro ·
thanh van tv chinh thuc d(>c ton.
' " "
TAl LI~U THAM KHAO
1. Hyang Ninsa. A guide to Korean Literature. Seoul, 1983.
2. In Sop Zong. Anlntroduction to Korean Literature. Seoul,l970.
3. Van h9c su Him Quoc tuc6 df:li den cuo'i the'kj XIX Jeon Hye Kyung-
Ly Xuan Chung bien dich va chu giai. NXB DC;li hQc Quoc gia Ha N¢i, 2006.
4. Tucmg dong w'in hoa Vi¢t Nam- Him Quoc (Nhi~u tac gia). NXB Van hoa Thong tin, 1996.
5. Uc Long Du, MC;lnh Chien Ngbi. Dong phrt(Jng win h9c szl. (Tieng Trung Quoc). NXB DHQG Ha N¢i, 2006.