EJa Thanh Thao Mien
K48 - Korea h9c - Dong Phuong h9c
IJ~i h9c KHXH va NV Ha N9i
l. Doi voi cac h~ thong chfr viet ghi am am yt, theo nguyen uic, m6i k.f hi~u (c6 th~ g6m m¢t con chfr hay nhieu con chfr ghep l~i voi nhau) duqc dung d~ ghi l~i m¢t am vi. Tuy nhien quan h~ 1 - 1 nay chi la quan h~ H tuong (2, tr.21 ). Trong th\{c te, h~ thong chu viet nao cang lau doi thl S\f "khong an
nh~p" gifra fun va chfr cang lan, tuc la m¢t fun vi c6 th~ duqc th~ hi~n tren chfr
viet bang nhieu chii' cai khac nhau ho~c m¢t chfr cai c6 th~ ling voi nhieu am
vi. Nguyen nhan cua tlnh tr:;tng nay la do chfr viet mang tinh co d!nh, tfnh bao thu trong ltk ngu am l~i luon bien d6i ho~c do kha nang khai quat cua nguoi
sang t:;to ra chfr ... Th~m chf, ngay ca m¢t h¢ thong chfr ra doi chua lau nhu chfr
Quoc ngfr cua Vi~t Nam van t6n t~i tlnh tr~ng nay. V.f dv, nguyen am doi /ie/
c6 toi 4 each th~ hien:
ie: tien tien ... ; ye: tuyen truyen ... ; ia: kia kla ... ; ya: khuya.
Trong hk d6, c6 con chfr l~i "ganh" qua nhieu am vi. V.f dv, con chfr
"a" c6 th~ dung d~ bi~u thi nguyen am /a/ nhu trong cac tu xa, nha, ba . .. ;
nguyen am /a! nhu trong cac tir rau day, mai sau ... ; nguyen am I 8 I nhu trong cac tu hgch sach, khanh khach ... Sb di nhu v~y la vi vao h1c d~t chfr, tlnh hlnh phat am dang con dung nhtr chfr, nhung cling c6 th~ "tai nghe" cua nguoi d~t
chfr khong chu~. va ciing c6 th~ do luc bay gio am vi h<;>c chua phat tri~n.
2. Hangul ciing la m¢t h¢ thong chfr viet ghi am am vi nhung day la m¢t h¢ thong khac rat nhieu so voi tuy¢t d:;ti da so cac h¢ thong chfr ghi am khac. H¢ thong nay ~n chua rat nhieu dieu d~c bi¢t khien nguoi ta phai day cong tlm hi~u.
Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education
2.1. Nguai H~m. cling nhu nguai Vi¢t, trong rat nhieu the ki bu(>c phai su d1;1ng chfr Han. Rat tiec, chfr Han la d~ ghi l~i chfr Han, trong khi tieng Han l~i thu(>c lo~i hinh chAp dfnh, khac xa so voi lo~i hlnh dO'n l~p ciia tieng
Han. V~y Ia, thu tieng ngo~i t(>c nay kh6ng th~ ph6 bien den mQi Hing lap nhan dan Han.
V Oi khat vQng xay d\fllg m(>t ki~u chfr viet d~ ghi l~i tieng n6i dan t¢c, tu gifra the ky thu 8, nguoi Han da sang t~o ra lo~ chfr viet dau tien, gQi Ia Idu. Chfr Idu, tuang n;r nhu chfr Nom ciia Vi¢t Nam, duqc em bien tu chfr Han nen muc d¢ anh hubng ciia n6 con rat h~n che. N6 van rat "xa vm" voi dong dao nhan dan VI muon biet chfr Idu, truoc het phai thong th~o chfr Han.
Khong chju b6 tay, vua Se-jong ( 1418-1450) VOi S\l gop SUC cua m(>t SO
trieu than, da nghien cu-u nham sang t~o ra m¢t h¢ thong chfr viet ghi l~i chfnh
xac tieng Han d~ muon dan d~ dQC, d~ viet. M¢t cong trinh sang t~o thoa man nhu cau nay da ra doi nam 1443 va ba nam sau (1446) n6 chfnh thuc duqc c6ng bo. H¢ thong chfr viet d6 hie dau duqc gQi la Humin chongum, sau d6i thanh Hangul va duqc danh gia nhu m¢t phat minh (7, tr.247).
2.2. Theo cac nha ng6n ngfr thl chfr viet chi dan thuan Ia kf hi¢u do hinh ghi l~i ngon ngfr. Quan ni¢m nay chi dung vm h¢ thong chfr ghi am. Doi voi h¢ thong chfr ghi y nhu chfr Han trong chfr con chua nhieu dieu nhu bi~u hinh, nhu bi~u hi¢n quan ni¢m, nhu th~ hi¢n triet ly ...
2.2.1. Hangul la m¢t h¢ thong chfr ghi am nhung vao thai di~m ra dOi, van h6a Han chua c6 anh hubng tu phuang Tay. Oic h¢ thong chfr nhu La
Tinh, Hy L~p. XlavO' ... vi v~y chua c6 m~t (J day. Truoc Hangul chi c6 chfr
Han va chfr Idu. Nha sang l~p Hangul da rat tai tlnh khi ChQn cac net theo ki~u
chfr Han d~ t~o nen khoi chfr vuong nhu chfr Han rna van d~ ghi am. Sl!ll;l'a chQn nay ro rang mang tfnh ke thua truyen thong nen chac chAn khong t~o nen tam ly chong d6i qua m~nh nhu khi dua chii chau Au vao thay the chfr khoi vuong. Hangul "trong c6 ve nhu chii Han rna kh6ng phai Ia chfr Han" va khi
can thiet c6 th~ viet vao ben c~h n6 cac chfr Han.
2.2.2. Cac net ciia h¢ thong Hangul kh6ng don thuan chi la net ngang, net s6 ... rna, tai tlnh hO'n, con la S\l ffiO phong hlnh d~g cua cac CO quan phat
Gia trt sang l?O chif viet Hangul va vai tr6 cua n6 trong phat trien van hoa, giao d!!C Han Quae
am. D~ san sinh ra am thanh ngit am, con ngtroi can 5 CCJ quan chfnh la moi, rang, ng~c, luoi, hau. Ca 5 ca quan nay d~u duqc dua vao d~ t~o con chfr phl;l am. Co th~ n6i, vi~c phan lo~i phi} am va mieu ta chung theo v! trf cau am da duqc each di~u b~ng hlnh thrrc chit Hangul. Chung toi duqc biet, ngu am h9c chau Au mai nhi~u the ki sau mai tht,rc hi~n ctuqc vi~c phan lo~i nay va mai ve
l~i duqc hlnh the (chiet d6) cac CCJ quan phat am theo d6. Con h~ thong chfr Han thl l~i khac. Chfr Han cling bieu hlnh nhtrng Ia each di~u cac SlJ v~t
thu<)c the giai xung quanh con nguoi hay ban than con nguoi. Vi d~;~, chfr Han dung chu 0 (khau) la d~ bieu th! "cai mi~ng" nhtrng cling hlnh thrrc ay chfr
Hangull~i d~ bi~u thi hlnh dang phat am phi} am moi.
2.2.3. Doi vai cac net chfr the hi~n nguyen am, h~ thong Hangul vua dlJa vao hlnh d~ng ca quan phat am vi'ra dtfa vao m<)t cas& khac h~n- ca sa triet h9c.
Cl} th~ la, tieu chf tron moi thl duqc viet b~ng dau cham ( •) (sau nay bien thanh net g~ch ngan: - ); tieu chf d~t moi, luai ph~ng nen duqc viet b~g net ngang (-) ; tieu chf hroi tru&c, cung nen duqc viet b~ng net s6 th~ng ( 1 );
C6 nguoi g9i day la 3 lo~t am: am sau (•), am trung hoa (-) va am nang ( 1 )
(8, tr.24). Han nfra, m<)t so tai li~u con mieu ta rang net cham ben phai net s6 the hi~n nguyen am rna khi phat am nguoi ta phai tho ra ( } ). Con net cham ben trai net s6 c6 hlnh ngtroi hft vao ( -i ) (9).
v~ m~t triet hQC, hlnh chfr cua Hangul the hi~n rat r6 quan ni~m v~ am- duang. Ba chfr nguyen am CCJ ban nhtr vlia neu duqc gQi Ia nguyen am Duang, nguyen am Am va nguyen am Trung. Nguyen am Dtrang tuqng trung cho Troi. Troi tron nen viet la cham tron (•). Nguyen am Am tuqng trung cho Dat. Dat thl biing nen viet la net ngang ( -). Gifra Trm va Dat la Nguoi nen net s6 ( 1 ) ttrqng trtrng cho nguoi dling. Tu d6 cac chfr c6 net ngang + cham tren va net s6 + cham phai la d~ bi~u th! lo~t nguyen am Duoog ( ..L, r , ...LL ••• ). Nguqc l~i, cac chit co net ngang +cham dum va ngang +cham trai la bi~u thi
lo~t nguyen am Am (T I 1 I 1T ... ). Nhu v~y "v~ v~t song trong troi dat
Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education
khong th~ thoat khoi quy lu~t am duong nay. Chfnh vl v~y rna tieng n6i cua
con nguoi ciing nam trong quy lu~t am duong d6" (8, tr.11). NguOi ta con gQi
loC;lt nguyen am Duong la nhfrng nguyen am "&ing" (Trai thl sang) va nguyen am Am la nhfrng nguyen am ''T6i" (Dat thi t6i).
3. C6 nhieu tai li¢u n6i rang h¢ th6ng Hangul hi¢n d~i gam 40 chfr cai nhtrng ciing CO nhieu tai li¢u n6i rang chi CO 24 chfr ( 16 chfr con lC;li la do SlJ ket hqp tir m¢t so trong 24 chfr nay). Dong thai, soluqng am vi cfing duqc xac diflh
khac nhau. Dieu nay, theo chung toi, la do quan ni¢m ve chfr cai va am vi-
3.1. Quan ni¢m 40 chfr cai di doi voi vi¢c xac d!nh h¢ thong am vi la 40 thuang thay trong cac sach tht;rc hanh tieng (3, tr.15-16). Quan ni¢m nay phan bi¢t dau la chfr co ban, dau la chfr phat tri~n tir chfr ca ban. Chfu!g h~n, 3 chfr
c, IT va E Ia 3 chfr d¢c l~p, 2 chfr sau la phat tri~n tir chfr dau.
Voi quan ni¢m nay, moi quan h¢ gifra am va chfr trb nen don gian, de ph6 bien vl c6 sv tuang tlng tuy¢t doi: 1 am vi - 1 con chii. V ai nguoi Vi¢t h<;>c tieng Han hay nguoi Han h<;>c tieng Vi¢t, vi¢c phan bi¢t am va chfr la rat quan tr<;>ng. Kinh nghi¢m cho thay neu khong hi~u r6 quan h¢ nay' vi¢c tiep thu va
str dtp1g tieng Han ciing nhu tieng Vi¢t Ia rat h~n che (6, tr.257).
3.2. Ciing c6 quan ni¢m cho rang s6 luqng chfr cai van la 40 nhung d~ bi~u hi¢n 31 am vi. Trong so nay c6 21 am vt ph\1 am (gom ca ph\1 am va ban
nguyen am) va 10 am vi nguyen am (5,7 ... ). Nhu v~y s6 luqng chfr cai nhieu
hon so luqng am vi la 9 chfr, theo d6 cac chfr bi~u thi nguyen am doi khong duqc coi la nam trong h¢ thong 31 am vt. The nhung, chung toi thuang xuyen duqc biet rang so luqng nguyen am doi la 11. Phai chang c6 sv mau thuan vl
31 + 11 = 42 ( 42 chfr)? Tim hi~u ki hon chung toi mm biet rang hai am vi ban nguyen am (w va j) khong c6 con chfr rieng. Van de nay lien quan den cac giiii phap phan xuat am vi va giai phap ve cau true am tiet tieng Han. Chftng h~n, 2 ban nguyen am c6 nen coi la am vi khong? T6 hqp nguyen am doi c6 phru do
ban nguyen am c¢ng voi nguyen am dan tC;lO ra khong? ... Chung toi chua dii trinh d¢ ly lu~ va thvc hanh d~ tiep c~n sau hon van de, chit~ nh~n xet la neu d~ danh sach am vi la 29 am vi (10 am vi nguyen am, 19 am v! ph\1 am)
nhu nhieu tai li¢u khac se hqp ly hon (am vi nao ciing c6 con chfr, du la chfr ghep th~ hl¢n).
Gia tr1 sang l?o ch[t viet Hangul va vai tro eva no trong phat trien van hoa, giao dvc Han Qu6c
3.3. Quan ni~m ph6 bien han ca la Hangulluc dau c6 28 chfr, hi~n nay
con 24 chfr (10 chu nguyen am va 14 chfr ph1;1 am). 24 chu nay duqc coila co ban Va m{)t SO chfr tiep tl;lC dUQ'C ket hqp VOi cac net CC1 ban d~ th~ hi~n h~ thong 29 am vi (19 am vi ph1;1 am va 10 am v! nguyen am) (1, tr.167-179; 4, tr.123). Quan ni~m nay chu y nhieu den m~t l!ch sii cua chfr Hangul, tuc la tlr
xa xua nguoi ta da phan bi~t chfr CC1 sa ( cac net g6c, vf dl;l: • , - va I ) v6i chfr
CC1 ban (cac chfr dUQ'C l<;!O nen bang S\! ket hqp bUOC 1 CUa cac net g6c), Vl d1;1:
r I 1 ,...L., sau d6 l<;ii phan bi~t v6i chfr phat tri~n (cac chfr duqc t<;!O nen bang Sl! ket hqp tiep theo cua chfr CC1 ban). Nhu v~y' so luqng 24 chfr khong c6 nghia la
thieu mat 5 d~ th~ hi~n 29 am vi, tuc la, c6 am vi duqc th~ hi~n bang each
ghep chfr. Han nfra, du c6 dua vao danh sach am v! 2 ban nguyen am hay
khong, quan ni~m nay van cho thay Hangulla 1 b¢ chfr rat uu vi~t vi khong c6 tinh tr<;lflg m<)t con chfr th~ hi~n nhieu am v! hay nguqc l~i, nhu thuemg thay a
cac h~ thong chu ghi am khac. D6 Ia chua k~ 11 nguyen am doi, du c6 duqc coi la 11 am vi dfch thl;!c hay khong, cling da c6 con chfr ghi l~i. (Van de nay
vuqt qua nhieu lan kha nang khao sat cua chung toi).
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V oi nhfrng dieu du con rat soluqc nhu tren, Hangul cho thay day Ia m<)t trong nhfrng b¢ chu ghi am ly tuang nhat rna con nguoi sang t~o duqc. N6 xling dang ta m<)t "be) mftu t\t vi d~i" nhu chfnh cai ten cua n6: Hangul ( 4,
tr.258).
Creative value of Hangul script and its role in the development of Korean culture and education
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TAl LII;U TRAM KHAO
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NXB D~i h<;>c Quoc gia Ha N¢i, 2000.
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