Do v~y khi <lich hay hQC hai th(t tie'ng nay c'an thff y dtfQ'c S\f khac nhau ma
chuy~n djch cho sat nghia.
b. Cac hinh vj bi~u thj y nghia v'e thi trong tie'ng Han la cac h~u to'. Chung dting sau can to' trong d()ng ttr.
c. Cac h~u to' chi c6 thi trong tie'ng Han c6 thi la mot am tie't (ne'u am
cu6i ca can to' dll'ng trlf6'c Ia m<)t phµ am) ho~c chi la m<)t phv am (ne'u can to'
dung tn1'6'c ke't thuc bang nguyen a.m).
6. Ve cac phU'O'ng ti~n biiu thi y nghia tlnh thai ( Modality) trong . tie'ng Han. . tie'ng Han.
6.1.Tfnh tlnh thai biiu thj mo'i quan h~ gift~ m-{)t ttnh huo'ng va hi~n
thV-c hay s~ ki~n.
Trong tie'ng Vi~t din cti vao ca'u true cau va y nghia _cua cac tit vf dt) nhtt: c6.thi, chic, din, phai, le ra, ne'u nhll vv ... ma ta c6 th~ bie't dttqc y
: nghfa tlnh thai cua ph'an vi ngff ho~c ci:ia toan phat ngon la gl ( kha nang hay
~: da hi~n tht,tc h6a, kh~ng djnh hay phi:i djnh, nghi va'n hay m~nh l~nh vv ... )
,', ch~ng hC;tn: Nam co th~ lai dtt<;tc mc}t chiec xe tang la m(>t cau kh&ng djnh
· bi~u thi m<)t kha nang cua m<)t chu th@ hanh d<)ng la c6 th~ lai xe tang. Trai
.1 1
lC;ti Nam khong th~ lai xe tang dlt<fC ll;li la m<)t cau phu djnh kha nang lai xe
ci:ia chu th@ Nam. Nhtt v~y, cac tit co th~, dtt<fc, khong cho ta biei tf nh tlnh
thaicua phatngon.
Trong tiC"ng Han, y nghfa t1nh thai do cac phµ tO'(affixes) bi€u thj. Sau
' day la m()t sO' phµ tO' va ch~c nang cua chung. (1) Ph\l t6 ~ -kes
Phµ tO' nay chi r~ng hanh d(mg do d<)ng tlt bieu thj da dlt<JC tht,tc hi~n.
Nhlf v~y n6 bi~u thi tfnh hi~n thtj'c cua hanh d<)n:g, Slf ki~n trong nhftng tlnh
huO'ng n6i nang nhai dinh.
So sanh:
(a) .:i ~
kunun phainayphulul ccalunta.
(anh ffy) (trai thdm) (cat)
(Anh [(y cat trai tho'm)
(b) n} ~ 0~ ~ ~ 0 l ~ 711 ~} .S ~ :;! 0 l tj-.
phainayphulun ilehkey ccalununkesita
(trai thdm) (nhtt the' nay) (cat)
(Day la each cat trai thdm) -This is the way to cut a pineapple.
Cau (a) chi thong bao v'e m()t st,t ki~n.
Cau (b) nhd h?u to' ~ - kes, ta biei dttQ'c hanh d<'.;mg cat da dttQ'c tht,t'c
hi~n
-Phv t6 ~ - kes dung d~ kh~ng·djnh v'e m<)t st,t th~t ciia m9t hanh dong ' d,
Sosanh: .
(a) .:r-C- 1940\1 oJl
kunun 1940 nyeney thayenassta.
(anh a'y) (1940) (nam) (sinh ra) (Anh a'y sinh nam 1940)
(b) :I~ 194011 oJl
kunun 1940 nyeney thayenankesita. (anh fi.y ) (1940) (nam) (sinh ra)
Dung la anh a'y sinh ra vao nam 1940
- It is a fact that he was born in 1940 Cau (a) chi thong bao ffiQt S\t kien.
Cau (b) ben qmh n9i dung thong bao n1ut (b) n6 con kem them m9t tlnh thai khbg dinh vi~c sinh ra d6 la s\f th~t. la dung vdi th\fc te".