Nuclear binding is caused by the tensor force

Chemistry part 32, Julia Burdge,2e (2009) pps

I b' d' I 2.38 X 10- 11 J nuc ear m mg energy per nuc eon = 19 nucleons = 1.25 X 10- 12 J/nucleon The nuclear binding energy per nucleon makes it possible to compare the stability of all nuclei on a common basis. Figure 20.2 shows the variation of nuclear binding energy per nucleon plotted against mass number. As you can see, the curve rises rather steeply. The highest binding energies per nucleon belong to elements with intermediate mass numbers between 40 and 100-and are greatest for elements in the iron, cobalt, and nickel region (the Group 8B elements) of the periodic table. This means that the net attractive forces among the particles (protons and neutrons) are greatest for the nuclei of these elements.

Compensation for damages caused by nuclear energy

According to the Law on CDCNE in Japan, there are only provisions concerning the case of liability exemption, and no regulation on maximum compensation level for nuclear en[r]

ENGINEERING MECHANICS STATICS EPISODE 2 PART 6 POT

The four-member "A" frame is supported at A and E by smooth collars and at G by a pin. All the other joints are ball-and-sockets. If the pin at G will fail when the resultant force there is F max , determine the largest vertical force P that can be supported by the frame. Also, what are the x , y , z force components which member BD exerts on members EDC and ABC ? The collars at A and E and the pon at G only exert force components on the frame.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS STATICS EPISODE 1 PART 4 PPSX

Problem 2-136 The leg is held in position by the quadriceps AB , which is attached to the pelvis at A . If the force exerted on this muscle by the pelvis is F, in the direction shown, determine the stabilizing force component acting along the positive y axis and the supporting force component acting along the negative x axis.

MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 12 IS INDUCED BY HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN K AND PROMOTES MIGRATION AND INVASION IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), a DNA/RNA binding protein, is associated with metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the mechanisms underlying hnRNP K-mediated metastasis is unclear.

Multi-scale simulations of membrane proteins: The case of bitter taste receptors

While ligand, binding site residues and surrounding water molecules are treated using an atomistic force ﬁeld, the rest of the protein is described at a CG level.. A coupling scheme is t[r]

BÁO CÁO LÂM NGHIỆP: "RODENT-CAUSED DAMAGE TO FOREST TREES FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF FORESTRY PRACTICE" POTX

1 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic 2 Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ABSTRACT : Small mammals cause serious damage to forests but there is only little knowledge of their ecology and possibilities of plantation protection. The objective of our study was to collect information on the damage caused by rodents to plantations of forest tree species. Data were obtained from a survey conducted in 2008 that was aimed at damage caused by small mammals. Questionnaires were sent mostly to foresters engaged in the Lesy CR state enterprise. We obtained usable data from 316 foresters. The response rate was 81%. It was confirmed that rodents cause significant damage all over the Czech Republic and that the occurrence of damage cannot be easily predicted with certainty as significant damage may appear perhaps in a small part of the threatened plantations where the key conditions for small mammals have been fulfilled. The main factors which affected probability of damage include: presence of a woody spe- cies attractive to rodents; suitable structure of ground vegetation enabling the pest species to breed sufficiently during the vegetation period; and also long-lasting snow cover. The current approach of forestry practice to damage by small mammals is considerably passive and we are missing an alert system of threat to stands and a methodology of dealing with problematic situations. Most of the foresters are uninterested in small mammals and many have only very smat- tering knowledge of the dangerousness of individual species and their ecological requirements. The use of rodenticides is expensive and the most effective and economic measure to lower damage by small mammals is to support forest management favouring natural regeneration of forest stands.

SAT II PHYSICS GARY GRAFF EPISODE 1 PART 4 PPSX

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Unbalanced forces are the cause of motion. This can be seen by taking a walk and watching any objects that are not moving. A stone on the ground, a flowerpot on a window ledge, or a hat on someone’s head all remain where they rest unless something happens. What exactly must happen? Sir Isaac Newton applied his attention to that same question almost 400 years ago. The result was Newton’s Laws of Motion. The first Law of Motion as expressed by Sir Isaac has come to be known as the Law of Inertia.

CHAPTER 131. DIPHTHERIA AND OTHER INFECTIONS CAUSED BY CORYNEBACTERIA AND RELATED SPECIES (PART 1) PPTX

the independent states formerly encompassed by the Soviet Union. Additional outbreaks have been reported in Algeria, China, and Ecuador. Etiology C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive, unencapsulated, nonmotile, nonsporulating bacillus. C. diphtheriae organisms have a characteristic club- shaped bacillary appearance and typically form clusters of parallel rays (palisades) that are referred to as Chinese characters . In the specific laboratory media recommended for the cultivation of C. diphtheriae , tellurite, colistin, or nalidixic acid is responsible for selective isolation of the organism in the presence of other autochthonous pharyngeal microbes. Human isolates of C. diphtheriae may display nontoxigenic ( tox – ) or toxigenic ( tox + ) phenotypes. Corynebacteriophage beta carries the structural gene ( tox ) encoding diphtheria toxin, and a family of closely related corynebacteriophages are responsible for toxigenic conversion of

mechanics of materials review

---- Has units of force per unit area. ---- Sign is determined by the direction of the internal force and the direction of the outward normal of the imaginary cut surface. Stresses on various planes passing through a point in two dimension can be found by the:

FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS EPISODE 1 PART 8 PPSX

It is clear that the principle of conservation of mechanical energy can only be use to find the deflection under a single external load. A more general method is the unit load method, which is based on the principle of virtual force. The principle of virtual force states that the virtual work done by an external virtual force upon a real displacement system is equal to the virtual work done by internal virtual forces, which are in equilibrium with the external virtual force, upon the real

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS THERMOMECHANICS OF SOLIDS PART 6 PPT

(6.1) in which c ijkl are constants and are the entries of a 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 fourth-order tensor, C . If T and E L were not symmetrical, C might have as many as 81 distinct entries. However, due to the symmetry of T and E L there are no more than 36 distinct entries. Thermodynamic arguments in subsequent sections will provide a rationale for the

CHAPTER 053. ECZEMA AND DERMATITIS (PART 3) PPTX

Toxicodendron . Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are members of this genus and cause an allergic reaction marked by erythema, vesiculation, and severe pruritus. The eruption is often linear or angular, corresponding to areas where plants have touched the skin. The sensitizing antigen common to these plants is urushiol, an oleoresin containing the active ingredient pentadecylcatechol. The oleoresin may adhere to skin, clothing, tools, and pets, and contaminated articles may cause dermatitis even after prolonged storage. Blister fluid does not contain urushiol and is not capable of inducing skin eruption in exposed subjects.

CHAPTER 051 MENSTRUAL DISORDERS AND PELVIC PAIN PART 3 PPTX

hyperprolactinemia, even if mild, necessitates cranial imaging with CT or MRI to exclude a neuroanatomic cause. Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism Ovarian failure is considered premature when it occurs in women younger than age 40. Ovarian failure is associated with the loss of negative-feedback restraint on the hypothalamus and pituitary, resulting in increased FSH and LH levels. FSH is a better marker of ovarian failure as its levels are less variable than LH. As with natural menopause, premature ovarian failure (POF) may wax and wane, and serial measurements may be necessary to establish the diagnosis.

Investigation of DPA in the reactor pressure vessel of VVER-1000/V320

The most important ageing effect on the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is radiation embrittlement, which is mainly caused by fast neutrons during operation lifetime of nuclear reactors. The aim of this study was to investigate the DPA (displacement per atom) rate, an important parameter describing radiation damage to the RPV, and identify the position of the maximum DPA rate in the RPV of the VVER-1000/V320 reactor using the Monte Carlo code MCNP5.

BASIC THEORETICAL PHYSICS A CONCISE OVERVIEW P11 PPTX

x := (x, y, z, ict) thus becomes a curved Minkowski manifold , where local coordinates of space and time may be deﬁned by means of radar signals. Further details which would lead to Einstein’s general theory of relativity , will not be treated here, although the eﬀects of curvature of space and time not only play a part in present-day astrophysics, e.g., in the neighborhood of neutron stars and black holes , but have also entered our daily lives through the Global Positioning System (GPS) , a satellite navigation system, which is presently used for many purposes.

INTRODUCTION TO CONTACT MECHANICS PART 2 DOCX

1.2.10 Principal stresses At any point in a solid, it is possible to find three stresses, σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 , which act in a direction normal to three orthogonal planes oriented in such a way that there is no shear stress across those planes. The orientation of these planes of stress may vary from point to point within the solid to satisfy the requirement of zero shear. Only normal stresses act on these planes and they are called the “principal planes of stress.” The normal stresses acting on the principal planes are called the “principal stresses.” There are no shear stresses acting across the principal planes of stress. The variation in the magnitude of normal stress, at a particular point in a solid, with orientation is given by Eq. 1.2.5i as θ varies from 0 to 360 o and shear stress by Eq. 1.2.5j. The stresses σθ and τθ pass through minima and maxima. The maximum and minimum normal stresses are the principal stresses and occur when the shear stress equals zero. This occurs at the angle indicated by Eq. 1.2.5k. The principal stresses give the maximum normal stress (i.e., ten- sion or compression) acting at the point of interest within the solid. The maxi- mum shear stresses act along planes that bisect the principal planes of stress. Since the principal stresses give the maximum values of tensile and compressive stress, they have particular importance in the study of the mechanical strength of solids.

THE PROPERTIES OF ASYMMETRIC NUCLEAR MATTER

The equations of state of asymmetric nuclear matter (ANM) starting from the effective potential in a one-loop approximation is investigated. It was showen that chiral symmetry is restored at high nuclear density and the liquid-gas phase transition are both strongly influenced by the isospin degree of freedom.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMART MATERIALS VOLS 1 AND 2 M SCHWARTZ 2002 WW PART 9 PPS

techniques Raman spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance; and neutron, γ -ray, and mass spectrometry. By propagating a wave in a given medium, useful information about the medium can be generated by analyzing the transmit- ted or reflected signals. Ultrasound differs from other wave-based methods because it does not require sample preparation, is nonhazardous, and provides the means to determine mechanical properties, microstructure, imaging, and microscopy. Ultrasonic equipment is also portable and cost-effective. Most significantly, ultrasound is applicable to all states of matter, except plasma and vacuum. Furthermore, propagation of ultrasound in a material is not affected by its transparency or opacity. Table 1 provides a comprehensive introduction to ultra- sound measurements and to the information revealed either directly or through correlation with measurements. Since about 1980, both ultrasound and its applications have grown substantially. Uses in industry have gone beyond overt defect detection in metals to include char- acterization of elastic and mechanical properties; dela- minations in multilayered, particulate and fibrous materi- als; proximity and dimensional analysis; measurements of anisotropy and heterogeneity; surface profiling, chemical corrosion, crystallization and polymerization; liquid and gas flow metering; imaging of surface and internal features of materials; viscosity of liquids; texture and microstruc- ture of granular and cellular materials; applied and resid- ual stresses; high temperature, pressure, and radiation environment applications; and robotics, artificial intelli- gence. These highly desirable applications have attracted the attention of a wide range of industries: structural and electronic materials and components manufacturers, air- craft and aerospace, chemical and petroleum, plastics and composites, lumber and construction, highways and air- craft landing strips, bridges and railroads, rubber and tire, food, and pharmaceutical products.

TEST BANK FOR AMERICAN CORRECTIONS IN BRIEF 2ND EDITION BY CLEAR

The _________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment_._ _ANSWER: _ m[r]

Co-localisation of the blackleg resistance genes Rlm2 and LepR3 on Brassica napus chromosome A10

The protection of canola (Brassica napus) crops against blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, is largely mediated by race-specific resistance genes (R-genes).

CHAPTER 054. SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF INTERNAL DISEASE (PART 6) DOC

Migratory erythema with erosions; favors lower extremities and girdle area In erythema gyratum repens, one sees numerous mobile concentric arcs and wavefronts that resemble the grain in wood. A search for an underlying malignancy is mandatory in a patient with this eruption. Erythema migrans is the cutaneous manifestation of Lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochete

TẢI GIÁO ÁN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8: THE SECOND 45 MINUTE TEST - GIÁO ÁN ĐIỆN TỬ MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8

The Organization is an educational force inside and outside the school, is a reserve force of Ho Chi Minh Communistic Youth Party, is a main force in children’s movement.. The [r]

SCIENCE REASON ENGLISH 6 DOC

4. f. The question could be answered by going back to the passage. Rock candy is made by first com- pletely dissolving the excess sugar, at a high temperature, then slowly cooling to room temperature. Choices g , h , and j don’t describe heating, followed by slow cooling. 5. d. You can solve this problem by drawing a line through the 45 degree Celsius mark. It intersects the solubility curve at about 250 g of solute per 100 g of solvent. In order for a solution to be supersatu- rated, the amount of sugar has to exceed solubility. Therefore, a total of more than 250 g is necessary. If a solution already contains 50 g of sugar, more than 200 grams are required.

Caveolin-1 and MLRs: A potential target for neuronal growth and neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thrombolytic therapy, the only established treatment to reduce the neurological deficits caused by ischemic stroke, is limited by time window and potential complications.

CHAPTER 037. PALPITATIONS PDF

Chapter 037. Palpitations Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 37. Palpitations Palpitations: Introduction Palpitations are extremely common among patients who present to their caregiver and can best be defined as an intermittent "thumping," "pounding," or "fluttering" sensation in the chest. This sensation can be either intermittent or sustained, and either regular or irregular. Most patients interpret palpitations as an unusual awareness of the heart beat and become especially concerned when they sense that they have had "skipped" or "missing" heart beats. Palpitations are often noted when the patient is quietly resting, during which time other stimuli are minimal. Palpitations that are positional may reflect a structural process within (e.g., atrial myxoma) or adjacent to (e.g., mediastinal mass) the heart.

Comparison of discriminative motif optimization using matrix and DNA shape-based models

Transcription factor (TF) binding site specificity is commonly represented by some form of matrix model in which the positions in the binding site are assumed to contribute independently to the site’s activity. The independence assumption is known to be an approximation, often a good one but sometimes poor.

SLIDING MODE CONTROL PART 12 POTX

Figure 9. Comparison of different control approaches concerning the corresponding control errror e z : Proxy-based sliding mode control (PBSM), Higher-order sliding mode control (HOSM) and standard sliding mode control (SM). with the standard sliding mode technique (SM). Nevertheless, the steady-state accuracy of the HOSM approach is superior to the other approaches. As the chattering phenomena is reduced by HOSM control the parameter in equation (25) can be chosen very small, so that the hyperbolic tangent function is very close to the ideal switching-function. The parameter in (23) have to be chosen about 100 times larger as compared to the value in HOSM, to avoid the high-frequency chattering, which is critical for the proportional valves and results in a reduced lifetime of the valves. The largest tracking errors occur with proxy-based sliding mode (PBSM) control, which represents a PID-controller at normal operation. The beneﬁts of the PBSM control are its high robustness and its slow and safe recovery from unexpected disturbances and abnormal events, which leads to an inherent safety property. In Fig. 10 the impact of the feedforward friction compensation and the nonlinear reduced disturbance observer is demonstrated. Here the tracking errors of SM control with feedforward friction compensation (f.f.c.) and disturbance observer (d.o.), SM control only with f.f.c and SM control without f.f.c. and d.o. are depicted. As can be seen the tracking errors can be signiﬁcantly reduced by employing the proposed disturbance compensation strategy. The sum of the feedforward friction force F Fr and the disturbance force estimated by the disturbance observer ˆ F U is depicted in Fig. 11. The robustness of the proposed solution is shown by a unmodelled additional mass of 25 kg, which represents almost the double of the nominal value. In the corresponding force, the increase due to the higher inertial forces becomes obvious. The corresponding tracking errors are shown in Fig. 12. All three control approaches show similar results. Whereas the steady-state errors remain almost unchanged, the maximum tracking errors are now approximately 8 mm due to the inertia forces during the acceleration and deceleration phases. The closed-loop stability is not affected by this parametric uncertainty.

CHAPTER 132. INFECTIONS CAUSED BY LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES (PART 1) PPTX

Listeria monocytogenes Infections Caused by Listeria monocytogenes: Introduction Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can cause serious infections, particularly in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. A ubiquitous saprophytic environmental bacterium, L. monocytogenes is also a pathogen with a broad host range. Humans are probably accidental hosts for this microorganism. L. monocytogenes is of interest not only to clinicians but also to basic scientists as a model intracellular pathogen that is used to study basic mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and host immunity.

2020

The definition of natural disasters is any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the earth... Events that occur in unpopulated areas are n[r]

Antifungal activity of Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis Berk.) against anthracnose disease on banana

Tamilnadu is one of the leading banana grower in the country. Eighty-two per cent of fruit production in India is shared by the banana. Banana fruits after harvest are infected by a series of post-harvest pathogens. Among them, anthracnose disease caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum musae is the very dexterous disease.

Forthedirectassayformateithertheantibodyisimmobilizedtothesensorsurfacefoll

which the ligand has been immobilized (e.g., an antigen). The first step m an SPR experiment is to record the background R(O)-curve for the immobt- lized antigen, before the interaction, under continuous flow of the pure buffer in the flow channel, O,,( 1) in Fig. 2B. An analyte pulse containing an anttbody directed against the rmmobrlized antigen IS then Injected over the sensor surface, and an antigen-antibody complex IS formed. A new R(O) curve IS recorded after a given contact time with the antibody solu- tion and after rinsing with buffer O,,(2). The SPR signal, e.g., as a result of the formation of a stable antigen-antibody complex, can now be determined as the change in O,, between the second and first minima A@,, = O,,(2) -O,,(l), as shown in Fig. 2B. However, the setup in Fig. 2A displays a number of serious limitations. The most important limitation is related to the fact that one has to scan both the source and detector with respect to the prism to obtain the R(O) curve. Thrs scanning procedure is normally quite time- consummg, making tt difficult to study fast association and dissociatton phenomena between the interacting molecules. One way to overcome this problem IS to employ optics, without any movable parts. Fig. 2C schemati- cally shows an experimental setup based on so-called fan-shaped optics (IO). The “scanning” ltght source m Fig. 2A is replaced by a focused beam, which, within certain lrmrts, provtdes a continuum of angles of incidence. The single-element detector is replaced by a photodiode array. The angle of incidence at which resonance occurs, represented by dark lines in Fig. 2C, can be observed as a minimum of the reflected intensity for a given pixel on the photo diode array. The short readout time for photodiode arrays enables us to follow the resonance mmimum O,, in real-time. Thus, infor- mation about the kinetics of the interaction can be obtained with this setup by following the change m resonance angle O,, with time, the so-called sensorgram, Fig. 2D.

BÁO CÁO Y HỌC: " A REAL-TIME VIEW OF THE TAR:TAT:P-TEFB COMPLEX AT HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION SITES" PPSX

Abstract HIV-1 transcription is tightly regulated: silent in long-term latency and highly active in acutely- infected cells. Transcription is activated by the viral protein Tat, which recruits the elongation factor P-TEFb by binding the TAR sequence present in nascent HIV-1 RNAs. In this study, we analyzed the dynamic of the TAR:Tat:P-TEFb complex in living cells, by performing FRAP experiments at HIV-1 transcription sites. Our results indicate that a large fraction of Tat present at these sites is recruited by Cyclin T1. We found that in the presence of Tat, Cdk9 remained bound to nascent HIV-1 RNAs for 71s. In contrast, when transcription was activated by PMA/ ionomycin, in the absence of Tat, Cdk9 turned-over rapidly and resided on the HIV-1 promoter for only 11s. Thus, the mechanism of trans-activation determines the residency time of P-TEFb at the HIV-1 gene, possibly explaining why Tat is such a potent transcriptional activator. In addition, we observed that Tat occupied HIV-1 transcription sites for 55s, suggesting that the TAR:Tat:P- TEFb complex dissociates from the polymerase following transcription initiation, and undergoes subsequent cycles of association/dissociation.

Detecting familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 R3500Q in Vietnamese patients by PCR-sequencing

Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) is an autosomal codominant disorder associated with hypercholesterolemia, caused by mutations in and around codon 3500 of the Apolipoprotein (Apo) B gene, which encodes Apo B-100. The first mutation occurred in Arginine codons to be described, and the most characterized, is caused by a G→A transition at nucleotide 10,708 and results in the substitution of Arginine by Glutamine at codon 3500 (ApoB R3500Q).

OCEAN MODELLING FOR BEGINNERS PHẦN 4 PPTX

At location X = x = 0 and Y = y = 5 km, a disturbance is introduced such that the flui parcel obtains a relative speed of u o = 0.5 m/s and v o = 0.5 m/s. In the f xed coordinate frame, the initial velocity is U o = 0.864 m/s and V o = 0.5 m/s. The results show that the resultant path of the flui parcel is elliptical (Fig. 3.16). With a closer inspection of selected snapshots of the animation (Fig. 3.17), we can also see that the flui parcel comes closest to the rim of the tank twice during one full revolution of the flui tank. This finding which is simply the result of the elliptical path, is the important clue to understand why so-called inertial oscilla- tions, described below, have periods half that associated with the rotating coordinate

Synthesis and dynamics studies of barbituric acid derivatives as urease inhibitors

Discovery of potent inhibitors of urease (jack bean) enzyme is the first step in the development of drugs against diseases caused by ureolytic enzyme.

Spontaneous pneumothorax as indicator for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in paediatric patients

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disorder caused by germline mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene.

TẢI GIẢI BÀI TẬP SBT TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH MỚI UNIT 6: VIET NAM: THEN AND NOW - LỜI GIẢI SÁCH BÀI TẬP TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 UNIT 6

There is a minor increase in the number of children going to school this year.. The number of nuclear families in the countryside has risen little by little.[r]

ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES PART 31 PDF

Moment capacity may be increased by increasing either the bolt diameter or the total number of bolts in the tension cluster. The former of these has been explored at Leeds University, using backing angles to reinforce the column flange (Grogan and Surtees (1995) and Grogan and Surtees (1999)). The second approach entails increasing the number of bolt rows or the number of bolts per row. Several investig-ators have examined these options (Grundy et al (1980), Murray and Kukreti (1988) and Murray (1988)). The second option was explored without recourse to column stiffening but has been investigated more recently at Leeds University in a Science and Engineering Research Council (now EPSRC) supported project (Surtees and Yeung (1996)). In the latter investigation, which applied particularly to double-sided connections, local bending of the column flange was reduced by linking beam tension flange forces across the column via socketed couplers placed between opposing tension bolts. In tests on full-scale specimens, improvements in moment capacity up to 200% were observed, compared with less than 40% when using conventional welded reinforcement in the tension zone. The work reviewed above has focused on tension zone stiffening and a principal feature has been the use of bolted forms of stiffening. Recently at Leeds University, the potential use of bolted compression zone stiffening was examined in depth and this paper presents details of tests on a particular form of stiffening element developed in that investigation, namely, the threaded bar

CHAPTER 036. EDEMA (PART 7) PPTX

Chapter 036. Edema (Part 7) Additional Factors in Diagnosis The color, thickness, and sensitivity of the skin are significant. Local tenderness and warmth suggest inflammation. Local cyanosis may signify venous obstruction. In individuals who have had repeated episodes of prolonged edema, the skin over the involved areas may be thickened, indurated, and often red.

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