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S6l0(240)-2O1fi NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 101 PIMLM T R U NGf NGHIA CtfA M TRONG T H A N H NGf TEENG H A N NHiN T f LI THUYET NGUYEN MAU AN ANALYSIS OF THE SEMANTIC CATEGORY OF "M"(RAIN) IN CHINESE IDIOMS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PROTOTYPE THEORY NGUYfeN THJ HirONG GIANG (ThS; D^i hpc Ngo^i ngfr, DHQG Hd N$i) Abtract: Po^'serny is a common phenomencm in human languages The extcnsicm of word meaning is not irregular or aibitraty, instead there are innate laws to follow In Chinese, M(rain) is a ctnnmon natural [rfiKiomaioa For tius natural phenomenon people have vay ridi experience M(rMi) is defined astiiedrops of water which fell fiom the clouds M (rain) as tiie source domain is mapped into differeiit target domains which creating the otiier senses of it From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, proto^pe theory is used to analyze tiie semantic structure of M (rain) in Chinese idioms with a purpose to give a more objective and systematic interpretation to the origin and development of its prototypical sense and other d^ved senses Key words; M (rain); proto^pe theory, semantic category Li thuylt nguySn mSu (diln mSu/diln dang) vdi tfnh da nghb ciia tir /./ Cfic nhfi ngdn ngQ hpc tri n h ^ chi i^g, ph^m trCi khdng phfii Ifi mdt t$p hpp lihOng nhfin t6 hlnh dfing, cd vai trd ngang nhau, cd chung mOt hay mOt s6 nhftng d$c trung, t&ih chit nfio dd mfi Ifi mOt t$p hpp nhftng nhfin to bit d^ng dfing, dupc p h ^ diia thfiiih nhQng nhfin t6 diln hlnh vfi khdng diln hinh (dyatfieomuc dd tuong dong vdi nguydn mSu) Cfic thfinh vien mOt phfun trii lign kit vdi tiieo nhilu cfich nhu mdt gia dlnh, Ihfinh vi&i nfiy kltiiQa6^ tnmg ciia thfinh vi6n Ida, thfinh vien I^i kl thda d ^ tnmg cda thfinh vi&i khfic, mli li&i h§ dd dupc gpi Ifi "gi6ng hp hfingj" (femily resemblance) Vf dy, phpm tiii RAU vdi nhQng d$c tnmg nhin "cfiytiifinnhd, nhilu Ifi, cd till ddng dl nlu canh, xfio, ludc lfim tiidc fin Tuy nhiai, cfic tiifinh vitatiiudcph?m trii RAU l?i vd cdng phong phd: rau mulng.raucfii, rau ngdt, rau rfim,rauhdng, su bfio, bip cfii, blu, bl v.v Khdng phfii tkckCic tiifinh vi&i p h ^ trd RAU deu cd cd chung nhQng djc tnmg nhu nhau: rau rfim vfi rau Ifi lo^i cfiy tiifin nhd, nhilu Ifi nhung l^i khdng ddng dk xio, ludc ha:^ n i l canh; blu vfi bl Ifi qufi nhung 1^ dupc ddng dl nlu canl{ xfio, ludc lfimtiiQcfin,dd diu Ifi nhftng nhfin t6 khdng di&i hinh ph^m trii RAU Rau mu6ng.raucfii cd dly dd nhQng d^c trung cua p h ^ tid RAU, Ifi nhfin t l diln hlnh hay c&i dupc coi Ifi i^uy&i mlu cda p h ^ IrQ NguySn mlu (proiotype) Ifi tiiu^ ngft dupc Rosch dl xult diu tiSn vfi ^ r\^s^\k"thdnhvi&n trung tdm cua phgm trii, thihi^n mdt cdch cd h$ thong nhftng ddc diim ndi bdt nhdt hay tinh chdt tiiu biiu nhdt so vdi cdc thdnh vien kh^' [2] TrSn till gidi nfiy, mpi sy v§t h i ^ tupng diu cd fiJiQng d$c tnmg rilng, ngudi nh|n Ihdc sy v§t hi§n tupng thdng qua nhDng d$c tnmg dd Thl gidi trmg iih$ntiidocua ng^di Ifi kit qufi cua sy tuong tfie gjQa s^ v§t h i ^ tupng tin tfd khfich quan vfi ^ thdc chd quan cua ngudi Qufi tiinh {difin lo^ sy v§t hi$n tupng thdng qua nh|n thdc cda ngudi chinh Ifi ph^m tii!i hofi, \^ kit qufi cua qufi trinh dd dupc ^ i Ifi phfim bd tri i^i$n 1.Z Ung dyng If thuylt nguy^ mlu vfio ngdn ngQ hpc theo Lakoff, td da nghia Ifi mdt tnrdng hpp d$c bi^ cua qufi trinh ph^m trii hda tr6n ca sd nguy^ mlu, nhQng ngbla khfic cua mdt tQ chfnh Ifi nhttng thfinh viln trtmg mdt pb^m trii Cfic nghia thfinh vi£n pb^m tid ngtt n^iiaklt nli vdi bfing mli quan h$ "giong hp bfing", tQ tnmg tfim Ifi i ^ ^ n g i o ^ mau hlnh thfinh nSn mdt m^ng ludi ng^a vdi mSi nglua thfinh vioi Ifi mdt dion nut; nhftng Ihfinh virai cfing d sfit tmng tfim thl ngjila cfing gin vdi n^ua nguy^ mlu vfi ngupc l^i M^ng ludi p h ^ tid ngQ nghm hlrihtiifinhbdi hai phuong tilde: phdng tda (radiatioi) vfi nli ti^ (cfxicatenaticHi) Phdng tda tfi hlnh thuc nhilu n^iia NG6N NGtr & P I S6NG thfinh viol cdng cd mli l i ^ h^ vdi mQt t^;hia trung tam; nli tiep Ifi hinh Ihdc ng^a thd nhlt cd mli liln h$ vdi n^ua thu hai, n g ^ thd hai l^i cd mli l i ^ h^ vdi n^fiatiiiJrba, Trong mgng ludi ph^m trd ngQ n^ua cd thl cd nhioi nguydn mau: d v} trf tiung tfim Ifi nghia nguyen mau cuatofinbp phgm liii, d cfic v) tri it trung tam hon Ifi cfic ngjila nguyen mau thd c ^ cua cfic tioj i^igm trd (hlnh 1); ho$c cfic tilu phgm trii cung cd thl Ifi tip hpp cua cfic ng^a cd chung mOt moi liSn h$ nfio dd, khdng cd nghTa nli trdi dfim n h i ^ vai trd ngi^oi mlu thd d p Hhihl S6 10 (240)-2QlS ngQ cda hp H i ^ tupng ty nhien M (mua) trraig tilng Hfin dfi tidtiifinhco sd, v|t tham diilu dl hlnh tiifinh nln rlt n h i ^ khfii ni$m khfic, tgo tiifinh m^ phgm trd ngQ nghia [JHHig phd dio tfr M (mua) Zl V£vans [5] dl xult tidu chuin xfic dinh mOt n ^ nguy^ m&i cho danh tQ da n^ila: 1/ N^ila du^c tiiQa nhfin sdm nhlt; 2/N^iia cd tiifinh I^ian xult h i ^ n h i ^ nhlt phgm trii ngft n ^ cda tQ da n g ^ 3/ Nghia td dd cd till rut nhOng n ^ l a khfic mdt cfich ty nhiln, tdc Ifi, dya vfio n ^ nguyin mlu cd thl d\r dofin nhQng nghia khfic troig phgm trii ngtt n^iia; 4/ Nghia gin gia nhlt vdi tr&i n g h i ^ cua ngudi Cfin cd vfio nhttng tilu chuin nlu trln didng tadS dfing xfic dinh dugc n^iia nguyin mlu cik W (nua) tilng Hfin Ifi dil *iihQng gipt nude roi xuing bl m ^ trfii dit tii nhQng dfim mSy"[6] M (mua) don tiiuln tfi mOt hi§n tupng ty nhiln, vi dy: - ^ M Nguybimiu -20lJi NG6N NG(r&P0ls6NG tupng ty nhi&i M (mua) ti^ Hfinfinhxg l&i nhQng m i ^ nguin khfic nhau, Wnh thfinh nen cfic nghia khfic nhau, nhin a) Dfiy d$c, tin suit ldn Vf dy: t6**5¥M (thuong lam dgn vii; riing sdng, mua dgn) Bon roi, dgn bin cd hlnhtiifiigin gilng nhu mua, ^ ^ ^ M milu tfi sdng nhilu nhu cfiy riing, bom dgn dfiy d^c nhu muatiU,hfim ^ chi^ tranh vd cdng Idilc li§t b) Nhilu, ddng ddc Vi dy: JTSflMT (hfin nhu vu tig: m l hdi nhu mua) M l hdi cua C