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Bộ giáo dục đào tạo Trờng đại học nông nghiƯp hµ néi -*** - đoàn phơng thuý đánh giá khả sản xuất tổ hợp lai Giữa đực duroc với nái lai landrace yorkshire nuôi tỉnh bắc ninh bắc giang Luận văn thạc sĩ nông nghiệp Chuyên ng nh: Chăn nuôi MÃ số : 60.62.40 Ngời hớng dẫn khoa học: gs.Ts đặng vũ bình hµ néi - 2010 Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p …………… i L I CAM ðOAN Tơi xin cam đoan s li u k t qu nghiên c u lu n văn trung th c chưa t ng s d ng ñ b o v m t h c v Tơi xin cam đoan m i s giúp ñ ñ th c hi n lu n văn ñã ñư c c m ơn m i thông tin trích d n đư c ch rõ ngu n g c Tác gi lu n văn ðoàn Phương Thúy Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p …………… i L I C M ƠN Nhân d p hoàn thành lu n văn này, cho phép tơi đư c bày t lịng bi t ơn sâu s c nh t ñ n GS.TS ð ng Vũ Bình, ngư i hư ng d n khoa h c giúp đ nhi t tình có trách nhi m đ i v i tơi su t q trình th c hi n đ tài hồn thành lu n văn t t nghi p Tôi xin chân thành c m ơn th y cô B môn Di truy n - Gi ng v t nuôi, Khoa Chăn nuôi - Nuôi tr ng thu s n, Vi n ñào t o Sau ñ i h c, Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i giúp đ đóng góp nhi u ý ki n quý báu trình th c hi n đ tài Cho phép tơi đư c bày t l i c m ơn t i Ban lãnh đ o, tồn th anh ch em cơng nhân Xí nghi p Gi ng l n L c V , tr i Cao Xá, tr i Trư ng Cao ð ng Nơng Lâm ch lị m Nguy n Th An v s h p tác giúp ñ b trí thí nghi m, theo dõi ch tiêu v sinh s n, su t, ch t lư ng th t thu th p s li u làm s cho lu n văn Nhân d p này, tơi xin đư c bày t lịng bi t ơn sâu s c t i Ban giám hi u nhà trư ng, Th y Cô giáo nơi tơi cơng tác, gia đình b n bè ñ ng nghi p ñã giúp ñ ñ ng viên su t th i gian qua Tác gi lu n văn ðoàn Phương Thúy Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p …………… ii M CL C Trang L i cam ñoan………………………………………………………………….i L i c m ơn……………………………………………………………………ii M c l c………………………………………………………………………iii Danh m c vi t t t…………………………………………………………… v Danh m c b ng…………………………………………………………… vi Danh m c ñ th …………………………………………………………… vii M ð U i 1.1 ð t v n ñ 1.2 M c đích 2 T NG QUAN TÀI LI U 2.1 Cơ s lý lu n v lai gi ng 2.1.1 Tính tr ng s lư ng y u t nh hư ng .3 2.1.2 Lai gi ng ưu th lai 2.2 Các ch tiêu sinh s n y u t nh hư ng ñ n kh sinh s n c a l n nái 15 2.2.1 Các ch tiêu su t sinh s n 2.2.2 Các y u t l n nái 15 nh hư ng ñ n kh sinh s n c a l n nái 16 2.3 Các ch tiêu ñánh giá sinh trư ng, su t, ch t lư ng th t y ut l n nh hư ng 24 2.3.1 Các ch tiêu ñánh giá sinh trư ng, su t ch t lư ng th t 2.3.2 Các y u t l n 24 nh hư ng ñ n su t ch t lư ng th t 25 2.4 Tình hình nghiên c u nư c nư c 32 2.4.1 Tình hình nghiên c u nư c 32 2.4.2 Tình hình nghiên c u nư c 36 V T LI U, N I DUNG VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN C U 41 3.1 V t li u nghiên c u 41 3.2 ð a ñi m nghiên c u 41 3.3 Th i gian nghiên c u 41 Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….iii 3.4 N i dung ch tiêu nghiên c u 41 3.4.1 ðánh giá kh sinh s n c a nái F1(LxY) F1(YxL) ph i gi ng v i ñ c Duroc 41 3.4.2 ðánh giá kh sinh trư ng 42 3.4.3 ðánh giá su t, ch t lư ng th t 42 3.5 Phương pháp nghiên c u 43 3.5.1 Kh sinh s n 43 3.5.2 Tiêu t n th c ăn c a nái lai LY YL/kg cai s a 44 3.5.3 Phương pháp nghiên c u kh sinh trư ng 44 3.5.4 Phương pháp nghiên c u su t, ch t lư ng th t 46 3.6 X lý s li u 48 K T QU VÀ TH O LU N 49 4.1 Kh sinh s n c a l n nái F1(Landrace x Yorkshire) F1(Yorkshire x Landrace) 49 4.1.1 Năng su t sinh s n chung c a l n nái F1(Lx Y) F1(Yx L) 49 4.1.2 Năng su t sinh s n c a hai nái lai qua l a ñ 62 4.2 K t qu theo dõi v tiêu t n th c ăn /kg cai s a 75 4.3 Kh sinh trư ng tiêu t n th c ăn c a l n th t 77 4.3.1 Kh sinh trư ng tiêu t n th c ăn c a l n th t 77 4.3.2 ðo siêu âm tính đ dày m lưng t l n c c a t h p lai D×(L×Y) D×(Y×L) 81 4.4 Năng su t ch t lư ng th t c a hai t h p lai D(LY) D(YL) 83 4.4.1 Năng su t thân th t c a lai 83 4.4.2 Các ch tiêu v ch t lư ng th t 88 K T LU N VÀ ð NGH 94 5.1 K t lu n 94 5.1.1 Kh sinh s n 94 5.1.2 Sinh trư ng, su t, ch t lư ng th t 94 5.2 ð ngh 95 Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….iv DANH M C CÁC CH VI T T T CTV C ng tác viên D Gi ng l n Duroc D(LY) T h p lai gi a ♂Duroc x ♀(Landrace x Yorkshire) D(YL) T h p lai gi a ♂Duroc x ♀(Yorkshire x Landrace) DFD Dark, Firm, Dry KHKT Khoa h c k thu t KL Kh i lư ng L Gi ng l n Landrace LW Gi ng l n Large White LxY ♂ Landrace x ♀ Yorkshire NXB Nhà xu t b n P Pietrain Pidu ♂ Pietrain x ♀ Duroc PSE Pale, Soft, Excudative PTNT Phát tri n nông thôn TĂ Th c ăn TTTĂ Tiêu t n th c ăn TT Tăng tr ng Y Gi ng l n Yorkshire YxL ♂ Yorkshire x ♀ Landrace Cu ð ng Zn K m Mg Magie Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….v DANH M C B NG Trang B ng 2.1: H s di truy n c a m t s tính tr ng c a l n B ng 3.1: B ng b trí thí nghi m s d ng th c ăn l n nái l n 44 B ng 4.1: Kh sinh s n c a nái lai LY YL 50 B ng 4.2: Kh sinh s n c a nái lai LY YL l a 63 B ng 4.3: Kh sinh s n c a nái lai LY YL l a 64 B ng 4.4: Kh sinh s n c a nái lai LY YL l a 65 B ng 4.5: Kh sinh s n c a nái lai LY YL l a 66 B ng 4.6: Kh sinh s n c a nái lai LY YL l a 67 B ng 4.7: Tiêu t n th c ăn/kg cai s a 76 B ng 4.8: Sinh trư ng, tiêu t n th c ăn c a l n th t 77 B ng 4.9: ð dày m lưng, ñ dày thăn t l n c 81 c a lai D(LY) D(YL) 81 B ng 4.10: Năng su t th t D(LY) D(YL) 84 B ng 4.11: Ch t lư ng th t DLY DYL 88 Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….vi DANH M C ð TH Trang Bi u ñ 4.1 S m t l a ñ 55 Bi u ñ 4.2 Kh i lư ng sơ sinh cai s a c a l n 57 Bi u ñ 4.3 S ñ ra/ qua l a ñ 68 Bi u ñ 4.4 S cai s a/ qua l a ñ 70 Bi u ñ 4.5 Kh i lư ng sơ sinh/con qua l a ñ 72 Bi u ñ 4.6 Kh i lư ng cai s a/con qua l a ñ 73 Bi u đ 4.7 T l th t móc hàm, t l th t x , t l n c c a lai 86 Bi u ñ 4.8 Giá tr pH45 pH24 c a lai 89 Bi u ñ 4.9 T l m t nư c lai D(LY)và D(YL) 92 Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….vii M ð U 1.1 ð t v n ñ Vi t Nam m t nư c có n n nông nghi p phát tri n v i 80% dân s làm nông nghi p Cùng v i s phát tri n tr ng tr t, chăn nuôi có vai trị quan tr ng vi c phát tri n kinh t Trong nh ng năm g n ngành chăn ni nư c ta có nh ng bư c phát tri n m nh, chăn ni l n chi m m t v trí đ c bi t quan tr ng cung c p th c ph m tiêu th nư c ph c v xu t kh u h u h t s chăn nuôi l n hi n vi c nhân gi ng lai t o gi ng ñã tr thành khâu quan tr ng phương hư ng phát tri n chăn ni l n, nh t o cơng th c lai cho đ i th h lai có kh sinh s n t t, tăng tr ng nhanh, s c ch ng ñ v i b nh t t t t, chi phí th c ăn gi m t l n c cao, đáp ng nhu c u ni l n hư ng n c ph c v cho tiêu dùng nư c xu t kh u Nh ng năm g n ñây, n n kinh t ngày phát tri n, thu nh p c a ngư i dân tăng cao, nhu c u v th c ph m ch t lư ng theo tăng lên, ñ c bi t th t l n nhi u n c Vì v y, ngành chăn ni ñang m r ng theo hư ng tăng su t tăng t l n c Chính v y, l n lai – máu, l n ngo i đư c đưa vào ni ph bi n nông h trang tr i chăn ni cơng nghi p Theo k t qu u tra trang tr i chăn nuôi t i m t s t nh phía B c cho th y, vi c s d ng nái lai (51% t ng s nái gi ng) ñ c lai (36% t ng s ñ c gi ng) cao c u đàn gi ng (Vũ ðình Tôn c ng s , 2007)[51] T i hai t nh B c Ninh B c Giang, gi ng l n ngo i đư c ni nhân gi ng ph bi n s chăn ni t p trung Vi c theo dõi, đánh giá Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….1 kh s n xu t thông qua ch tiêu v sinh s n, sinh trư ng su t, ch t lư ng th t c a t h p lai nh ng v n ñ r t c n thi t nh m ñáp ng nhu c u phát tri n chăn nuôi l n hư ng n c nh ng năm ti p theo ð có đàn l n th t có t c đ tăng trư ng nhanh ñ t t l n c t i ña c a ph m gi ng, bên c nh vi c nâng cao ti n b di truy n, ch n l c t t, c i ti n ch đ chăm sóc ni dư ng u ki n chu ng tr i vi c t o nh ng công th c lai s k t h p ñư c m t s ñ c ñi m c a m i gi ng, dịng cao s n đ c bi t s d ng tri t ñ ưu th lai c a chúng r t c n thi t Xu t phát t tình hình đó, đ góp ph n nâng cao hi u qu nuôi l n ngo i u ki n chăn ni hi n nay, chúng tơi ti n hành nghiên c u đ tài: “ðánh giá kh s n xu t c a t h p lai gi a ñ c Duroc v i nái lai Landrace Yorkshire nuôi t i t nh B c Ninh B c Giang” 1.2 M c đích - ðánh giá kh sinh s n c a l n nái F1(Landrace x Yorkshire) F1(Yorkshire x Landrace) ph i gi ng v i ñ c Duroc nh m góp ph n c i ti n ch t lư ng ñàn gi ng t i t nh B c Ninh B c Giang - ðánh giá kh sinh trư ng, tiêu t n th c ăn/kg tăng tr ng, su t ch t lư ng th t c a t h p lai nh m góp ph n xác ñ nh t h p lai phù h p có hi u qu chăn ni l n t i t nh B c Ninh B c Giang Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p Hà N i – Lu n văn th c sĩ nông nghi p ………….2 51 Vũ ðình Tơn, ð ng Vũ Bình, V Tr ng Thành, Nguy n Văn Duy, Nguy n Cơng nh, Phan Văn Chung (2007), “Quy mơ, đ c m trang tr i chăn ni l n ba t nh Hưng Yên, H i Dương B c Ninh”, T p chí Khoa h c k thu t Nông nghi p, Trư ng ð i h c Nông nghi p I, T p V, s 4: 44-49 52 Vũ Kính Tr c (1998), Tìm hi u trao đ i n c hóa đàn l n Vi t Nam, Chuyên san chăn nuôi l n, H i Chăn nuôi Vi t Nam, trang 54 53 Phùng Th Vân, Tr n Th H ng, Hoàng Th Phi Phương Lê Th Tu n (2000a) “Nghiên c u kh sinh s n c a l n nái L, Y ph i chéo; ñ c ñi m sinh trư ng, kh sinh s n c a l n nái lai F1(LY) F1(YL) lai ñ c D”, Báo cáo khoa h c chăn nuôi thú y năm 1999-2000, ph n chăn ni gia súc, TP H Chí Minh tháng 4/2001 54 Phùng Th Vân, Hoàng Hương Trà, Trương H u Dũng (2000b), “Nghiên c u kh cho th t c a l n lai Dx(LY)và Dx(YL)và nh hư ng c a hai ch đ ni t i kh cho th t c a l n ngo i có t l n c > 52%", T p chí Khoa h c cơng ngh qu n lý KT, (s 9), tr.397- 398 55 Phùng Th Vân, Hoàng Hương Trà, Lê Th Kim Ng c, Trương H u Dũng (2001), “Nghiên c u kh cho th t gi a hai gi ng L, Y, gi a ba gi ng L, Y D, nh hư ng c a hai ch đ ni t i kh cho th t c a l n ngo i có t l n c 52 %”, Báo cáo khoa h c Chăn nuôi Thú y (19992000), ph n chăn ni gia súc, TP H Chí Minh, tr 207-219 56 Phùng Th Vân, Tr n Th H ng Hoàng Th Phi Phư ng, Lê Th Hi u (2001), “Nghiên c u kh sinh s n c a l n nái Landrace Yorkshire ph i chéo gi ng; ñ c ñi m sinh trư ng, sinh s n c a l n nái lai F1(LY) F1(YL) lai v i đ c Duroc ”, T p chí chăn ni s [40], tr.7-9 57 Phùng Th 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