UNIT 6: THE ENVIRONMENT (Môi trường) environment -> environmental Môi trường, môi sinh dump -> garbage dump N Ad j N N ocean sewage N N Đại dương to end up second-hand V Ad j N Đạt tới, tới tình trạng deforestation N Sự tàn phá rừng, nạn phá rừng junk-yard -> to deforest 10 pollution -> air pollution -> to pollute 13 dynamite -> to dynamite 15 to spray N N N V N V V Phá rừng, phát quang treasure 11 to litter -> litter 12 hedge 14 wood -> the woods 16 silly Châu báu, kho báu 21 to minimize N V N N N N Ad j N Ad j V 17 pesticide 19 to conserve N V Thuốc trừ sâu Giữ gì, bảo tồn 18 folk 20 unpolluted -> conservation N Sự bảo tồn -> conservationist N Người làm việc để bảo vệ môi trường 22 complaint N Lòi than phiền, lời phàn nàn 23 shore 24 to check -> check 27 sand N V N N Bờ biển, bờ hồ, bờ sông V V N N Phàn nàn, than phiền Cát -> to complaint 25 to clear up 26 trash 28 refreshment 29 disappointed Thất vọng 30 smell N Mùi, mùi hơi, mùi khó chịu To disappoint Ad j V Làm (ai) thất vọng, làm nãn lòng -> to smell V Ngửi, ngửi thấy 31 to spoil 33 to give out 35 to achieve -> achievement 38 to wrap 40 to turn off -> # to turn on 42 garbage = rubbish 43 to protect -> protection 44 to prevent -> prevention 45 to save 46 to reduce 47 amount V V V N V V V N V N V N V V N Làm hư, làm hỏng, phá hỏng 32 fly 34 to float 36 frog 37 toad 39 to prohibit -> prohibition 41 to fine -> fine N V N N V N V N Con ruồi Thuộc môi trường Bãi đổ, nơi chứa Bãi rác, nơi đổ rác Sự ô nhiễm Sự ô nhiễm không khí Gây ô nhiễm, làm ô nhiễm Thuốc nổ Phá huỷ thuốc nổ Phun, xịt Kiểm tra, xem xét Cuộc kiểm tra Phát, phân phối Đạt được, giành Thành tựu Gói, bọc lại Tắt Mở Rác, rác thải Bảo vệ, che chở Sự bảo vệ, che chở Ngăn cản, ngăn ngừa Sự ngăn ngừa, cản trở Dành dụm, tiết kiệm Làm giảm, giảm Số lượng (+ DT không đếm Nước thảy, chất thảy (đồ vật) cũ, dùng Bãi phế liệu Vứt bừa bãi, bày bừa bãi Sự bừa bộn Hàng rào Gỗ Rừng Ngu ngốc, khờ dại, ngớ ngẩn Người (nói chung) Khơng bị nhiễm Giảm thiểu, giảm đến mức thấp Thu dọn, làm Rác rưởi Đồ ăn thức uống, ăn nhẹ Nổi, trơi lềnh bềnh Con ếch Con cóc Cấm, ngăn cấm Sự ngăn cấm Phạt tiền Tiền phạt được) 48 to recycle V Tái sinh, tái chế UNIT 6: THE ENVIRONMENT I/ NEW WORDS forest (n): rừng forester (n): người trồng rừng forestry (n): nghề làm rừng forested (adj): bao phủ rừng deforestation (n): nạn phá rừng pollute (v): làm ô nhiễm pollution (n): ô nhiễm polluted (adj): bị ô nhiễm unpolluted (adj): không ô nhiễm pollutant (n): chất gây ô nhiễm (chemicals, factory waste) polluter (n): tác nhân gây ô nhiễm (cars, factories, companies, people…) conserve (v): bảo tồn, bảo quản conservation (n): bảo tồn conservationist (n): người làm công tác bảo tồn thiên nhiên environment (n): môi trường environmental (adj): thuộc môi trường environmentalist (n): người bảo vệ môi trường environmentally (adv): phương diện môi trường kind (adj): tử tế, tốt bụng unkind (adj): không tử tế kindly (adv): cách tử tế unkindly (adv): không tử tế kindness (n): tử tế unkindness (n): khơng có lịng tốt disappoint (v): làm thất vọng disappointment (n): nỗi thất vọng disappointed (adj): thất vọng disappointing (adj): đáng thất vọng disappointingly (adv): cách đáng thất vọng reduce (v): cắt giảm, làm giảm reduction (n): cắt giảm direct (adj): trực tiếp directly (adv) indirect (adj): gián tiếp indirectly (adv) direct (v): hướng dẩn, dẫn direction (n): lời hướng dẩn, dẩn director (n): nhà đạo diễn energy (n): lượng energetic (adj): động, đầy lượng energetically (adv) energize (v): tiếp lượng Energize Your World (slogan Windows 7) 10 recycle (v): tái chế recycling (n): việc tái chế recycled (adj): tái chế 11 suggest (v): đề nghị suggestion (n): lời đề nghị 12 prohibit (v): cấm prohibition (n): ngăn cấm, luật cấm prohibitive (a): nhằm ngăn cấm, ngăn cản prohibitively (adv): có chiều hướng ngăn cản 13 polite (adj): lịch sự, lễ phép politely (adv): cách lịch politeness (n): lịch impolite (adj): bất lịch impolitely (adv): cách bất lịch impoliteness (n): bất lịch 14 volunteer (v, n): tình nguyện; người tình nguyện voluntary (adj): tự nguyện voluntarily (adv): cách tự nguyện 15 provide (v): cung cấp provider (n): người cung cấp provision (n): cung cấp, đồ cung cấp, dự phòng provisional (a): tạm thời, lầm thời provisionally (adv):tạm thời, lâm thời 16 achieve (v): đạt được, dành achievement (n): thành tích, thành tựu achiever (n): người đạt thành tựu achievable (a): đạt được, thực 17 protect (v): bảo vệ protection (n): bảo vệ protector (n): người bảo vệ, bảo hộ, giám hộ protective (a): che chở protected (a): bảo vệ che chở unprotected (a): không bảo vệ, che chở protectively (adv): không che chở, bảo vệ 18 complain (v): phàn nàn complaint (n): phàn nàn 19 prevent (v): ngăn ngừa prevention (n): ngăn ngừa, ngăn cản preventive (a): ngăn ngừa, phịng ngừa 20 care (n): chăm sóc careful (a): cẩn thận care + for (v): chăm sóc, nuôi nấng careless (a): bất cẩn carefully (adv) > < carelessly (adv) I Adjectives and adverbs (tính từ trạng từ): A Adjectives (tính từ): - Tính từ đứng trước danh từ sau số động từ như: to be, seem, keep, look, feel, taste, sound, smell, get, become … - Tính từ bổ nghĩa danh từ đại từ Ex: It is a white shirt (while tính từ đứng trước danh từ shirt bổ nghĩa cho danh từ shirt ) Ex: - She is intelligent - He looks happy a Adverbs(trạng từ): Ex: He is a good student He studies well => Trạng từ có chức bổ nghĩa cho tất từ loại ngoại trừ danh từ đại từ Eg: - She spoke softly (trạng từ softly bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường speak) - He runs fast (trạng từ fast bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường run) - She answered me coldly - It is terribly hot today (trạng từ teriblly bổ nghĩa cho tính từ hot) - The little girl was badly treated * Cách thành lập trạng từ thể cách: Tính từ + ly Trạng từ bad + ly badly slow + ly -> slowly happy + ly happily * Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ: good well early early late late hard hard fast fast * Một số tính từ tận "ly": friendly: thân thiện, lovely: dễ thương, likely: chắn, lonely: cô đơn, lively: sống động, silly: ngốc, ngớ ngẫn, ugly: xấu xí EXECISE Choose the correct form: 1.- I heard Daniel isn’t very ………….(good/ well) - Well, he fell and hurt himself quite ……… (badly/ bad) – There was a ……….(terrible/ terribly) accident on this road two days ago, wasn’t there? - Yes, two people were killed and the driver of the car was …………(serious/ seriously) injured - The weather was so ……….(awful/ awfully) yesterday - yes, it was raining quite ……… (heavy/ heavily) so we stayed at home all day You haven’t cleaned the floor ………….(proper/ properly) It’s still …………(dirty/ dirtily) Oh,sorry It is still………… (dirty/ dirtily) You didn’t look very ……….(happy/ happily) last night Well, I was disappointed that I did so ……… (bad/ badly) in the exam – Can you remember what happen? - I can’t remember …….(clear/ clearly).It all happened so ………(sudden/ suddenly) Don’t go up that ladder It doesn’t look ……….(safe/ safely) - Don’t worry I’ll climb …………(careful/ carefully) Did you go to Sally’s birthday party? - Yes, It was really a ……… (cheerful/ cheerfully) party Everybody at the party was (colorful/ colorfully) dressed – Why you look so … (nervous/ nervously)? - Oh, my! I’ve just got a mistake I interrupted my boss while he was on the phone, and he looked at me (angry/ angrily) when I interrupted him 10 – Have you seen Richard ……… (recent/ recently)? - yes, I just met him at Rose’s party two days ago He seemed very (unhappy/ unhappily) He smiled … (sad/ sadly) at me when he saw me 11 I am staying in a very (comfortable/ comfortably) hotel in the South of France, near a (nicely/ nice) beach Unfortunately, it has been very (coldly/ cold) and the hotel itself is very (expensive/ expensively) 12 Another problem is that the chief cooks (badly/ bad) The food is not (delicious/ deliciously) and I have been (hungry/ hungrily) most of the time because I have had (great/ greatly) difficulty in finding anything (suitable/ suitably) on the menu 13 However, I have been very impressed by the (beautifully/ beautiful) surroundings and the (kind/ kindly) people It is true that I have suffered a bit from boredom but I always when I’m not (fully/ full) occupied Sometimes I feel (sleepy/ sleepily) in the middle of the day and have a (shortly/ short) nap, which I am very (thankfully/ thankful)for Unfortunately, I sleep quite (bad/ badly) at night because the people in the room next to me snore (terribly/ terrible) 14 Anyway, I’m leaving this Friday The driver will (probable/ probably) take me two or three days as long as the traffic isn’t too (bad/ badly) I’ll get in touch (immediately/ immediate) as soon as I get home and maybe we can arrange to meet up for the meal EXECISE Put in the adverbs: Emma’s toothache was terrible Emma’s tooth ached ………………………… Henry was angry Henry shouted …………………………… I’m happy sitting here I can sit here ………………………………………… He was very thoughtful standing there He stood there ……………………………………… The children seemed cheerful The children played ………………………………… The switch is automatic The machine switches itself off ………………………………… James is very good at speaking English James speaks English …………………………… The debate should be public We need to debate the matter …………………………… She was charming She walked …………………… in front of the audience 10 Everyone was enthusiastic Everyone discussed the idea …………………………… 11 The man had a soft voice The man spoke ………………………… 12 Claire wears expensive clothes Claire dresses ……………………… 13 The runners made a low start They started the race ……………………… 14 The building has to be secure Did you lock all the doors ……………… 15 I had a strange dream last night I dreamed …………………………………… B Thành phần theo sau tính từ: Adjective + to + Vo (Tính từ theo sau động từ nguyên mẫu có to): Form: S + be chia + adj + to + Vo Ví dụ: It is interesting to learn English S be adj to + Vo Adjective + that-clause: Form: S + be chia + Adjective + That – clause (that + S + V) Trong “that-clause” bổ sung nghĩa cho adjective; mang nghĩa “rằng, là, mà” Ex: I am pleased that you are working hard adj that-clause Mệnh đề that (that- clause) thường đứng sau tính từ diễn tả cảm xúc, chắn: sad, pleased, excited, disappointed, delighted, glad, afraid, sorry, thankful, certain, sure, EXECISE Combine these sentences using Adj + that clause : He is worried His business is not going well -> He is worried that his business is not going well We were disappointed She didn’t keep her promise I’m sorry I came late The boss was angry I misplaced all the documents I am happy The article has been very well received We are glad You come His parents are pleased He won the best prize It is important She should accept the offer We are afraid The goods won’t be delivered on time I’m sure They will never give him a refund 10 It is necessary You are prudent EXECISE Make sentences with the words suggested: I / pleased / work hard -> I am pleased that you are working hard We / grateful / you / take / interest / us You / sure / her child / disappeared? No one / sorry / our manager / resigned Everybody / not surprised / they / divorce I / disappointed / you / not / see / me / yesterday We / thankful / she / nit tell / truth Children / excited / go / zoo / last Sunday We amuse / you / love / him I / glad / they / come / here 10 I / proud / my team / win / the first award of the competition II Adverb clauses of reason (mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý do): Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý bắt đầu Because / Since / As nói lên lý việc thể qua mệnh đề Hai mệnh đề câu đổi chổ cho Ex: Ba is tired because / since / as he stayed up late watching TV Form: S + V … + because / since / as + S + V Because/ As/ Since + Mệnh đề (S+V): - We decided to leave early because/ as/ since the party was boring Because of + Danh từ/Cụm danh từ - We cancelled our flight because the weather was bad -> We cancelled our flight because of the bad weather Cách chuyển câu từ Because Because of: Quy tắc 1) Nếu chủ ngữ mệnh đề giống nhau, chung người vật => Bỏ chủ ngữ , động từ BE V thêm ING Because Tom got up late, he didn’t get to school on time => Because of getting up late, he didn’t get to school on time Quy tắc 2) Nếu chủ ngữ danh từ + be + tính từ => Đem tính từ đặt trước danh từ ,bỏ Động từ BE Because the rain is heavy, we didn’t go to school => Because of the heavy rain, we didn’t go to school Quy tắc 3) Nếu chủ ngữ đại từ người + be + tính từ => Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu ,đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ động từ BE Because He was sick, his mother took care of him => Because of his sickness; his mother took care of him Quy tắc 4) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + (số lượng) + danh từ Hoặc : S + have + (số lượng) + N =>-Thì bỏ there be , Because of + (số) + N Because there was an accident, we can’t go to work on time => Because of an accident, we can’t go to work on time Quy tắc 5) Nếu chủ ngữ đại từ người + động từ + trạng từ => Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, V thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ Because He behaved politely, many girls like him => Because of his polite behavior, many girls like him Bài tập: EXERCISE Combine these sentences using BECAUSE/ AS/ SINCE: I’m going to the post office I have some postcards to send -> I’m going to the post office because/ as/ since I have some postcards to send Jane was worried She stayed at home alone …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Tom couldn’t get the job He was not confident during the interview …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I have to work extra hours I want to help support my family …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… We adore him He is very talented …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… She has to depend on us She is an orphan …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I enjoy reading books They help broaden my knowledge of the world …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Don’t believe him He is always being a liar …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I haven’t finished my assignment yet I don’t have enough materials …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… You must it right now It’s very urgent …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 I feel attracted to her Her voice is very sweet …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXERCISE Supply either BECAUSE or BECAUSE OF : It was difficult to deliver the letter ………………………… the wrong address We have to cut down on our driving ………………………….there is an oil shortage Rescue attempts were temporarily stopped ………………… the bad weather They visited their friends often ……………………….they enjoyed their company Paul could not go to the football game …………………………his illness Marcella was awarded a scholarship …………………………her superior ability Nobody ventured outdoors …………………………the hurricane warnings We plan to spen our vacation in the mountains………………….the air is purer there We have to drive around the bay …………………………the bridge was destroyed in the storm 10 The chickens have died ……………………… the intense heat EXERCISE 13.Join the following pairs of sentences using because and because of: He didn’t go to school It was raining -> He didn’t go to school because it was raining -> He didn’t go to school because of the rain The student arrived late There was a traffic jam …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… We decided to leave early The party was boring …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… It was a public holiday All the shops were shut …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I lost my job I was ill …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… III CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE I (câu điều kiện loại 1) If + S + VHiện đơn, S + will + Vo Chú ý: V đơn: - V động từ BE: chia am/is/are - V động từ thường: Vo/ Vs/ Ves Phủ định thêm NOT: am not, is not, are not Phủ định : + not + Vo + does not + Vo Mệnh đề WILL: Có thể dung WILL, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD Unless = If not (nếu không) EXERCISE Choose the correct: If you stand on the table, it (will collapse/ would collapse) Unless I (have/ had) ………… a quiet room, I won’t be able to work If I find your passport, I (will phone/ could phone) …….you at once Someone (will steal/ would steal)……………….your car if you leave it unlocked If she needs a radio, she (can borrow / could borrow) ………….mine If he (read/ reads)……… in bad light, he will ruin his eyes I’ll get angry if you (make/ will make) ………more mistake If you don’t believe what I said, (ask/ will ask ) …… your mother If I’m late, he (will be/ would be) ……………….disappointed 10 What will happen if (parachute (doesn’t open / not open)………? EXERCISE Write conditional sentences Type : We (go out ) …………………later if it (stop) ……………………raining Do you want to watch TV? I (switch) ……………… it on if you (do)……………… If we (leave) …………………now, we (not be ) ………………………….late If Tam (not apologize)………………………to me, I (not speak) ……………….to him anymore ………………you ………… (phone)me tomorrow if you (have)………………………… time? If I (not be)…………………… too busy tomorrow, I (visit)…………………you If you (not water)…………… the tree everyday, it (die)……………………… If she (not pass) ………… the exam, her parents (be) ………………………very worried If he (agreed) ………………to help us with the housework, we (finish)……………everything 10 If you (sit)……………… in the back row, you (not see) ………… anything on the blackboard 11 I (drop in )………………to see him if I (finish)……………work before pm 12 If your schoolwork (not improve)…………………., your parents (be)………….very disappointed 13 If you (find)……………this light bulb too weak, I (get)……………a stronger for you 14 If you (press)………….this key, the computer (start)……………… without the usual beep 15 If he (miss)…………….the train, he (get ) …………………… the next one EXERCISE Choose and underline the correct answers: If you know where she lives, please let me ………….(know/ knew/ known/ to know) Unless you understand, I ……… (a/ was/ will/ would) explain it again to you The air in the city is very ……….(pollute/ pollution/ polluted/ pollutant) The accident happened because of driving………………(careful/ carefully/ careless/ carelessly) he is going to ……………… (collect/ collection/ collective/ collector) all the bags If they …………….(are/ were/ have/ had) pupils, they must wear uniform She was …………(happy/ happily/ unhappy/ unhappily) because of her bad result She has ………… (kind/ kindly/ kindness/ unkind) provided a picnic lunch for us We ……………(won’t buy/ wouldn’t buy/ haven’t bought/ didn’t buy) this car if it is expensive 10 if he careful, he …………… (will/ would/ could/ must) get good marks 11 This newspaper is (publishing/ published/ to publish/ publish)everyday It’s a daily newspaper 12 he shouted and looked ………(angry/ angrier/ angrily/ anger) at me when I broke the vase 13 he is tired now ……….(so/ because/ but/ and) he stayed up late watching TV 14 We are talking about the preservation of …………(natural/ naturally/ nature/ naturalize) resources 15 We’ll make this beach clean and ……… (beauty/ beautify/ beautiful/ beautifully) again 16 She sings very …………… (beauty/ beautify/ beautiful/ beautifully) 17 If the …………(pollution/ pollute/ polluted/ pollute) continues, what will happen? 18 If it …………(doesn’t rain/ didn’t rain/ hadn’t rain/ won’t rain), we’ll go to the movies 19 A large number of inhabitants have made ……………(suggest/ suggestion/ suggested/ to suggest) on how to protect the environment 20 Be ……….(care/ careful/ carefully/ carelessly)! He is looking at you 21 it is our policy to …………… (protect/ protecting/ to protect/ protected) forest and environment 22 Everyone must take part in …… (prevent/ preventing/ to prevent/ prevented) deforestation 23 I suggest …………… (go/ to go/ going/ went) to the movies 24 They made their living by ……….(catch/ catching/ to catch/ caught) fish in the ocean every day 25 If you like this book, I will give it …… (for/ from/ at/ to) you as my present 26 I was very ………….(amaze/ amazed/ amazing/ amazement) that you won the first prize 27 If you have …………(a lot of/ many/ lot of/ a lots) money, you can travel abroad this summer 28 If you are a student, you can get a discount ………….(on/ in/ at/ for) books 29 I won’t go unless you ……….(to pay/ paid/ paying/ pay) me the money back 30 We stayed at home ……………(because/ and/ but/ so) it rained heavily 31 ……….(Pure/ Polluted/ Dust/ Pleasant) air is one of the many problems we have to solve 32 I’ll be in trouble if I ………(lose/ will lose/ lost/ would lose) my passport 33 We can eat at home or, ……… (when/ whether/ if/ which) you prefer, we can go to a restaurant 34 If it is raining this evening, I …………(will go out/ don’t go out/ go out/ won’t go out) 35 Minh’s English is excellent He speaks …….(perfectly English/ English perfectly/ perfect English/ English perfect) 36 I’m disappointed …….(that/ when/ if/ how) people have spoiled this area 37 He ………(hardly tried/ tried hardly/ hard tried/ tried hard) to find a job but he had no luck 38 We couldn’t go on a picnic as planned …… (however/ but/ because/ so) it was raining hard ... danh từ đại từ Eg: - She spoke softly (trạng từ softly bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường speak) - He runs fast (trạng từ fast bổ nghĩa cho động từ thường run) - She answered me coldly - It is terribly... sentences using because and because of: He didn’t go to school It was raining -> He didn’t go to school because it was raining -> He didn’t go to school because of the rain The student arrived late... danh từ shirt bổ nghĩa cho danh từ shirt ) Ex: - She is intelligent - He looks happy a Adverbs(trạng từ): Ex: He is a good student He studies well => Trạng từ có chức bổ nghĩa cho tất từ loại ngoại