(Luận văn thạc sĩ) a study on grammatical metaphor in english business letters m a thesis linguistics 60 22 15

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ LỆ HUYỀN A STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS (Nghiên cứu ẩn dụ ngữ pháp thư thương mại tiếng Anh) M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi, 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ LỆ HUYỀN A STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS (Nghiên cứu ẩn dụ ngữ pháp thư thương mại tiếng Anh) M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 Supervisor: Dr NGUYỄN HUY KỶ Hanoi, 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP …………………………………………………………….i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………………ii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………… iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………… iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………… vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES PART A: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1 Rationale …………………………………………………………………… Objectives of the study ……………………………………………………… Scope of the study …………………………………………………………….3 Methods of the study ………………………………………………………….3 Design of the study ……………………………………………………………3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………… CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: OVERVIEW ON SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ………………5 1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….5 1.2 Language and context ………………………………………………………5 1.3 Metafunctions ……………………………………………………………….7 1.4 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 10 CHAPTER 2: THE NOTION OF GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR …… 11 2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 11 2.2 Definitions of Metaphor ………………………………………………… 11 2.3 Grammatical metaphor …………………………………………………….12 v 2.4 Grammatical metaphor vs Lexical Metaphor ……………………………13 2.5 Classification of Grammatical Metaphor …………………………………15 2.5.1 Ideational Metaphor ………………………………………………… 15 2.5.2 Interpersonal Metaphor ……………………………………………… 18 2.5.2.1 Modality metaphors …………………………………………….18 2.5.2.2 Mood metaphors ……………………………………………… 18 2.6 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 19 CHAPTER 3: GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS …………………………………………………….21 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 21 3.2 Definition of Business Letters …………………………………………… 22 3.3 Classification of Business Letters …………………………………………22 3.4 Characteristics of Business Letters ……………………………………… 23 3.4 Characteristics of Business Letters in general ………………… 23 3.4.2 Characteristics of business letters in terms of field, tenor and mode 24 3.5 The use of Grammatical Metaphor in Business Letters ………………… 26 3.5.1 Data analysis framework ………………………………………… …26 3.5.2 Results ……………………………………………………………… 33 3.5.2.1 Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor …………………….33 3.5.2.2 Types of Grammatical metaphor used ………………………….33 3.5.3 Discussion ……………………………………………………… 35 Summary ………………………………………………………………….36 PART C: CONCLUSION …………………………………………37 Recapitulation ……………………………………………………………….37 Implications …………………………………………………………………38 vi Limitations of the study …………………………………………………… 38 Suggestions for further studies ………………………………………………39 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………… 40 APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………………… I APPENDIX 2………………………………………………………………………… X vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFG: Systemic Functional Grammar GM: Grammatical Metaphor ESP: English for Specific Purposes LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Genre, register and language ………………………………………………………7 Figure 2: Metafunctional Layering ……………………………………………………………8 Figure 3: Independence of metafunctions …………………………………………………… Figure 4: Mapping of components ……………………………………………………………12 Figure 5: Two perspectives on metaphor …………………………………………………… 13 Figure 6: Two perspectives on metaphorical variation ……………………………………….15 Figure 7: Direction of metaphorization……………………………………………………… 30 Table 1: Types of grammatical metaphor…………………………………………………… 29 Table 2: Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor in business letters …………… .33 Table 3: Types of grammatical metaphor used in the corpus ……………………………… 35 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Metaphor, based on the association of similarity, is one of the two basic types of semantic transference (metaphor and metonymy) that have been an interest for a great number of linguistic researchers According to Galperin (1981), the term “metaphor” can be understood as the transference of some quality from one subject to another Halliday gives a more detailed notion, metaphor is a verbal transference; a variation in the expression of meanings which involves a non-literal use of a word In particular, metaphor is an irregularity of content that consists on the use of a word in a sense different from its proper one and related to it in terms of similarity Let‟s see examples (1) and (2) (1) The sky is crying (2) The old professor emeritus is a rock that is becoming brittle with age Following the previous definitions, (1) includes an example of metaphor, i.e “crying” This word is used for something resembling that which it usually refers to, that is, it is used to refer to the weather state of being raining although it usually refers to the physical and emotional state of being crying Example (2) includes a metaphor, too In this case, the word “rock” is used in an improper sense, it refers to beings having the quality of being hard and the reason for this transference is the resemblance between the literal and metaphorical references of this term, that is, the resemblance between rocks and hard persons Metaphor is a very important feature in human language and is always a subject of central interest in the study of stylistics But traditional linguistics has long focused only on lexical metaphor whereas systemic functional linguistics has paid much attention on grammatical metaphor, a term derived from the notion that "the form of the grammar relates naturally to the meanings that are being encoded" (Halliday 1994: xvii) To be a teacher of ESP of business field, I have found that grammatical metaphor seems to be a strange notion to our students so I would like to make an investigation into grammatical metaphor in business letters with the hope of bringing this knowledge into my teaching work English has been widely used in almost every field, particularly in business As a popular means of communication, English is considered a key to success in international business And in this business world, in spite of widespread developments in communication technology, business letters are still widely used in the world as a main channel of business correspondence To achieve desirable results in communicating through business letters, besides taking some remarkable features into account such as: style, language, structure of a business letter, an aspect of the lexicogrammar which involves a higher level of complexity in the process of production and interpretation of clauses – the use of grammatical metaphor should be paid a great attention, too However, it has not attracted enough research attention If we have a good knowledge of grammatical metaphor, we can achieve the desired effect when dealing with business letters We may have a better and more thorough understanding of this written type of discourse A functional analysis of grammatical metaphor in discourse, especially in business letters will be very helpful to benefit English learners in better understanding and employing target language and thus improving the communicative competence more effectively Those theoretical and practical significances have inspired me to carry out A Study on Grammatical Metaphor in English Business Letters Objectives of the study The objectives of this paper are: (i) to give a general understanding of grammatical metaphor in the light of functional linguistics (ii) to examine some typical characteristics of business letters to show the general features of this genre (iii) to give an analysis of the corpus of business letters in terms of grammatical metaphor in order to see how this notable feature is used It is hoped that with these objectives, a full understanding of the use of grammatical metaphor in business letters will be achieved Therefore, the research questions raised here are: 1) What is the frequency of the use of grammatical metaphor in English business letters? 2) What types of grammatical metaphor are used in English business letters? Scope of the study Within the limitation of a minor thesis, this study only attempts to find out grammatical metaphor in the chosen corpus of English business letters The corpus is a collection of 20 authentic real-life English business letters randomly chosen from the eBook titled Instant Business Letters Kit by Shawn Fawcett I think such a corpus is large enough for a M.A minor thesis However, the conclusions are by no means representatives of business letters in all cases The theoretical framework for the analysis of grammatical metaphor in this paper is mainly based on the systemic functional linguistic theory by M.A.K Halliday, Christian Matthiessen, and James Martin, who are considered as the representatives of systemic functional linguistics After analyzing grammatical metaphor used in the chosen letters, some suggestions for pedagogical implication are also given with the hope of helping ESP students easily approach grammatical metaphor in general and in business letters in particular Methods of the study The study employs the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods Qualitative method helps the study approach the business letter samples and find out the general features and grammatical metaphor used in these letters After the qualitative analysis, the data is also quantitatively analyzed In the investigation of data, the descriptive method is employed to give a detailed description of grammatical metaphor found in the corpus After the description of the data, the combination of analytic and synthetic methods will be employed Design of the study The study consists of three parts: Part A: Introduction This part introduces the rationale, the objectives, the scope and the methods of the study Part B: Development This part is divided into three chapters Chapter deals with the theoretical background of the study An over view of functional grammar is provided with important concepts relevant to the topic framework Chapter focuses on the notion of metaphor from traditional and new views Then the notion of grammatical metaphor will be clarified Types of grammatical metaphor will be also discussed in this chapter Chapter is the main part of the study Firstly, some linguistic features of English business letters will be taken into consideration Then the analysis of the corpus in terms of grammatical metaphor and the results of the study will be presented in this chapter Part C is the conclusion of the study which provides the recapitulation with reference to the methods, the objectives and the findings of the present study Then some implications for ESP teaching and learning at tertiary level are also provided After that it gives some suggestions for further studies basing on the limitations of the thesis IV Sincerely, B R Egan Accounts Receivable cc: M.S Brandon, Credit Manager Follow-up Letter March 15, 2006 Ms Wendy Todd 891 Fourth Ave Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Dear Ms Todd, This is just a quick follow-up note to thank you for dropping in at Downtown Toyota and 5i entering our "Miles of Smiles" contest Your entry has been processed and is entered in 13 2i the draw which will take place on April 10, 2006 12 I enjoyed our brief chat about the various models of Toyota cars that might be of interest 6i 2i 2i to you Your observation about the low interest rates we are offering on our lease 2i 13 financing was absolutely correct As you said, it is the period of economic prosperity, the 13 economy is now experiencing that allows us to offer such low rates As I mentioned, when the time comes for you to trade in your current vehicle, I would be very pleased to brief you on the entire line of Toyota passenger vehicles so that you will 13 13 be able to make an informed decision about which vehicle best suits your needs Any 5i 2i 2i time you would like to discuss your personal transportation needs, please give me a call 2i 13 2i 2i at 234-7865 In the meantime, I would ask you to please accept the enclosed key chain as a small token 5i 13 of your visit to Downtown Toyota and your entry into the "Miles for Smiles" draw 2i 2i 13 At your service, David Chen Senior Sales Associate V Letter of acceptance December 15, 2007 Mr Roger Treadway 350 Drummond Street W Perth, ON K7H 2K1 Dear Mr Treadway, Re: Mortgage Application - 457 Cornelia Lane, Perth, Ontario This is to advise you that we have completed our review of your recent application for a 2i 13 6i 2i homeowner's mortgage on the above-noted property and have approved it for a total loan 13 5i 13 amount up to $175,000 The initial term of the mortgage is years, at an annual fixed interest rate of 5.75% You 5i 13 will have the option of taking out low-cost mortgage life insurance when you sign the papers 13 13 13 2i You will soon be contacted by Susan Laurent of my office who will set up an 12 appointment with you so that you can sign the final papers and formalize the agreement 2i 2i We thank you for your interest in working with our mortgage department and we look 2i 13 12 forward to a long and mutually beneficial relationship 6i 2i For any additional information regarding the terms of your mortgage, please not 2i hesitate to contact me at (613) 865-2595 Sincerely, Sharon Wycliffe Senior Associate, Homeowner Loans Letter of rejection December 12, 2007 Suzanna Bragg 127 Polk Drive, No 112 Gary, Indiana, 46402 VI Dear Ms Bragg, Further to your recent loan application, this is to advise you that we will not be able to 6i 13 2i extend credit to you at this time After a thorough review of your application and the supporting documents you supplied, 6i 2i 13 2i 5i we have concluded that your current financial situation precludes this institution from extending further credit to you at this time When your financial picture changes and your 13 2i current level of risk-exposure becomes lower, we would be happy to reconsider your 13 2i application 2i On behalf of Meridian National Bank I thank you for your ongoing business and trust that we will continue to serve you in the future 5i If you have any questions about the details of your loan application review please feel free to contact me at (219) 882-1753 13 2i 13 2i Yours truly, Brenda Wallis Loans Manager Letter of contract June 12, 2007 Mr Randall McNeill Director, Contract Administration Illinois Project Consortium 25535 North Riverwoods Boulevard 90 North West, Mettawa Illinois 60045 Dear Mr McNeill, Due to circumstances beyond our control, we have been unable to complete the final 2i delivery phase of the exterior wharf retaining wall under the above-noted contract All 2i 13 13 13 5i 5i VII work has been completed except for the installation of the tie-down anchors which have 2i 2i 5i not yet been received from the manufacturer These are expected to arrive within four weeks and we plan to install them as soon as we receive them In the meantime, we are experiencing a serious cash flow problem which is affecting our 13 2i 13 ability to complete a number of our other contracts; including the access road extension 2iii 13 13 2i 13 project (PLC- 10-21743) As you know, any delay in completion of the access road will 2i 2i 13 13 have a negative impact on a number of other Phase contracts 13 We therefore request that you immediately release payment for the above-noted wharf 2i 5i 13 retaining wall contract, subject to a 10% holdback to be payable on completion of the tie5i 13 2i 13 5i down anchors That arrangement will protect you while at the same time relieving the 2i problems caused by our current cash flow difficulties 13 2i 13 Accordingly, please find attached an invoice for the final progress payment of $67,575 13 2i for contract PLC-09-17542 If you have any questions at all please contact me immediately at 450-752-3479 On behalf of our entire company I thank you in advance for your kind cooperation 6i 2i Sincerely, Charles Strathem Cover Letter February 25, 2006 Mrs Florence Henderson 32 Kirby Avenue Somerbville NJ 08876 Dear Mrs Henderson, Further to your recent telephone request, enclosed is a blank Franchise Application with a 6iii 2i 2i set of instructions for its completion I have also enclosed a Craft City corporate brochure 2i 2i VIII and a franchise fees schedule 13 13 If after reviewing these documents you decide that you would like to proceed with acquiring a Craft City business franchise, please contact me and I will arrange for an 13 13 immediate meeting with our business development team The people in that group will be 6i 2i 13 2i 13 able to answer any technical or financial questions that you may have I can be reached during office hours at 210-345-2789, and after hours at 210-232-4973 13 I look forward to hearing from you 12 Yours sincerely, Francesca Clayton Senior Business Associate Letter of recognition June 14, 2006 Professor Edward Milton, Ph.D Associate Professor Department of Informatics Independence University 1500 America Bouleverd Raleigh, NC 27601 Dear Professor Milton, On behalf of the North American Society for Computers and Learning in Secondary Education, we would like to recognize and thank you for your valuable assistance with 2i our recent annual conference, held in Boston, in May of this year We very much appreciate that you gave freely of your time to assemble and organize the panel on Demystifying the Major Search Engines You may be interested to know that the overall conference survey results were very positive, particularly with regard to the panel 13 13 2i 13 discussion itself We recognize that the contribution of that panel was a key event at the 2i 2i 13 13 conference and will figure prominently into the summary of proceedings which we will 2i 2i publish next month IX For your information, I have attached a few of the comments we received about your 2i 2i panel from the survey of conference participants 13 13 We trust that you enjoyed your time at the conference and we certainly look forward to your participation in next year's event 12 2i 13 Sincerely, Bradley Madison Conference Co-Ordinator 10 Reply to complaint of damage September 26, 2007 Mr R Cliff Homemakers Ltd 54-59 Riverside Cardiff CF1 11 W Dear Mr Cliff, Thank you for informing us about the damage to our consignment (Inv No 18871) 2i 2i From our previous transactions you will realize that this sort of problem is quite unusual 2i Nevertheless, we are sorry about the inconvenience it has caused you 12 Please would you return the whole consignment to us, postage and packing forward, and 2i 2i 2i we will ask the shipping company to come and inspect the damage so that they can 5i 2i arrange compensation It is unlikely that our insurance company needs to be troubled 2i 13 with this case If you want us to send you another shipment as per your order No 14478, please let us 2i 2i know We have the garments in stock and it would be no trouble to send them within the next fortnight Yours sincerely, D Causio X APPENDIX Group 2: Letters from client to business organization Request Letter March 3, 2008 Mr Alan Parkins Fuller Corporation Wyndham Building Room 1051 3446 Eureka Road Detroit, Michigan 48226 Dear Mr Parkins, We would like to request a change in the method of payment we have been using 2i 13 2i We have been ordering you on a regular basis for nearly three years and have always paid for each invoice by check We have not been late in paying for any on the invoices As we plan to increase the frequencies of our orders, we would like to propose a payment 2i 12 2i 13 system which would allow us to be billed quarterly We would be very grateful if you would allow us to use this method of payment, as it would help reduce the work load of 13 2i 13 2i our accounting department 5i If you need some credit references, you may contact Mr Chon of Chongro branch of 13 2i Industrial Bank The address and fax numbers of the credit reference is shown on the 13 13 2i attached sheet 5i Yours sincerely, Bob Steward Cover Letter April 14, 2006 Terri Jones Director of Personnel XYZ Corporation 4343 E Dover Boston, MA 87654 Dear Ms Jones: XI Mabel O'Brien suggested that I contact you about my interest in personnel management 2i 13 2i She said you are one of the best people to talk to in regard to careers in personnel 10 I am leaving the U.S Army after seven years of experience in personnel administration 13 2i Because of my positive Army experience, I would like to continue working in a large 6iii organization However, before I venture further into the civilian job market, I would like 12 13 to benefit from the experience and knowledge of other professionals in the field who 2i might advise me on opportunities for someone with my qualifications 2i Perhaps we could meet briefly sometime during the next two weeks to discuss my career 13 plans I have several questions which I believe you could help clarify I will call your 2i office on Tuesday, April 22, to schedule a meeting time 5i I look forward to discussing my plans with you 12 2i Sincerely yours, Kristine Smith Letter for goods on approval January 21, 2005 Mr Bonden Industrial House 34-41 Craig Road Bolton BL 48TF Dear Mr Bonden, Thank you for your last delivery You will be pleased to hear that the dressing tables are 2i 5i selling well A number of my customers have been asking about your bookcase and coffee table 6iii 13 assembly kits which are listed in your Summer Catalogue under KT 31, and we would 2i 13 like to test the demand for them Would it be possible for me to have, half a dozen units 2i of each kit, on approval, before placing a firm order? 2i 6i 2i XII I have enclosed an order, No B1463, in anticipation of you agreeing, and there is no 2i 2i particular hurry for the units, you could send them along with your next delivery 2i 2i Yours sincerely, R Hughes Enclosed: order No B1463 Letter of claim August 17, 2001 Richard Brown, President Document Makers Salem, MA 34588 Dear Mr Brown, As someone who has worked with your company for over years, we were very disappointed to see the documents you produced for our latest Drivers Co publicity campaign 13 13 As our written agreement stipulated, we expected full color leaflets with fancy explanatory 5i 2i 13 5i texts, but instead, we found that black and white photos had been included in the prepared 5i leaflets I think you will agree that a communication problem exists 2i 13 13 We would like you to send out a photographer to provide us with the promised color 5i 13 coverage, or provide us with a refund 2i Yours truly, Thomas R Smith, Director Letter of inquiry July 2, 2008 Mr Rodrigo Rivera Personnel Director Technote Corporation 3152 Bridge Avenue Boston, MA 02154 XIII Dear Mr Rivera, May I ask a favor of you? Randy del Rosario, a representative of the Leverage Company, 13 recently told me of your success in managing Technote’s training program for the hardcore 13 5i unemployed Our firm is presently planning such a program, and we would appreciate information about the mind-set section of your program 2i 13 We expect to begin our training sessions on approximately August I believe we are 5i prepared for the remedial-education and job-skills portion of the program, but we need 2i 13 13 help with mind-set section Specifically, we would appreciate knowing who you employed 13 to teach that section, the major emphasis in the section, and the length of the section in 2i 13 relation to the entire programs 2i 10 I congratulate you on your success in managing Technote’s program, and I believe your 13 ideas would help us solve this long-neglected problem, also I look forward to hearing 5i 12 from you Very truly yours, Francisco Fortaleza Managing Director Letter of order placing June 12, 2007 Mr Randall McNeill Satex S P.A Via di Pietra Papa 00146 Roma Italy Dear Mr McNeill, Please find enclosed our order, No DR4316, for men’s and boys’ sweaters in assorted 2i 13 13 sizes, colors, and designs 2i XIV We have decided to accept the 15% trade discount you offered and terms of payment viz, 13 13 2i documents against payment, but we would like these terms reviewed in the near future 2i Would you please send the shipping documents and your sight draft to Northminster bank 2i 13 (City Branch), Deal Street, Birmingham B3 1SQ If you not have any of the listed items in stock, please not send substitutes in their place 5i 2i We would appreciate delivery within the next six weeks, and look forward to your 2i 12 acknowledgement 2i Yours sincerely, Lionel Crane Chief Buyer Letter of complaint August 15, 2007 Vincent Carvillo HSBR Towers, Suite A-1520 18 Canada Square London E14 5HQ Dear Mr Carvillo, Our order No 14478 I am writing to you to complain about the shipment of sweaters we received yesterday against the above order 2i 13 2i The boxes in which the sweaters were packed were damaged, and looked as if they had been broken open in transit From your invoice No 18871 we estimate that thirty garments have been stolen to the value of $150.00 And because of the rummaging in the boxes, 13 2i quite a few other garments were crushed or stained and cannot be sold as new articles in our shops As the sale was on c.i.f basis and the forwarding company, your agents, we suggest you 13 2i 5i contact them with regard to compensation 10 2i XV You will find a list of damaged and missing articles attached, and the consignment will be 5i 5i 2i put to one side until we receive your instructions 2i Your sincerely, R.Cliff Chief Buyer Business Thank You Letter Date: 30 September, 2000 Mr Alphonse Green President and CEO Dynamics InfoTech Co 1421 Great Bridge Towers New York City, NY 52141 Dear Mr Alphonse: As manager of the Corporate Social Service Committee of New York, I am thankful to you 13 5i and your organization for the valuable support of $100000 in the fund-raising program We 2i 13 5i are happy to see your interest in helping the poor and homeless people in the City 2i As we have discussed the program plan and proper use of fund during the campaign, we 13 2i 6i 2i 13 are successfully approaching the $2 million Your valuable contribution will help us serve 2i the noble task of helping people get their homes and foods Dynamics InfoTech Co is an influential leader in for last two years in this campaign We couldn't have reached to this remarkable success point without the great support from you 13 2i and your company You voluntarily has helped and supported us both financially and morally Your manager Mr Kevin participated in all the events enthusiastically and was exceptionally inspiring to others Please convey him our sincere thanks for all 12 6i 2i I am proud of all the companies who support for this noble purpose We will arrange one special meeting for all managers of the companies that are participating in fund-raising 2i 13 5i program Your continuous support will inspire other organizations and companies to the same 6i 2i XVI I look forward to meet you to provide additional information about the program 12 Sincerely yours, Mr Jason Martin Manager Letter of cancellation April 25, 2008 Andrew Thomas 2211 11th Ave E, North St Paul, MN, United States (651) 770-5570 Dear Mr Thomas: On a very sad note, I need to cancel my reservation for the three day package starting 27 2i 6iii 2i April 2008 I am busy with my office project and would not be able to go for a holiday 13 The clients want the project to be completed early and therefore the entire schedule has collapsed The work related pressure has made me postpone my vacation plans I have put 2i 13 2i them on hold for some time I regret the cancellation as I needed a break from the stressful professional life I hope you 2i can refund the advances paid to you I apologize for the trouble I will get back to you once I have leisure time I ‘m very much interested in your holiday package and will avail it 13 13 2i once, I'm free from my busy work schedule 13 Thanks for your services and co-operation I will give you a call to confirm my 2i 2i 2i reservations when I will be free from my official duties in a fortnight 2i Yours sincerely Brian Holding 10 Letter of acknowledgement Date: May 15, 2008 Betty Adams Human Resource Manager XVII ABC Publication House 3333 Linwood Road, Dallas, TX, United States (214) 358-8800 Dear Ms Adams: I'm writing this to acknowledge that I have received your invitation I received your 2i invitation letter yesterday Thanks a lot for inviting me for your charity show on the May 2i 13 2i 13 2i 22, 2008 I will be confirming my attendance by next Monday If you require any help, 2i 2i then just let me know, my team and I will be there to support your organization Your organization does a great job of charity As part of Corporate Social Responsibility, 13 you are taking magnificent efforts to reach the poor and underprivileged people of the 5i 13 society Last year, you had worked for the HIV affected children in Africa This year the 5i funds that you collect will help women suffering from breast cancer in Asian Countries 13 That’s a great cause and you have taken it up 2i I had attended the event last year and I had tremendously enjoyed the evening The event was followed by dinner which was sumptuous The event also helps me to interact with people from different walks of life The experience sharing, discussion, point of views on 2i 13 2i 2i 13 various topics is a learning experience I am eager to listen to the keynote address by Dr 5i 13 John Baker, a great social activist who has done a lot for the upliftment of the society He 2i 13 is a perfect example of how one can improve and change lives of underprivileged children 13 5i through education 2i I look forward to meet you in the evening I will make it a point to attend this year's gala 12 13 event, so that I can be of some help to the society My secretary will get back to you with 2i my confirmation as I have mentioned above 2i Yours truly, Jason Hall XVIII ... of Grammatical Metaphor Halliday makes a distinction between two main types of grammatical metaphor: There are two main types of grammatical metaphor in the clause: metaphors of mood (including... discussed in the next part 2.5.1 Ideational Grammatical Metaphors Ideational Grammatical Metaphors are called metaphor of transitivity The grammatical variation between congruent and incongruent forms... nominalizing a verb) of grammatical metaphor because nominalization plays a key role in creating grammatical metaphor in business letter discourse 38 Implications As we learn and teach academic