Giải pháp mở rộng tín dụng ngân hàng cho doanh nghiệp xuất khẩu vừa và nhỏ việt nam

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH  HÀ THỊ PHƯƠNG TÂM GIẢI PHÁP MỞ RỘNG TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG CHO DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ VIỆT NAM LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ KINH TẾ Tp Hồ Chí Minh, năm 2012 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH  HÀ THỊ PHƯƠNG TÂM GIẢI PHÁP MỞ RỘNG TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG CHO DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ VIỆT NAM Chuyên ngành: Kinh tế tài – Ngân hàng Mã số: 60.31.12 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ KINH TẾ HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: TS TRẦN CƠNG KHA Tp Hồ Chí Minh, năm 2012   LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan cơng trình nghiên cứu độc lập thân Các tài liệu sử dụng, kết kế thừa từ nghiên cứu khác trích dẫn rõ ràng Tôi xin cam kết kết nghiên cứu luận văn chưa công bố cơng trình nghiên cứu Tp Hồ Chí Minh, ngày… tháng….năm… Học viên Hà Thị Phương Tâm   DANH MỤC CÁC TỪ NGỮ VIẾT TẮT ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Hiệp hội Quốc gia Đông Nam Á) AFTA : ASEAN Free Trade Area (Khu vực Mậu dịch Tự ASEAN) CAD : Đô la Canada D/A : Document Acceptance (nhờ thu chấp nhận chứng từ) DN : Doanh nghiệp DNNN : Doanh nghiệp nhà nước DNVVN : Doanh nghiệp vừa nhỏ DNXK : Doanh nghiệp xuất DNXKVVN: Doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ D/P : Document against Payment (nhờ thu kèm chứng từ ) GDP : Gross domestic product (tổng sản phẩm quốc nội) L/C : Letter of Credit (tín dụng thư chứng từ) NH : Ngân hàng NHNN : Ngân hàng Nhà nuớc NHTM : Ngân hàng Thương mại NHVN : Ngân hàng Việt Nam SME : Small and Medium Enterprises (doanh nghiệp vừa nhỏ) SOEs : State Owned Enterprises (doanh nghiệp nhà nước) TDNH : Tín dụng ngân hàng T/T : Telegraphic Transfer Remittance (chuyển tiền điện) XNK : Xuất nhập WTO : The World Trade Organization (Tổ chức Thương mại Thế giới)   MỤC LỤC LỜI CAM ĐOAN .1 DANH MỤC CÁC TỪ NGỮ VIẾT TẮT MỤC LỤC DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG BIỂU .7 LỜI MỞ ĐẦU .8 Lý chọn đề tài Mục đích nghiên cứu Đối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu .9 Phương pháp nghiên cứu Ý nghĩa thực tiễn đề tài .9 Kết cấu đề tài 10 CHƯƠNG I 11 TỔNG QUAN VỀ TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG VÀ DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ 11 1.1 Khái quát tín dụng ngân hàng 11 1.1.1 Khái niệm tín dụng ngân hàng 11 1.1.2 Đặc điểm chất tín dụng ngân hàng .11 1.1.3 Vai trị chức tín dụng ngân hàng 12 1.1.3.1 Chức tín dụng ngân hàng 12 1.1.3.2 Vai trị tín dụng ngân hàng 13 1.1.4 Các nghiệp vụ tín dụng ngân hàng tài trợ cho hoạt động xuất 14 1.1.4.1 Tài trợ trước xuất 15 1.1.4.2 Tài trợ sau xuất 15 1.1.4.3 Một số hình thức tín dụng tài trợ xuất khác .16 1.2 Tổng quan doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ .17 1.2.1 Khái niệm doanh nghiệp vừa nhỏ 17 1.2.2 Đặc điểm tiêu chí phân loại doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ .21   1.2.3 Vai trò doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ kinh tế thị trường 22 1.3 Vai trị tín dụng ngân hàng doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ .23 1.4 Mở rộng TDNH DNXKVVN nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến 25 1.4.1 Khái niệm mở rộng TDNH DNXKVVN .25 1.4.2 Các tiêu chí đánh giá nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến việc mở rộng tín dụng DNXKVVN 26 1.4.2.1 Các tiêu chí định tính .26 1.4.2.2 Các tiêu chí định lượng .26 1.4.2.3 Tiêu chí chất lượng tín dụng 28 1.4.2.4 Tiêu chí mở rộng đối tượng cho vay, hình thức tín dụng .28 1.4.3 Các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến việc mở rộng tín dụng DNXKVVN 29 1.4.3.1 Nhân tố khách quan: 29 1.4.3.2 Các nhân tố chủ quan 29 1.5 Bài học kinh nghiệm mở rộng tín dụng cho DNXKVVN số nước 30 1.5.1 Bài học kinh nghiệm Hàn Quốc 30 1.5.2 Bài học kinh nghiệm Nhật Bản 31 1.5.3 Bài học kinh nghiệm Trung Quốc .32 1.5.4 Bài học kinh nghiệm Việt Nam 33 KẾT LUẬN CHƯƠNG I 33 CHƯƠNG 34 THỰC TRẠNG CẤP TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG CHO DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ VIỆT NAM 34 2.1 Doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ Việt Nam .34 2.1.1 Quá trình phát triển doanh nghiệp vừa nhỏ 34 2.1.2 Số lượng doanh nghiệp vừa nhỏ Việt Nam 36   2.1.3 Số lượng doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ Việt Nam 37 2.1.4 Cơ cấu mặt hàng xuất Việt Nam 38 2.1.5 Đóng góp doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ Việt Nam vào kinh tế 41 2.2 Thực trạng khó khăn DNXKVVN tiếp cận tín dụng ngân hàng .44 2.2.1 Thực trạng cấp tín dụng ngân hàng dành cho DNXKVVN 44 2.2.1.1 Tình hình cho vay DNVVN 44 2.2.1.2 Tình hình cho vay DNXKVVN 45 2.2.2 Những khó khăn DNXKVVN tiếp cận vốn ngân hàng .47 2.2.2.1 Xuất phát từ phía DNXKVVN 48 2.2.2.2 Yếu tố xuất phát từ phía NH .48 2.3 Nguyên nhân làm hạn chế khả tiếp cận tín dụng ngân hàng DNXKVVN 49 2.3.1 Từ phía DNXKVVN 49 2.3.2 Từ phía ngân hàng 52 2.3.2.1 Thiếu nguồn vốn vay .52 2.3.2.2 Yếu công tác thẩm định, kiểm tra giám sát hoạt động cho vay thái độ phân biệt đối xử NH DNXKVVN 53 2.3.2.3 Dịch vụ bao toán chưa phát triển .55 KẾT LUẬN CHƯƠNG II .56 CHƯƠNG 57 GIẢI PHÁP MỞ RỘNG TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG CHO DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ VIỆT NAM 57 3.1 Định hướng mở rộng TDNH hệ thống NHVN đến năm 2020 .57 3.1.1 Đối với NHNN 57 3.1.2 Đối với NHTM 58 3.2 Giải pháp mở rộng TDNH cho DNXKVVN từ phía ngân hàng 59 3.2.1 Giải pháp từ phía ngân hàng thương mại 59   3.2.2 Giải pháp từ phía Ngân hàng Nhà nước 66 3.3 Giải pháp mở rộng TDNH cho DNXKVVN từ phía phủ hiệp hội ngành nghề .68 3.4 Giải pháp mở rộng TDNH cho DNXKVVN từ phía thân DN .73 KẾT LUẬN CHƯƠNG III .79 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 80 PHỤ LỤC 83   DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG BIỂU BẢNG BẢNG SỐ TIÊU CHÍ PHÂN LOẠI DNVVN TẠI MỘT SỐ QUỐC GIA 18 BẢNG SỐ 2.1 TỶ TRỌNG HÀNG XUẤT KHẨU DẠNG THÔ VÀ ĐÃ QUA CHẾ BIẾN TỪ NĂM 1986 ĐẾN 2010 39 BẢNG SỐ 2.2 TỶ TRỌNG XUẤT KHẨU CỦA CÁC NGÀNH HÀNG TRONG CƠ CẤU HÀNG XUẤT KHẨU NĂM 2011 40 BẢNG SỐ 2.3 DOANH THU BÌNH QUÂN VÀ LỢI NHUẬN THUẦN TRÊN LAO ĐỘNG TOÀN THỜI GIAN CỦA DNXKVVN 43 BẢNG SỐ 2.4 DƯ NỢ TÍN DỤNG TẠI CÁC KHỐI NGÂN HÀNG ĐỐI VỚI DNVVN 44 BẢNG SỐ 2.5 DƯ NỢ TÍN DỤNG TẠI CÁC KHỐI NGÂN HÀNG PHÂN THEO KỲ HẠN ĐỐI VỚI DNVVN 45 BẢNG SỐ 2.6 DƯ NỢ TÍN DỤNG TẠI CÁC KHỐI NGÂN HÀNG ĐỐI VỚI DNXKVVN 45 BẢNG SỐ 2.8 TỶ LỆ NỢ XẤU CỦA DNXKVVN TẠI CÁC KHỐI NGÂN HÀNG .47 BẢNG SỐ 2.9 CÁC YẾU TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN VIỆC TIẾP CẬN VỐN 47 BIỂU Biểu đồ 2.1: Số lượng DNVVN Việt Nam qua năm (2000-2011) 37 Biểu đồ 2.2: Số lượng DNXKVVN Việt Nam qua năm (2000-2011) 38 Biểu đồ 2.3: Cơ cấu mặt hàng xuất năm 2011 39 Biểu đồ 2.4 :Doanh số xuất qua năm (2000 – 2011) 41 Biểu đồ 2.5: Trị giá xuất DNVVN Việt Nam từ năm 2000 đến 2011 42   LỜI MỞ ĐẦU Lý chọn đề tài Có nhiều nghiên cứu chứng minh có mối quan hệ tích cực tăng trưởng xuất tăng trưởng kinh tế, thêm nguồn ngoại tệ thu từ xuất nguồn cung ngoại hối để nhập hàng hóa tiêu dùng, hàng hóa sản xuất từ giảm thâm hụt cán cân toán, cải thiện lực kinh tế Trong sách phát triển kinh tế nhiều thành phần, phủ tạo mơi trường luật pháp, chế, sách thuận lợi cho DNXKVVN phát triển bình đẳng cạnh tranh lành mạnh Chính phủ có mục tiêu đẩy nhanh tốc độ phát triển DNXKVVN, nâng cao lực cạnh tranh quốc gia để họ đóng góp ngày cao vào tăng trưởng cho kinh tế Ngày nay, DNXKVVN khẳng định vai trị việc giải vấn đề tăng trưởng kinh tế, giải việc làm Tuy nhiên nay, DNXKVVN chưa đủ lực cạnh tranh trình hội nhập Khi Việt Nam gia nhập WTO, DN có nhiều điều kiện thuận lợi để mở rộng sản xuất kinh doanh việc xuất sang thị trường nước khác bù lại chịu cạnh tranh ngày gay gắt Để nâng cao sức cạnh tranh, DNXKVVN cần nỗ lực cải thiện nhiều khía cạnh lớn vốn Đối với DNXKVVN Việt Nam vốn ln hạn chế lớn cản trở mở rộng phát triển doanh nghiệp Ngoài ra, DNXKVVN thường khó tiếp cận với nguồn vốn bên ngoài, đặc biệt nguồn vốn vay NHTM cách sử dụng vốn doanh nghiệp chưa hiệu Do đó, nghiên cứu để mở rộng tín dụng ngân hàng cho DNXKVVN vấn đề cần thiết Mục đích nghiên cứu Với giá trị đáng kể mà DNXKVVN đóng góp cho kinh tế loại hình doanh nghiệp ln khó khăn tiếp cận nguồn vốn thức nghiên cứu giới nghiên cứu Việt Nam 104   cáo Thủ tướng Chính phủ tình hình thực vấn đề nảy sinh cần xử lý Các Bộ trưởng, Thủ trưởng quan ngang Bộ, Thủ trưởng quan thuộc Chính phủ, Chủ tịch Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh, thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương chịu trách nhiệm thi hành Nghị định này./ TM CHÍNH PHỦ THỦ TƯỚNG (Đã ký) Nguyễn Tấn Dũng 105   PHỤ LỤC 03 UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Assistance to Establish the National and Provincial SME Support Infrastructure SME Finance in Vietnam: Reviewing Past Progress and Scoping Future Developments Technical Report 106   6.1 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH FINDINGS FROM A QUANTITATIVE SURVEY The use of external sources of capital (excluding trade credit) Respondents were asked if their firms had used external financing in the last 12 months Only 103 of 197 surveyed firms (accounting for 52.3 percent) had used such a source of capital Ninety-four firms reported they did not use external financing Most of these firms were either very young (54 firms were less than years old), or very small (85 firms had less than 50 employees) The percentage of firms using external financing was significantly different across the three locations A higher percentage firms in Lao Cai got access to external financing (73.3%) Meanwhile, in Hanoi and Thai Nguyen only 52 percent and 46 percent of firms had external financing, respectively Use of external sources of capital No of SMEs 104 103 102 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 Yes No Respondents were asked which sources of external financing their firms had accessed to Bank financing was the most common source of external financing, with 78 percent of 103 firms having access to this source of capital The next most common external source was from mobilising more equity and informal 107   borrowing (eg borrowing from relatives, friends or firms employees): 21 percent for each source Only three firms used leasing (2.75 percent) All these three firms were limited liability firms, with two located in Hanoi and one in Thai Nguyen There was only one firm that had used factoring This firm was a State-owned SME, operating in the financial sector, and located in Hanoi Respondents were also asked about the biggest sources of external financing for their firms Three big external sources of finance for SMEs over the last 12 months were: bank financing; equity; and informal source of capital Bank financing was recognized as the biggest external source of finance by 59 percent of the 103 SMEs Only 16 percent and 10 percent of the firms thought that equity and informal sources were the biggest external sources of financing (see table below) Types of external financing used by SMEs, in percentages Bank Equity Leasing loan Number Informal Govt Other source funding sources Factoring Total of 80 22 22 103* 78% 21% 2.9% 1% 21% 0% 3.9% 100% Firms Percentage *Note: Some firms have used multiple sources of financing Demand for External Financing Respondents were asked if their SME currently needs access to external financing One hundred and sixty two of 195 responded firms (accounting for 83 percent) reported that they currently need external financing This compares with 103 SMEs in the sample that actually had some access to external financing Hence, for 59 firms in our sample of 197 SMEs (or 30%), while they had a demand for financing, they did not currently have access Eighty-six percent of the SMEs located in Hanoi reported that they had need of external financing, while the equivalent figures in Thai Nguyen and Lao Cai were 69 percent and 66.7 108   percent No of SMEs Current Need for External Sources of Capital 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 162 Yes No SMEs‟ needs for external financing ranged in terms of purposes However, most of the firms needed external funds to: i) finance long term working capital (96 of 162 firms, or 56 percent of the firms that currently need external financing); ii) for financing fixed assets (87 firms, or 54 percent); and iii) for financing growth (86 firms or 53 percent) However, only 24 firms (14.8 percent) needed external capital for export financing (see table below) Purpose of external financing Requirements of external sources of Number of Percent firms 43 26.5% Temporary working capital 47 29% Long-term working capital 91 56% Investment capital 87 54% Export finance 24 14.8% Financing growth 86 53% Acquisition of another company / business 3% Others 1.8% Total 162* capital for Business start-up *Note: Some firms need external finance for multiple purposes 109   Access to Finance, Land, Market Information and Human Capital Surveyed firms were asked to compare the difficulty in gaining access to four other important inputs for SMEs‟ business activities: Finance, Land, Market Information and Quality Staff The majority of sampled SMEs claimed that getting access to finance was equally difficult as gaining access to land (68 percent), market information (56.9 percent) and having quality staff (46.7 percent) Compared to gaining access to land and quality staff, the number of SMEs claiming that getting access to finance is i) more difficult and ii) less difficult are relatively equal (Finance-Land: 14.217.8; Finance-Staff: 23.4-29.9) The difference was clear only in the case of the i) access to finance and ii) access to market information comparison Sixty firms thought gaining access to finance was more difficult than access to market information, while only 25 firms had the opposite answer Accessibility to Finance, Land, Market information, and Quality Staff 80% 68% Percentage of SMEs 70% Finance is more difficult 57% 60% 47% 50% Finance is less difficult 40% 31% 30% 20% 14% 30% 23% 18% 13% 10% Finance is the same 0% Obstacles in gaining access to bank loans To examine what were the greatest obstacles for SMEs in gaining access to bank financing, respondents were asked to assess degrees of 13 factors that commonly serve to constrain the provision of bank loans to SMEs For each obstacle, respondents were asked to circle the number that best reflected the degree of 110   each obstacle, where 1= no obstacle, and 5= great obstacle The table below presents the findings For the whole sample, the general index of 13 obstacles was at the average level (2.97) This may induce a perception that the overall obstacle in accessing bank loans was not serious However, if we examine each type of obstacle, “lack of collateral” (score: 3.94), “too high interest rate of bank loans” (score: 3.65), and “loan maturity was too short” were seen to be the major obstacles for SMEs Other factors (eg size of the loan, bank requirements of business plan/projection, capability of bank staff, capability of SMEs staff, or bank requirements of proof of asset ownership from the firms) were perceived as not a serious problem, with scores of about 3.00 or less Obstacles to Gain Access to Bank Loans (Mean score, on a scale from – 5, with = greatest obstacle) Ha Noi Thai Nguyen All Lao Cai locations  Not enough collateral 3.94 3.47 4.36 4.25 No proof of asset ownership 3.03 2.94 3.11 3.11 Banking too 3.14 3.52 2.56 3.92 audited 2.54 2.92 2.18 2.38 Banks demanding a business 2.3 2.58 2.08 2.05 2.37 2.42 2.37 2.17 Loan sizes too small 2.89 2.84 2.93 2.90 Loan maturity too short 3.4 3.18 3.56 3.62 Interest rates are too high 3.65 3.28 4.00 3.78 2.59 2.72 3.38 regulations stringent Banks demanding financials plan Difficulty in demonstrating management ability/skills Poor skills of bank officers 2.72 111   Bank bias/favoritism to other 3.24 3.98 2.48 3.09 time 3.27 3.75 2.46 4.23 Bank officers requiring kick- 2.18 2.88 1.60 2.00 2.97 3.1 2.8 3.14 firms Procedures are too consuming backs General Index (Mean of 13 obstacle scores) Geographically, SMEs in Lao Cai and Hanoi faced a similar general index for all 13 obstacles, but a little bit higher than those in Thai Nguyen (The general index in Lao Cai, Hanoi and Thai Nguyen were 3.14, 3.1 and 2.8, respectively.) In Hanoi, the top three greatest obstacles for SMEs in gaining access to bank financing were perceived to be: bank bias/favoritism to other firms (score:3.99); time requirements for consuming nature of procedures (3.75); and bank audited financial statements (3.52) Completely different from SMEs in Hanoi, the three greatest obstacles for SMEs in Thai Nnguyen were: lack of collateral (4.36); high interest rate (4.00); and too short maturity of loan (3.56) SMEs in Lao Cai perceived that they face a greater number of obstacles than their peers in Hanoi and Thai Nguyen Similar to SMEs in Thai Nguyen, a lack of collateral (4.25), high interest rates (3.78) and short term tenor of bank loans (3.62) were cited as the great obstacles for them to gain access to bank loans But in addition, two more obstacles faced by SMEs in Lao Cai (the same as those obstacles faced by SMEs in Hanoi) were: time consuming bank procedures (4.23) and stringent banking regulations (3.92) This suggests that SMEs across different locations may face different types of obstacles in accessing bank loans This may be caused by the level of economic development, the presence of other types of firms (such as FIEs or large SOEs), 112   and the effectiveness of related policies (eg land and the issuance of LURCs) Effective policy measures should take into account these location factors Applied for a bank loan but rejected Sixty-four firms (accounting for 32.5% of the whole sample) reported that they had applied for bank loans and were rejected This percentage was 43.3 for Lao Cai, 36.4% for Hanoi, and 24.4% for Thai Nguyen This was consistent with the reported obstacles in getting access to bank financing (ie SMEs in Lao Cai and Hanoi perceived they faced more obstacles than SMEs in Thai Nguyen) Percentage of firms that have been refused bank loans All locations 32.5% Hanoi 36.4% Thai Nguyen 24.1% Lao Cai 43.3% Reasons why banks refused to lend SMEs Sixty-four SMEs that had disapproved bank loan applications were asked to give reasons why the bank(s) refused to lend to them Consistent with the perceptions of SMEs regarding major obstacles they faced in getting access to bank financing, mentioned above, a lack of collateral was one of the major reasons This issue was especially serious for SMEs in Thai Nguyen and Lao Cai For the 64 firms across all three locations, the percentage of firms that had been refused a loan due to a lack of collateral was 53% These percentages in Hanoi, Thai Nguyen and Lao Cai were 34.4%, 78.9% and 61.5%, respectively Compared with SMEs in Hanoi and Thai Nguyen, SMEs in Lao Cai had greater difficulties in: i) providing proof of asset ownership; ii) sufficient financial information; and iii) in demonstrating their ability to pay back the loan on time (see table below) In Hanoi, on the other hand, a high percentage of SMEs did not know the reasons why their bank loan applications had been refused by the banks This implies that there is a lack of transparency in the lending activities of at least some banks in Hanoi 113   Reasons why banks refused to lend to sampled SMEs All Hanoi Thai Lao Cai (64 firms) (32 firms) Nguyen (13 firms) Lack of enough collateral No proof of asset 53.1% 20.3% 34.4% 21.9% (19 firms) 78.9% 10.5% 61.5% 30.8% No or 14.1% 12.5% 10.5% 23.1% financial 23.4% 21.9% 10.5% 46.2% Inability to pay back the 7.8% 0% 10.5% 30.8% Don‟t know reason Other reasons 28% 6.3% 46.9% 6.3% 5.34% 0% 15.4% 0% business Insufficient plan Types of loan ollateral Respondents ware asked what types of collateral (i.e land use right, property, machinery/equipment and inventory) banks typically asked SMEs to pledge a security for bank loans Only answers from 103 firms that reported they used external financing over the last 12 months were used, as the 94 firms that did not use external financing over were not in a position to answer this question For the whole sub-sample (ie all firms used external financing), land use rights (LURCs) and property were most often required by banks Just under 64 percent of SMEs reported that land use rights were often required by banks as collateral Further, 49 percent of firms reported that they were often required to use property as collateral Meanwhile, 32.3 percent of sampled SMEs and only 13.3 percent of SMEs reported they were often required to use machinery / equipment and inventory to pledge to their bank loans, respectively (see table below) 114   Types of collateral Type of collateral All locations Hanoi Thai Nguyen Lao Cai 63.9% 49% 32.3% 13.3% 53.7% 56.3% 20% 12.8% 75% 40% 32.5% 12.5% 62.6% 73.6% 69.3% 45.5% Land use right Property Machinery Inventory Awareness of different external sources of capital Most SMEs seeking funds for development tend to think of bank financing As shown above, bank financing is currently the most common and largest form of external financing for SMEs Besides bank financing, other alternative external sources of funding – such as leasing, factoring, and venture capital – are available However, SMEs‟ awareness and knowledge about alternative external financing is limited A full 45 percent of surveyed firms said that they did not know enough about leasing The equivalent figure for factoring was 63 percent, and for venture capital it was 62 percent Consequently, only a small percentage of surveyed firms supposed that they will use these sources of funding in the future (34.5 percent of the firms will seek to use leasing, 23 percent will aim to use factoring, and 19.3 percent will try to use venture capital) There could be a number of reasons why SMEs are not aware of these alternative sources of external financing From the „supply side‟, the aggregate sum of funds may be limited, and providers may not be active or motivated in promoting there services to SMEs From the „demand side‟, SMEs may not be sufficiently proactive in looking for non-traditional sources of financing, due in part to a lack of knowledge 115   Awareness of alternative sources of capital 70% 63% 23% Percentage of SMEs 60% 50% Don’t know enough 45% 40% 35% 30% 20% No 23% 21% 19% 19% 14% 10% Yes 0% Perceptions about the financing environment Respondents were asked to give their opinions on a number of statements about the financing environment and treatment by banks, by circling the appropriate number for each statement (where = strongly agree and = strongly disagree) The results suggested that SMEs had an overall positive assessment of the financing environment (the average score was 3.77) They supposed that: i) the amount of external financing; ii) the range of financing products; and iii) the regulatory framework relating loans and financing was improving in Vietnam Geographically, SMEs in Thai Nguyen and Lao Cai showed a more positive assessment regarding improvements in the financing environment than their peers in Hanoi (The average scores of Thai Nguyen, Lao Cai and Hanoi were 4.25; 3.93; and 3.26, respectively.) However, respondents were less positive about banks treatment towards SMEs Compared with other types of firms, SMEs, and especially private SMEs, still felt they faced disadvantages in accessing bank loans Specifically, banks prefer to lend to big companies and SOES, rather than lend to private SMEs The 116   surveyed firms were all in strong agreement that building a good relationship with banks would help firms get better access to bank financing This may imply a lack of transparency and consistency in bank lending procedures and their lending decisions towards SMEs Surveyed firms in Hanoi believed that SMEs, especially private SMEs, were discriminated against big firms and SOEs (a score of 3.73), while SMEs in Thai Nguyen and Lao Cai expressed a less negative assessment about this issue Perceptions about the Financing Environment and Banks’ Treatment of SMEs All locations Hanoi Thai Lao Nguyen Cai Financing Environment In general, access to external financing is improving in Vietnam 3.73 3.42 4.25 3.21 3.75 3.30 4.08 4.17 3.64 2.97 4.23 4.00 becoming better 3.97 3.33 4.43 4.35 Average 3.77 3.26 4.25 3.93 3.94 4.23 3.71 3.52 3.63 3.87 3.44 3.35 SMEs in Vietnam 3.16 3.08 3.20 3.50 Average 3.53 3.73 3.45 3.46 4.50 4.51 4.43 4.76 In general, the range of financing products and services for SMEs is improving in Vietnam In general, bank lending procedures are becoming less complicated and quicker In general, the regulatory framework relating to loans and financing is Bank Treatment In general, banks prefer to lend to big companies, and not to SMEs In general, banks prefer to lend SOEs, and not to Private firms In general, foreign banks not lend In general, building a good relationship with banks is an important factor for companies to access bank 117   Key findings from the SME survey Most SMEs surveyed showed a high demand for external financing However, only roughly half of SMEs had actually used external financing over the last 12 months, principally to due limited access Bank loan financing was perceived as the most common and largest sources of external funding for SMEs, relative to alternative external sources of financing There were number of obstacles and reasons that impeded SMEs to access to bank financing, including: a lack of adequate collateral, no proof of ownership of an asset offered as security, stringent bank regulations, discrimination of banks, time consuming procedures, high interest rates, short maturity of bank and loan, insufficient financial information However,the relevant importance of these perceived obstacles varied across geographical locations, suggesting that there is not a uniform national picture A lack of knowledge and awareness by SMEs of alternative external sources of financing (eg leasing, venture capital, and factoring) is an additional reason why their access to finance is constrained General perceptions by SMEs regarding the financing environment were quite positive However, perceived discrimination against private SMEs still seems to exist, rightly or wrongly Hence in part, good personal relationships with banks were regarded as a very important factor for accessing credit Next steps It is not our intention that this survey – piloted across three locations in northern Vietnam – should be a one-off event Rather, we sought to establish that the survey instrument, and the results emanating from its application, would generate some insightful findings We would posit that this is indeed the case And that it can now be used by ASMED as a survey tool, across different locations, different business sectors, different types of legal business entities, and over time In doing so, ASMED can maintain a concise and up-to-date understanding of SME financing in Vietnam Not just a national, generic picture 118   But a more nuanced and sophisticated profile of SME financing Further, by placing the results of the SME survey up against the data harvested from the finance providers – as proposed in section of this report – ASMED will be able to capture a multi-dimensional picture of SME ... quan tín dụng ngân hàng doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ Chương II: Thực trạng cấp tín dụng ngân hàng cho doanh nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ Việt Nam Chương III: Giải pháp mở rộng tín dụng ngân hàng cho doanh nghiệp. .. nghiệp xuất vừa nhỏ Việt Nam 11   CHƯƠNG I TỔNG QUAN VỀ TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG VÀ DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ 1.1 Khái quát tín dụng ngân hàng 1.1.1 Khái niệm tín dụng ngân hàng Tín dụng khái... VỀ TÍN DỤNG NGÂN HÀNG VÀ DOANH NGHIỆP XUẤT KHẨU VỪA VÀ NHỎ 11 1.1 Khái quát tín dụng ngân hàng 11 1.1.1 Khái niệm tín dụng ngân hàng 11 1.1.2 Đặc điểm chất tín dụng ngân