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DAI HOC QUdc GIA HA Ndl TRirdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA H I VA NHAN VAN THIPHAP CHirc NANG NHAN VAT NONG DAN TRONG VAN HOC HIEN THlJC PHE PHAN GIAIDOAN 1930-1945 (De tai nghien curu khoa hoc cap Dai hoc Quoc gia) Ma so: QX.2002.07 HO va ten chu tri de tai: TS Pham Phu Ty rr^V-c'-' •jy,-~ U ' M - •::OT7I'S Ha npi 12/2003 • I MUCLUC PHANMdDAU Npi dungchmh 18 Chuong Khai niem chu nghia hien thuc va de tai nguoi nong dan van hoc hien thiic phe phan giai dean 1930 - 1945 18 1.1.Khai ni6m chu nghiahien thuc 18 1.1.1.Chu nghIa hien thuc la mot pham tru t6ng hgp, c6 noi ham rat rong 18 1.1.2.Hat nhan tao nen noi ham khai niem chu nghia hien thuc la vai tro quyet dinh cua hoan canh xa hoi : 23 1.1.3.Tinh nh^n v£it va cam hiing nh^n dao la siJc manh cua chu nghia hien thuc 31 1.1.4.Xoa bo nguyen tdc ly tuang hoa la nen tang thi phap cua chu nghTa hien thuc 37 1.2.De tai ngudi nong dan van hoc hien thuc phe phan giai doan 1930 - 1945 41 1.2.1.Nhung tiln dl van boa lich su 41 1.2.2.Nhung dac diem rieng mang tinh dan toe ve de tai ngucfi nong dan van hoc hien thuc phe phan Viet Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945 46 Chuong Vai van hoc va chiic nang mieu ta hoan canh cua hinh tugng nguoi nong dan van hoc hien thuc giai doan 1930 - 1945 2.1.Vai van hoe cua hinh tugng ngudi nong dan 2.1.1.Van 66 vai van hoc cuahlnh tugng nh^n vat 57 57 57 2.1.2.Vai nha nho, vai thuan phat chan que, vai tri don cua hinh tugng ngucfi nong dan van hoe trung dai va van hoe lang man 61 2.1.3.Vai eung dinh cua hinh tugng ngudi nong dan van hoe hien thuc phe phan 67 2.2.Hinh tugng ngudi nong dan va chiie nang phan anh hoan canh xa hoi 71 2.2.1 Ngudi nong dan va ea che cua hoan canh xa hoi 2.2.2.Ngudi nong dan va mau thuSn cua hoan canh 72 , 80 2.2.3.Nguai n6ng dan va su the hi6n khong cua hoan canh 85 Chuong Churc ndng khai quat tinh each va van de loai hinh hoa nhan vat ngudi nong dan van hoc hien thuc giai doan 1930 - 1945 95 3.1.Hinh tugng ngudi nong dan van hoe hien thuc phe phan va chiie nang mi6u ta tinh each 3.1.1.Tinh each la m6t pham trij lich su 95 95 3.1.2.Cac dang tinh each bien duge khai quat qua hinh tugng ngudi ndng dan van hoc hien thuc phe phan 102 3.1.2.1.Con ngudi nhan nhuc 102 3.1.2.2.Con ngudi tha boa, luu manh 112 3.1.2.3.Con ngudi phan khang 121 3.1.2.4.Con ngudi vdi nhung phdm cha't tot dep ngan ddi cua quSn ehiing laodong 128 3.2.Va'n dl loai hinh boa nhan vat ngudi nong dan van hoc hien thue giai doan 1930- 1945 135 3.2.1.Tinh uu troi cua nhan vat loai hinh va nhan vat ehiie nang 136 3.2.2.SU xua't hien cua nhan vat "tinh each" 142 Chuong Nguyen tac tiep can va cac thu phap xay dung nhan vat 4.I.Nguyen tac tiep can nhan vat 148 148 4.1.LQuan diem nhan dao cua Nguyin Cong Hoan 14S 4.1.2.Quan diem nhan dao cua Ngo Ta't To ISA 4.1.3.Quan diem nhan dao cua Nam Cao 16C 4.2.Nhung thu phap xay dung nhan vat 16: KETLUAN 19^ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 19^ PHAN M DAU Trong nhilu c6ng trinh nghi6n ciiu ve van hoc Viet Nam nhung nam dSu the ky XX, phin Idn va'n d l duge cac nha nghien eiiu tap trung lam ro la: bang nhung eon dudng nao van hoc Viet Nam da dSn d^n triit bo ht thong thi phap cu, tirng bude hien dai hoa va nhap vao tid'n trinh van hoc nhan loai; Nhiing the loai nao, nhiing tac gia nao da giu" vai trd tao da, di ti^n phong qua trinh nay; Qua trinh da diln nhu the nao v.v va v.v Ban than cac va'n de tren ra't thu vi va khong he dan gian va vi vay, du nhirng tuu dat duge ra't dang tran trong, song khong phai ehiing deu da duge giai quyet thau dao va y kien cua giai nghien ciiu khong phai da hoan toan nha't tri vdi [77], [88], [89] Chu nghia hien thuc vdi tu each la mot trao luu quan (neu khong noi la quan nha't d mot so phuang dien) da gop phan hoan ta't qua trinh hien dai hoa nen van hoe dan toe Khong c6 the phu nhan nhung dong gop cue ky to Idn cua Tha mdi, ciia van xuoi Tu lue van doan nhung khong mot nha nghien ciiu nao lai khong thira nhan mot thuc te la: chi c6 den van hoc hien thuc vdi nhiJng tac gia tieu bieu cua no, qua trinh hien dai hoa nin van hoe dan toe mdi di den chang cuoi ciing d nhung phuang dien quan nha't, c6 nhieu dong gop nha't Tren phuang dien ly thuyet cung la nhu vay Tiec rang, lau gidi nghien curu d ta thudng tap trung vao viee khao sat tCrng tac pham, tii'ng tac gia, eung eo la ea trao luu van hoc nhung khao sat mot each biet lap, khong chu y diing miic den ea tien trinh hoae ft quan tarn tdi boi canh van hoa- lich six da lam sinh nhung hien tugng van hoc ay Them nua, eo mot thuc te la, khoa nghien ciiu van hoe cua ta phat trien mudn, vide chiu anh hudng kha thu d6ng tia'p nhan mot khung ly thuyet tCf bSn ngoai vao nen kha nhilu cdng trinh nghien ciiu it tha'y nhiing khai quat ly luan tijr thuc tiln ddi song van hoc Va h6 qua ta't yeu cua each lam la danh gia qua cao hi6n tugng van hoc va d l "bo sot" hoae khCng biet xep vao dau nh(ing hidn tugng van hoc phong phu khac Khi noi tdi tuu cua trao luu van hoc hitn thuc, khong th^ khong nhac den hinh tugng ngudi nong dan TSm quan cua nhan vat ngudi nong dan khong phai chi vi vi the ehinh tri- xa hoi cua no ma eon vi, vdi tu each la van de xd hoi va van de van hoc, ngudi nong dan c6 mat ra't nhieu tac pham van hoc Idn nha't cua van xuoi Tu luc van doan va van hoe hien thuc Gdn vdi ngudi nong dan va nhan vat nong dan CO van de dan toe, ban sde dan toe cua van hoe VI mat ly thuyet, nhan vat nong dan van hoe la diem hoi tu nhieu va'n de thii vi, the hien ea chinh tien trinh iSn ket qua eiia qua trinh hien dai hoa nin van hoe dan toe Khi nghien ciiu van hoe hien thuc vdi tu each la mot trao luu van hoe, mot kidu tu nghe thuat, khong the khong xem xet nhung tuu cua no viee mieu ta, xay dung nhan vat Ngudi nong dan van hoc dan toe da tirng xua't hien d cac sang tac dan gian, qua van hoe trung can dai va dac biet d van xuoi Ti( luc van doan Nhung chi ed den van hoc hien thuc no mdi thuc su cd mot ddi song thuc nhu nhung "eon ngudi nay" (Heghen)- vij:a in dam da'u an lich su, vijfa nhu mot ngudi ea nhan ddng xoay Dinh cao cua van hoe dan toe each tiep can va mieu ta ngudi nong dan d thdi diem budc ngoai cua lich su trude ed chii nghia hien thuc la Van te nghTa s\ Can Giugc cua Nguyin Dinh Chieu Tuy nhien, tijr gdc nhar vat van hoe, nhung ngudi dan chan dat ao vai xua't hien tron^ Van te,, chu y^u chi vdi tu each tap th^ va d khia canh anh xa than vi nghTa Idn Con tiif gdc dd cua mot kieu tu nghe thuat thi tac phim lai nam ngoai pham trii ma de tai eiia ehiing tdi de cap den Noi gon iai thi no chua dat tdi eiia mot loai hinh nhan vat van hoc da trudng Do la chua ke mue dieh eiia nha tha mii viet tac ph£m khac ra't xa vdi cac nha hi6n thuc song sau dng gSn hai phin ba th6' ky Do do, nghien eiJu va'n d l nhan vat ndng dan van hoc hien thuc it nhieu se ed y nghia ea vl mat van hoc su lan ly thuyet No vCra gop phSn vao viee nhin nhan dien mao cua ti6'n trinh van hoc, vira lam rd han ea ve phuang dien ly thuyet chiie nang, lich su cua loai hinh nhan vat, cua trao luu van hoe Xet vl mat y nghia lich su, trao luu van hoe hien thuc khong bi ddng khung bdi mot bien gidi qudc gia nao ma no mang y nghia toan the gidi Hau bet cac nIn van hoc da trudng thanh, i\x bd truyin thong cu, thoat khdi y nghia khu vue cua no d6 hoa nhap vao tien trinh van hoe ehung cua nhan loai, d vao giai doan cuoi ciing cua qua trinh hien dai hoa deu phai trai qua kieu sang tac hien thuc Day la mot dau hieu, hay diing han, la mot tieu chi ciia qua trinh hien dai hoa ddi vdi mot nIn van hoe Nhung cho den may thap nien cuoi cua the ky XX lai xuat hien mot xu hudng (trong gidi nghien ciiu van hoc phuang Tay) ma neu can cii vao van dl nhan vat de xet thi lai ed mot su thut ICii Xu hudng phii nhan nhan vat truyen thong cua tieu thuyet da de khai niem "phan tieu thuyet", "phi nhan vat" Theo ehiing toi, xu hudng duge tung da ed anh hudng It nhieu den su phat trien cua tieu thuyet d ta, thdi ky dau eiia eong cuoc ddi mdi noi ehung va xu hudng doi mdi van hoc mdi xuat hien ciing thay thap thoang day mol cai nhin khong may tich cue ea vl phuang dien tu tudng iSr phuang di6n khoa hoc: dat vKn de xem xet lai van hoc giai doan 1945- 1975, c6 ngudi da iSn Ion giua vi6c tim kiem mot each ly giai mdi xung quanh quan niem nghe thuat ve ngudi ciia nghe si va thi phap tieu thuyet mdi d ho vdi su phii dinh (thieu can cii) nhiing nguyen tac nghe thuat bi coi la cu Va'n dl khong dan gian nhu vay Cho n6n dat nhi6m vu ly giai va'n de nhan vat ngudi ndng dan van hoc hien thuc tr6n cai nen cua truyin thdng van hoc dan tdc, cac mdi quan he van hoe- lich sir vdi thdi dai cua no, ehiing toi eung edn mong mud'n lam sang to mot vai khia canh cua ly thuyet thi phap chiie nang ap vao van hoc giai doan hien nay.Va'n de nay, theo ehiing toi, khong the khdng giai quyet tir ea yeu eau tu tudng lan tCr yeu eau noi tai cua tien trinh van hoe Ban than van dl nong dan van hoe hien thuc Viet Nam gidi nghien ciiu hien khdng phai la hoan toan mdi me nhung nd eung khdng h i cu va edn kha nhilu khoang Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang ed nhilu va de tranh trung lap, d cac phan tiep sau, giai quyet nhung van dl cu the, ehiing toi edn quay trd lai De tien theo doi, ehiing toi trinh bay lich sii van d l hai giai doan 2.1 Tinh hinh nghien curu van de ngudi nong dan van hoc hien thuc giai doan trudc 1945 Cd the dl di den mot nhan dinh rang, khoa nghien ciiu van dan toe ehi thuc su phat triln va ed tuu iix Idng che mdi, chinh xae han, chi tir sau 1945 Trudc nam 1945 chua hi cd mot edng trinh chuyen biet nao danh rieng cho van hoe hien thuc vdi tu each la mot trao luu van hoe cd tuyen ngdn rieng, cd nhiing nguyen tac nhan thiie va phan anh rieng, ed he thong quan niem vl nghe thuat va eon ngudi khac vdi cac xu hudng khac Cac tac gia Nguyin Cong Hoan, Ngo Tat To, Vu Trong Phung, Nam Cao cung da trd ddi tugng duge xem xet, binh gia, gidi thi6u nhung ho vSn bi xem xet kha biet lap, chu y6'u iix gdc dd phe binh ban la duge nghien ciiu mot each tdng thi, toan dien Ngay Vu Ngge Phan mot eong trinh ra't Idn Nha van hien dai [117 de'n 121] cung la nhu the Truang Chinh cung khdng khac Vu Ngoc Phan bao nhieu each tiep can ddi tugng, he tieu chu^n danh gia tac pham Vu Ngoc Phan khen truydn ngan cua Nguyin Cong Hoan dac sac han cac truydn dai bdi su lua ebon chi tiet kheo, bo cue gidi, gay eudi cd duy6n ban ngudi, de quan sat tinh vi Cdn Truang Chinh cung nhan xet ve nha van la "cd tai quan sat ra't tinh vi", "each diing chQ ngo nghlnh" va "each ke truyen tu nhien" [23, tr.203] Gidi phe binh liic bay gid (ke ea nhdm cua Hai Trilu) danh gia cao y nghia xa hoi, y nghia nhan sinh cua cac nha van viet vl ndng thdn va ngudi nong dan thuoe xu hudng hien thuc (chu nghia ta chan) Hai Trilu [137], [138], Lan Khai [81], Vu Ngoc Phan [117], [118], Truang Chinh [24] da budc dau quan tarn den "cac hang ngudi thuge cac giai cap, dia vi khac nhau" [24, tr.91], dd noi bat nhat la dam ngudi "liie nhiie", "den tdi, ngu xuin, ich ky, tan nhSn va dam dat mot each v6 ciing Id bich" [81,tr.l56] Cac nha phe binh da tha'y su khac ea ban giQa cac nha van hien thuc vdi cac cay but ciia Tu luc van doan VQ Trong Phung [124] bai viet vl Tat den ciia Ngo Tat To da ed mot phat hien that sac sao, rat tinh te cai y nghia cao nha't ciia tac pham ndi tieng d chd, nd "hoan toan phung su dan que" va vdi tu each la mot tac pham, nd la "kiet tac, tung lai chua tijng cd" Cd le ehi Le Van Truang viet tua cho Doi Ilia xung doi cua Nam Cao la neu duge cai khac la, doe dao, hudng di mdi ciia nha van "Nam Cao da manh bao di theo mot 161 ridng, khdng bat chudc ai, khdng ndi nhiJng cai ngudi ta da ndi, khdng di cai 16i ngudi ta da di" [141, tr.393] Chiing tdi c6 gang trich mot s6 nhan xet tieu bi^u nha't cua gidi ph6 binh trudc nam 1945 de mudn ndi rang: nhung danh gia dd rS^t chinh xac, rit dang tran nhung dii vSn chi la nhiing y kien ph6 binh chii khdng phai la k6't qua ciia cac edng trinh nghidn ciiu Han niia, ehiing lai kha biet lap, dan le, tap trung vao nhiing tac pham cu thi ma thieu tinh he thong, tinh van de, va ngudi ndng dan vdi tu each la hinh tugng nhan vat van hoc dudng nhu chua duge phan tieh den 2.2 Tinh hinh nghien curu van de ngudi nong dan van hoc hien thuc phe phan tir 1945 den Van hoc hien thuc chi thuc su duge tim hieu, khao sat, danh gia g^n vdi ban cha't cua nd nhat la iix sau 1945 ciing vdi su khang dinh tai nang va ban llnh ciia mot the he von la cac nha giao, nha van dong thdi tham gia boat ddng nghien ciiu phe binh nhu Truang Chinh [24], Nhu Phong [123], Ha Minh Diic [43], [44] ( ), Phan Cu De [33 den 36], Van Tarn, Nguyin Dang Manh [100 den 103], Nguyin Diie Dan [28 den 30], Phong Le [89 den 94], Nguyin Hoanh Khung [82], [83], Le Thi Diie Hanh [60 den 66] Trong cac giao trinh dai hoc, ph^n viet ve chu nghia hien thuc vdi tu each la phuang phap sang tac hoae mot trao luu, mot giai doan cua tien trinh van hoc nhan loai, van hoc Viet Nam eung duge gidi nghien ciiu dem so sanh, danh gia, xep loai De dam bao tinh khai quat cua giao trinh, d thdi diem nhung nam 60 va dau nam 70, phan Idn nhirng edng trinh ay da tap trung vao viee khai quat nhiing van de ehung nhat, nhung tac gia chu yeu nhat, nhung tac pham xuat sac nhat, khien dien mao cua ea nIn van hoc hien hinh Cong lao ciia cac nha nghien ciiu that dang tran va tuu thu duge qua that khdng nho, nhS^t la cSn nhin nhan dilu kien "lich siicu the" cua nd Cd th^ tha'y, d mdi mdt edng trinh, cang ve sau chat nghien ciiu cang dam ban, tinh khoa hoc sau ban, ket qua nghien ciJu, cac phat hien cung dang tin cay va thii vi han Nhiing nam 60- 70, Nguyin Cong Hoan duge gidi nghien ciiu chii y nhilu, dd phSn nghe thuat truyen ngan (phSn edng nha't) duge khai thac nhilu nha't Gidi van nghe (cac nha nghien ciiu, cac nha van) diu thdng nha't danh gia cao each kl chuyen ed duyen, cd siic Idi cud'n, ngdn ngu ddi thoai giau cha't kich, each lua ebon (va sang tao) tinh hudng doe dao, ke't ca'u truyen chat che, ke't thiic ba't ngd dac biet la cac truyen ngan trao phiing Nguyin Minh Chau khang dinh, ngdi biit Nguyin Cdng Hoan "cd dii siic vira eudi cgt, va lot tran moi thdi ae, thdi tham, thdi rdm cai xa hoi thuc dan phong kien" [l 11, tr.205] Nguyin Dang Manh ndi tdi "siic to cao eiia ngdi biit Nguyin Cdng Hoan manh liet, y nghia khai quat cLia hinh tugng rgng Idn, sau sac" [100, t r l ] Phong Le nhan tha'y "Nguyin Cdng Hoan xuat hien vdi mot biit phap la, mot each nhin la, mot giong dieu la: hai va bi, eudi cgt va nghiem trang, diia ma tinh tao" [91, tr.l39] Nguyin Hoanh Khung lai phan tich nhiing edng va khang dinh "trude Bu&c dudng Cling, chua cd tac pham van hoc nao phai bay tdi ae ciia giai cap dia chii mot each sau sac, toan dien the' ; Nguyin Cdng Hoan khdng nhiing da di sau mieu ta ndi khd cue nhilu mat dan tdi "bude dudng ciing" khdng gi cudng noi cua ngudi ndng dan bi ap biic bde lot tham te ma edn ed gang the hien su phan khang tich cue ciia ho de gianh quyin song" [111, tr.236] Ben canh phan cdng, cac nha nghien eiiu cung chi nhung diem yeu, nbCrng lam lan ehgn ddi tugng gay eudi cua nha van Hien thuc duge phan anh qua nhan vat van hgc la mdt ciu triie nglfe thuat Hai nhan td ca ban tao nen ciu triie nghe thuat iy la mdi tricdng, hodn cdnh va tinh edeh nhdn vdt Den lugt minh, hoan canh 'duge mieu ta tac pham van bgc eung la mdt ciu triic nghe thuat Cd ba nhan td ea ban tao nen eau triie nghe thuat la ea ehi ciia hodn cdnh, mdu thudn ciia hodn cdnh vd khdng ciia hodn cdnh Trong vai eung dinh, nhan vat ngudi ndng dan van hgc hien thuc phe phan da phan anh duge mudn van nhung bien boa eua ca chi trdn dp, ca chi bgo luc nhu la nguyen ly van hanh eiia xa hdi n6ng thdn thdi trude Cach mang Nhan vat ngudi ndng dan edn phan anh duge nhiing mdu thudn gidng cheo, dan ben vdo tgo nen bdn chdt ciia hodn cdnh Cudi eiing, xuit hien vai cimg dinh, nhan vat ngudi ndng dan trd phuang tien mieu ta khdng hiec hdi, ngdt nggt bao triim toan bg hoan canh ddi sdng xa hgi ndng thon Ciing vdi hoan canh, tinh each la nhan td nim eau triie vdi hien thue nghe thuat duge mieu ta tac pham Tinh each edn la ca sd ddng nhat tao nen tfnh ehinh thi eiia hinh tugng nhan vat Vdi y nghia ay, ngi dung ea ban eua nhan vat van hgc chfnh la tfnh each Do tfnh each la mot pham tru Hch sir, nen ehiie nang khai quat tfnh each eiia nhan vat van hgc cung mang tfnh Hch sir Van bgc hien Ihirc phe phan tap trung lam ndi bat ban chat xa hgi - Hch sir eiia •inh each Phii hgp vdi ca che tran ap, bao lue, nhifng xung dot gay git, quyet liet, mdi trudng phi nhan tfnh va khdng biic bdi, nggt ngat, van hgc hien thuc phe phan Viet Nam khic hoa hinh anh nhifng ngicdi chiu dung nhdn nhuc, ngudi tha hod luu manh va khd ndng phdn khdng tiim tdng ciia nhifng ke ciing dinh Trong van hgc hien thue phe phan, tinh each vira la cdi vdn cd thuge the tang va nhung phim chat truyen thdng, vira la cdi thu duge thudc Hnh vue tu 196 aimg, tinh cam xa hdi Cho nen, hinh tugng ngudi ndng dan edn la phuong tien d l van hgc hien thuc phe phan khai quat nhiing pham chft tdt dep ngin ddi ciia quin chiing lao ddng nhu tinh yeu thuang, diic vj tha, Idng ehung thuy van hgc hien thue phe phan mieu ta tinh each nhu nhiing kilu ciu triic Nhin tii ciu triie hinh tugng, ed thi nhan tinh uu trdi thudc vi nhdn vdt chiic ndng vd nhdn vat logi hinh a nhiing tac pham hien thue vie't vl ndng thdn va ngudi ndng dan Hinh tugng ngudi nfing dan ed the xep vao loai nhdn vdt "tu tudng" nhat (ehinh xac ban: tu tudng - chiie nang) la Du (Budc dudng eiing - Nguyin C6ng Hoan) va nhdn vdt "tinh cdch" nhat la Chi Pheo truyen ngin cimg ten eiia Nam Cao Tinh uu trdi eua nhan vat ehiie nang va nhan vat loai hinh ehiing td, viet vl ngudi ndng dan, truyen hien thue phe phan thien vl su phai bdy, hoc trdn thuc trgng ciia xd h()i ndng thdn Viet Nam thdi trudc each mang Xet tir gdc tu tudng he va khuynh hudng cam hiing, cac nha van hien thue tiep can nhan vat ngudi ndng dan theo nhung quan diem, nguyen tie ed nhilu sic thai khac Su khac ay tao nen sir da dang, ehii khdng ddi lap loai trir Vi vay quan dilm tie'p can nhan vat ciia tit ea eae cay biit hien thue diu tham dim tinh nhan dan va tinh thin nhan dao Tren binh dien thi phap, cac nha van hien thue tiep can ngudi ndng dan tir quan diem tilu thuyet Trong ^ang tac eiia hg, mieu ta ngudi ndng dan, khoang each gia tri giifa ddi tugng mieu ta va ngudi trin thuat bi xoa bd Cac nha van hien thuc tieu bieu nhu Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Ngd Tat Td, Vu Trgng Phung, Nam Cao da sang tao mot he thdng thao tac, thii phap td chiic cac ehi tie't su kien, ehi tie't tao hinh, chi tie't ngi tam, ehi tiet xung dot, chi tie't hoan canh, mdi trudng, ngi that diy tinh each tan Nhd the, van hgc hien thuc phe phan giai doan 1930 - 1945 da 197 x4y dung duge nhieu hinh tugng diln hinh ddc dao vl ngudi ndng dan, nhiing hinh tugng vira in dam diu an eiia mdt trao luu nghe thtat, vira the hien dam net phong each va ea tinh sang tao eua tac gia Day cung la bang ehiing quan trgng nhat vl tuu eua nln van xudi dan tdc tren eon dudng hien dai boa eiia nd 198 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO TIENG NGA ApuoTOTe.ib (1957), nooTima, BHXTWH, M (1975), M.^J ('B Bonpoeu xyAOHceiTBeHHoii JiMTepaxypbi, n w c , MocKBa JiHTtfpuTypbi // ^crt^UKH M3A .VIOCKBU Bopee, K) (1975), dirreruKU, no.i \\z^,, MooKea BeJiHHCKHii, B r (1953 - 1954) TIOJIH co6p cot TT I-XIII, MocKBa - JleHMHrpazi BwHorpaaoB, B.B (1969), O JisbiKe xvMo^ecTBeHHOfi itrrepaTypbi, H3fl "HayKa", MocKBa rHH36ypr, JI (1979), O Jiirr repoe, COB HMC., JlerafHrpaACKoe oT^e-ieHMe, JleuHHrpaji HesvMTOB, A.H (1960), B II Jlemm // Bonpoeu pea.7ii3.Ma, M3A "HavKa", JleuHHrpa/i JleHHH, B.H (1969), Codop eon T2 noji wzx-, riexpoB, (l \I (1975), OcHOBHbie npnd.ie^.ubi Teoptin peniHsyta, w:^x MOCKBU npocBemeHHH, Vlo('KBa 10 Opnxi^M^ep, r (1973), naDTiiKu pyccKoro ptnuiiSMa 11.14 "HavKa", 'leHiiHrpa^ I TnM()(|)eeB, -1 (1964), (!()i$er('i
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