Lecture Project management: A managerial approach – Chapter 9: Resource allocation

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Lecture Project management: A managerial approach – Chapter 9: Resource allocation

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For single projects, we discuss how the resource allocation problem concerns resource leveling to minimize the cost of the resources. But for multiple projects, we learn that the issue is how to allocate limited resources among several projects in order to achieve the objectives of each.

Chapter 9 Resource  Allocation Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc What is Resource Allocation?   Allocating resources (human, technical,  etc) to projects  Use in both individual and multiple,  simultaneous projects  Relates to scheduling and costs 8­2 Critical Path Method—Crashing a  Project  Time and costs are interrelated  Faster an activity is completed, more is  the cost  Change the schedule and you change the  budget  Thus many activities can be speeded up  by spending more money 8­3 What is Crashing / Crunching?  To speed up, or expedite, a project  Of course, the resources to do this must be  available  Crunching a project changes the schedule for  all activities  This will have an impact on schedules for all the  subcontractors  Crunching a project often introduces  unanticipated problems 8­4 Activity Slope Crash Cost − Normal Cost Slope = Crash Time − Normal Time 8­5 An Example of Two­Time CPM 8­6 Activity Slopes—Cost per Period for  Crashing 8­7 Crashing the Project 8­8 Seven Day Schedule 8­9 Six Day Schedule 8­10 Schedule Slippage  The time past a project’s due date  Slippage may cause penalties  Different projects will have different  penalties  Expediting one project can cause others  to slip  Taking on a new project can cause  existing projects to slip 8­36 Resource Utilization  The percentage of a resource that is  actually used  Excess resource utilization and  uncoordinated multiproject scheduling  can be expensive   We want a schedule that smoothes out  the dips and peaks of resource utilization 8­37 In­Process Inventory  This is the amount of work waiting to be  processed because there is a shortage of  some resource  Similar to WIP in manufacturing  Holding cost is incurred 8­38 Heuristic Techniques  Multi­projects are too complex for  optimization approaches  Many of the heuristics are extensions of  the ones used for one project 8­39 Additional Priority Rules  Resource scheduling method  Minimum late finish time  Greatest resource demand  Greatest resource utilization  Most possible jobs 8­40 A Multiproject Scheduling Heuristic  With multiproject instances a single case  must be developed   Connected with dummy activities and/or  pseudoactivities 8­41 Hierarchy of Gantt Charts 8­42 Goldratt’s Critical Chain Thoughtless optimism Capacity should be equal to demand The “Student Syndrome” Multitasking to reduce idle time 8­43 Goldratt’s Critical Chain Continued Assuming network complexity makes no  difference Management cutting time to “motivate”  workers Game playing  8­44 Do Early Finishes and Late Finishes  Cancel Out? So What?   The answer is generally “no”  Why? – – Workers won’t admit to finishing early Resources may not be available 8­45 A Common Chain of Events Assuming that activity times are known and that the paths are  independent leads to underestimating the actual amount of time  needed to complete the project Because the time needed to complete the project is  underestimated, project team members tend to inflate their time  estimates Inflated time estimates lead to work filling available time, workers  not reporting that a task has been completed early, and the ever­ present student syndrome An important caveat then becomes that safety time is usually  visible to project workers and is often misused Misused safety time results in missed deadlines and milestones 8­46 A Common Chain of Events  10 11 continued Hidden safety time further complicates the task of prioritizing  project activities The lack of clear priorities likely results in poor multitasking Task durations increase as a result of poor multitasking Uneven demand on resources—some overloaded and others  underloaded—may also occur as a result of poor multitasking In an effort to utilize all resources fully, more projects will be  undertaken to make sure that no resources are underutilized.  Adding more projects further increases poor multitasking 8­47 The Critical Chain  Another limitation of traditional  approaches is the PM often ignores  dependencies between resources and  tasks  Goldratt argues that activities should be  ordered onto paths based on – – Resource dependencies Technological precedence requirements  The longest is “critical chain”  8­48 Critical Chain 8­49 The Critical Chain  Delays on projects due to – – delay of one or more activities in the critical  chain delay in one or more of the activities on a  noncritical or “feeder” chain 8­50 ... 90% capacity  8­26 Constrained Resource Scheduling Heuristic Approach An approach, such as a rule of thumb, that yields a good solution that may or may not be optimal Optimization Approach An approach, ... Uncertainty  Resource availability, needs, etc may  fluctuate over time such that resources  required and capacity available may not  be constant  Methods to address this issue:  – – Attempt to level demand... Resource loading describes the amount  of resources an existing schedule  requires  Gives an understanding of the demands a project will make of a firm’s resources 8­18 Resource Usage Calendar 8­19 Resource A 8­20 Resource B

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Từ khóa liên quan

Mục lục

  • Chapter 9

  • What is Resource Allocation?

  • Critical Path Method—Crashing a Project

  • What is Crashing / Crunching?

  • Activity Slope

  • An Example of Two-Time CPM

  • Activity Slopes—Cost per Period for Crashing

  • Crashing the Project

  • Seven Day Schedule

  • Six Day Schedule

  • Five Day Schedule

  • Four Day Schedule

  • Cost-Crash Curve

  • Fast-Tracking

  • Official Pace of a Project

  • The Resource Allocation Problem

  • Time Use and Resource Use

  • Resource Loading

  • Resource Usage Calendar

  • Resource A

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