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BAC DjCH TRU&NG: Q U A N BIEN HE B U O N G i f t LY-TONG THE K Y B A N XI-XIII NGUYEN HUU TAM* S a u tien hanh djnh tai Thang Long, viidng trieu Ly day manh viec trao ddi budn ban, dang chd y la quan he thong thiidng bien gidi gida trieu Ly va trieu Td'ng diidc tang ciidng va phat trien Quan he budn ban tieu dung hang cua nhan dan doc bien gidi ca cua hai niidc diidc day manh td nhdng nam dau the' ky XI, cac 'hac dich triidng" (1) (trung tam trao ddi (hang hoa) da diidc chinh quyen trieu Ly va trieu Td'ng md tren dat Viet Nam va Trung Qudc de phuc vu cho nhu cau trao ddi cua cac dja phiidng vung bien (goi tat la bien mau) Cac vua trieu Ly da quy dinh mot sd' dia diem giao liiu nha't djnh, cd sii khd'ng che' cua nha niidc nham han che' thiidng nhan niidc ngoai vao sau ndi dja de budn ban, lai kiem ca viec tham tinh hinh chinh t r i Cang Van Ddn, vung quan dao phia ddng bac Viet Nam cd mot vi t r i dja ly rat thuan ldi cho tau thuyen qua lai va neo trd, lai nam tren tuyen hang hai td Trung Quo'c thdng xuo'ng cac midc viing Ddng Nam A diidc trieu Ly chon lam ndi tap trung thdng thiidng vdi midc ngoai Sach Bai Viet sic ky toan thu chep: "Ky Ti, nien hieu Dai Dinh (vua Ly Anh Tdng) nam thd 10 (1149), mua * TS Vien Sd hoc xuan thang 2, thuyen budn ba midc Trao Oa (Gia Va thudc Inddnexia), Lo Lac, Xiem La (Thai Lan) vao Hai Ddng (vdng da't tinh Quang Ninh nay), xin cii trd budn ban, ben cho lap trang d ndi hai dao, goi la Van Ddn, de mua ban hang hda quy, dang tien san vat dia phiidng" (2) Ngoai cac niidc vdng Ddng Nam A nhii Xiem La (Thai Lan), Trao Oa (Gia Va) cdn cd nhieu niidc khac xa xdi hdn tdi Van Ddn trao ddi hang hoa Nhdng hien vat khao cd hoc, dd cd nhieu gdm sd phat hien gan day tai khu viic cang Van Ddn, da minh chdng cho nhan djnh tren (3) Viec quy dinh thiidng nhan midc ngoai chi diidc budn ban tai Van Ddn trang, khdng nhdng the hien y thdc canh giac cao cua cac vua trieu Ly cdng cudc bao ve quo'c gia vao the k i XI-XIII Ma hdn nda, nd cdn chi ro phiidng thdc quan ly ddc lap, chu ddng, chat che cua trieu Ly dd'i vdi ngoai thiidng cua qudc gia Dai Viet Dieu chdng td md'i giao liiu ngoai thiidng, giao liiu diidng bien cua viidng trieu Ly vdi cac qudc gia vdng Ddng Nam A va cac khu viic lan can phia nam bien Ddng, thdng qua trung tam thvidng cang Van Ddn kha phat trien Bac Bich Truong: quan te buon ban Khong nhQng chi trieu Ly sd sQ xam nhap qua sau noi dia, la tinh hinh cua cac thiidng nhan ngoai qudc, ma ca trieu Tdng cung co chung mot tam trang nhii vdy Vua Ly Thai To mdi len ngdi diidc hai nam, vao thang nam 1012 cung da tdng yeu cau trieu Td'ng cho md thi triidng budn ban tai Ung Chau (Nam Ninh nay) Nhiing phia trieu Td'ng cho rang trieu Ly thiidng hay xam lan bien ciidng phia nam cua Td'ng, nen khdng ddng y Sach Tuc tU tri thdng gidm trUdng bien Ly Dao, ngiidi ddi Nam Td'ng bien soan, chep "Thang 6, Giap Ty, nien hieu Dai Trung Tiidng Phd thd Td'ng Chan Tdng (nam 1012), Chuyen van sd cua Ld Quang Nam Tay tau rang: Ly Cdng Uan d Giao Chau xin diidc diia ngiidi va thuyen deh thang Ung Chau de budn ban Vua (Td'ng) ndi: Dan vdng ven bien ludn sd Giao Chau xam lan, theo Lenh chi triidc cho phep lap chd giao dich tai Kham Chau va tran Nhii Hdng Va lai, vdng ven bien cd cda hiem yeu, neu cho di sau vao ndi dia, e rang cd dieu bat tien Lenh cho ban Ty phai can than tuan thu theo quy dinh cu" (4) Quy dinh cu ma vua Td'ng Chan Tdng nhac den, chinh la Lenh chi cho phep diidc lap chd giao dich (hay thiidng goi la Bac dich trUdng) tai vdng Kham Chau va tran Nhii Hdng Chung ta cung can phai nhac lai mot sQ kien vao triidc ddi Ly, ma chinh sd ddi Td'ng chep cd lien quan den viec xin l i p chd tai Nam Ninh Sach Tuc tU tri thdng gidm trUdng bien chep: 'Thang 12, Qui Mdi nam thd nien hieu Dai Trung Tiidng Phd (1009), Le Chi Trung (5) d Giao Chau sai sd den cd'ng, dang tang mot te giac da diidc thuan diidng Vua (Td'ng Chan Tdng) cho rang te giac khdng hdp vdi thd ngdi, khdng the nudi diidng diidc, mud'n td chd'i khdng nhan, nhiing lai lo trai y cua Chi 33 Trung Ddi sd gia ve niidc, mdi lenh cho dem tha vao vung bie'n Chi Trung lai sai sd deh dang bieu xin bd giap tru day du Ban chieu chuan theo bieu xin Lai xin diidc lap chd giao dich tai Ung chau, vien Chuye'n van sd d dao dd (Quang Tay-TG) dang bieu bao cho vua biet Vua (Td'ng Chan Tdng) ndi: Dan vung ven bien da nhieu lan khdn khd vi giac xam lan cua Giao chau, theo triidc chi cho lap chd tai Liem chau va tra'n Nhii Hdng, dai khai day la ndi hiem yeu cua bien ciidng Nay trQc tiep vao tan ndi dia, e rang bat tien Ban chieu xudng: Lenh cho Dao (Quang Tay) theo quy che' cu ma truyen bao'' (6) Thu tich cua Viet Nam cung chep sii kien tren va cho biet: Le Long Dinh sai em trai la Le Minh Siidng sang sd, sau bieu te giac trang, xin Kinh Dai tang, ao giap va mu tru deu diidc vua Td'ng chap nhan Sd gia trieu Ly lai xin cho sang mua ban ddi chac vdi ngiidi Td'ng tai Ung Chau, vua Td'ng khdng nghe, chi cho mua ban ddi chac d Liem Chau va tra'n Nhu Hdng ma thdi (7) 1 Chinh sach cua vridng trieu Td'ng vao the' ky XI-XIII cung chi cho phep thiidng nhan midc ngoai, dac biet la thiidng nhan Dai Viet diidc trao ddi hang hoa tai nhdng dia diem trieu Td'ng chi dinh va chiu sQ kiem soat cua cac cap chinh quyen dia phiidng Theo cac thii tich cd cua Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c ghi chep: Diidng thdi (the' ky XI den the' ky XIII), da xua't hien nhQng trung tam budn ban ldn vdi ten goi la "Bac dich triidng" doc bien gidi Ly-Td'ng Cd tdi "Bac dich triidng" diidc lap tai trai Vinh Binh, chau Td Mau, trai Hoanh Sdn, trai Nhii Hdng d Kham Chau (8) Hdn 100 nam triidc ke tQ nam 1012, vua Ly Thai td chu ddng dat van de thdng thiidng kinh te' bien gidi vao sau ndi dia Trung Qudc, khdng diidc cac vua trieu Td'ng chap thuan (9) Cho tdi nhdng nam cudi thudc nien 34 Rghien cum Lich sJr so' 3.2011 hieu Chinh Hoa (1111-1118) cua Tong Huy Tong, sau mot the k i tim hieu ki cang tinh hinh vung bien gidi Dai Viet, trieu Tong da md them mot "Bac dich triidng" budn ban tai Ung Chau (Nam Ninh)" (10) Khi dd chinh quyen trieu Tdng cho rang: Giao Chi (trieu Ly) td nien hieu Hi Ninh Td'ng Than Tdng (1068-1077), khdng co sinh sii, tha bd lenh ca'm buon ban (11) Sach T\ic tii tri thdng gidm triidng bien chep: 'Thang 6, Quy Hdi nam thd nien hieu Nguyen Phong (1079), Tang Bd la Chuyen van sd cua Quang Nam Tay 16 tau rang: "Kham chau, Liem chau nen dat cac tram dich, lam yen long nhdng dan Giao Chi dau thuyen, lap Bac djch triidng, giao cho chau giam sat ap tai, tuan kiem ven bien kiem quan gid" Cho y theo (12) Nam Chinh Hoa thd 8, ddi vua Td'ng Huy Tong (1118), Quan vien Yen (An) Anh dang ban Ta'u xin vua T6'ng Huy Tong cd quan vien dat chd giao dich vdi Giao Chi, de ndi long lenh cam Yen Anh cho la td cudi nhdng nam ddi vua Td'ng Than tong, Giao Chi "Hoan toan khong sinh sii, nen dung dieu tot de khen thiidng" Vi the Td'ng Huy Tdng sai Yen Anh kiem chdc Quang Tay chuyen van phd sd, den chau bien ciidng sap dat viec (chi viec lap chd giao dich TG) Yen Anh tuan thee y chi cua nha vua thiic hien "thdng thiidng giao dich, c6't diidc long ngiidi Giad Chi, khong diidc gay trd ngai, nhanh chong tau bao day du de vua biet" Sau Yen Anh cdn ddi vai ngay, triidc het truyen bao cho ngiidi Giao Chi biet nguyen uy va khong diidc kinh hai qua (13) Nhu vay, vao dau the ky XII, vdng bien gidi Viet Trung diidng thdi td ven bien den da't lien cd tdi trung tam trao ddi budn ban gida hai niidc Khi dd, trai Vinh Binh la mot "Bac dich triidng" quan nha't cua ca hai niidc Sach Linh ngoai dqi dap cua Chu Khd Phi (14) bien soan diidi ddi Td'ng chep nhii sau: Trai Vinh Binh d sdng Hdu Giang thudc Ung Chau, tiep giap vdi bien gidi Giao Chi, chi each mdt sud'i ma thdi Phia Bac cd tram Giao Chi, phia Nam cd dinh Tuyen Hoa (15), lam "Bac djch triidng" (16) Trai Nhii Hdng tai Kham Chau cung la mdt trung tam giao djch nhdn nhjp cua thiidng nhan hai midc Thanh phan khach budn den trao ddi hang hoa tai cac Bac djch triidng bien gidi Ly-Tdhg kha ddng dao, cd the chia lam may loai: phan nhieu la ngiidi dan thieu sd' sinh sd'ng tai cac vung bien cua Dai Viet va Td'ng Ho la nhdng ngiidi dan cd nhu cau trao ddi hang hda cho cudc sd'ng hang ngay, hoae cd the chi la nhdng ngiidi budn ban nhd (tieu thiidng) Qua ghi chep cua thii tich cd cung cho chung ta biet, khdng chi cd cac thiidng nhan t d mien xudi nhii Thang Long mang hang hda len trao ddi, ma cac din tdc thieu sd' nhu" T h i i , Ha Nhi, Dao cua vdng Lang Sdn, Lao Cai, Cao Bang (Viet Nam), Van Nam (Trung Quo'c), bang nhieu diidng khac ca diidng bd va diidng thuy, ciing da diia san vat dia phiidng tham gia tich ciic vao viec giao liiu hang hda qua liiu viic sdng Hdng v i cac sdng khac nhii Ky Cdng, Bing Giang, hai nhanh sdng Tay Giang Ho khdng chi dem nhdng ngudn ldi khai thic diidc tai liiu viic cac sdng, sud'i quanh vung bien, ddi lay liidng thiic, vai mac nhu" sich sd Trung Quo'c da ghi nhan: "din bien gidi Giao Chi dem c i , trai, hen ddi lay gao, vai ti'm" (17) Ho cdn t i n thu nhdng lam thd san gan ndi cu tru de tang them thu nhip, cai thien ddi sd'ng vd'n rat khd khan: "Ngiidi Giao Chi dem cic h i n g hda nhu" hiidng thdm, nga voi, sdng te, vang bac, mudi, tien ddi li'y cac loai vai nhu" td, lua, vai bdng Nhdng ngiidi deh trai Vinh Binh deu la d i n Giao Bac Bich Truong: quan he buon ban Chi cac khe, dong di theo diidng bo Nhdng hang ho mang den deu quy, nho nhe, chi co muoi la nang Diidng nhien muoi chi co the ddi lay vai thoi" (18) Cac tieu thiidng va cu" dan thieu sd' Viet Nam ho deu la nhdng ngiidi dan thuan hau, chat phac, budn ban that tha Thu! tich diidc soan diidi trieu Td'ng ciing chep lai cam nhan cua cac tac gia ve tinh trung thiic cua dan cii Giao Chi: Ngiidi Giao (Chi), ban tinh thuan hau; Moi ngiidi den budn ban tai trai Vinh Binh deu la ngiidi Giao (Chi) cua cac bd lac tren dong Bon ho ciing thuan hau, chat phac (19) Nhdng ngiidi budn ban nhd phia Td'ng rat ddng, thii tich cd ciing phai ghi nhan sd' liidng khdng the ke xiet "Tieu thiidng ben ta (phia Td'ng) d gan (bien gidi) budn ban cac loai giay, but, gao, vai , thiidng cdng ngiidi Giao (Chi) trao ddi vun vat, ciing khdng ke xiet" (20) Thanh phan thd hai la cac phd thiidng, sach Linh ngogi dgi dap chep: Thiidng lai giau cd cua niidc dd (chi Viet Nam) deh Bac dich triidng, nha't thiet phai td chau Vinh An (Yen) ndi bien gidi diia giay xin phep (thdng diep) tdi Kham Chau, goi la thiidng nhan budn nhd (Tieu ciidng) Mot loai thiidng nhan cao cap hdn la nhdng quan lai di sii tranh thu budn ban kiem ldi Neu nhdng ngiidi dd nha niidc sai sd den Kham Chau, nhan cd budn ban thi goi la thiidng lai ldn (Dai ciidng) Ben phia Td'ng, nhdng nha budn ldn thiidng td vung Thuc (Td Xuyen) budn gam deh ban tai Kham Chau va budn hiidng td Kham Chau tdi Thuc (Td Xuyen), mdi nam di ve mdt lan, liidng hang hoa len tdi vai nghin man tiem (21) Mat hang diidc trao ddi tai cac Bac dich triidng, chu yeu la nhiing vat dung thiet yeu hang nhu : vai, lua, liidng thiic, bdt, giay Dan tdc thieu sd' mang theo 35 nhdng san vat dia phiidng minh t i i san xuat hoae khai thac quanh ndi sinh sd'ng nhu : lam thd san, nga voi, sdng te, thuy san nhii cac loai ca sdng, trai, hen Tham chi, xuat phat td yeu cau thiic te can mudi cua cu dan vdng bien Trung Qudc, thudc loai hang hoa nang, nhiing mudi cung diidc van chuyen de ddi lay liidng thiic, vai mac Chung ta deh biet vdng dan cii Quang Tay cho deh tan the ki XVIII, v i n cdn tinh trang thiidng xuyen thieu mudi Dac biet, dieu xay thiidng xuyen dd'i vdi cac dan tdc thieu sd' sinh sd'ng tai vdng sau, vung xa cua mien ndi Quang Tay, Trung Qudc Chinh sd trieu Thanh bd Dgi Thanh thtfc luc da phan anh rat ro: chi tinh rieng mot phu Tra'n An cua Quang Tay hang nam van ddng mudi cua Viet Nam, mdi nam can hdn nghin bao mudi "Nham Than, thang nam Can Long thd 10 (1-4-1745), Tong ddc Liidng Quang Na Td Do tau: "Di Giao ndi loan, xd dd gia gao tat len cao, e r i n g cd gian thiidng ndi dia viidt bien budn mudi, khdng tranh khdi an lau thdc gao, cung lai lo gay rd'i loan bien ciidng Duy phu Tran An cua Quang Tay triidc van an mudi cua dan di, mdi nam phu ay can hdn nghin bao mudi, dem mudi cua nha niidc cap cho du sd'liidng" (22) 1 Ben canh viec budn ban nhdng san pham phuc vu cho cudc sd'ng thiidng nhat, thiidng nhan (chu yeu la tang Idp cii phu) cdn chu khai thac va trao ddi thiidng pham cd gia t r i cao ve kinh te' nhu": tien ddng Vao nam 1133, triidc tinh trang lai budn Td'ng mang so' liidng ldn tieh ddng mua hang hoa ve niidc, vua Cao Tdng da phai nghiem cam khdng cho diia tien ddng khdi bien gidi Td'ng 'Thang 10, Mau Tuat nam Thieu Hiing thd (1133), Quang Tay Tuyen Du la Minh Dd' dang ban Tau: "vung Ung Chau, phia nam tiep giap Giao 35 Rghien cuu Lich sir, s6" 3.2011 Chi Cac ddng quanh song Ta Giang va HQu Giang (23), phan ldn la loai dan vo lai, thQdng Ida du ngadi buon dQa vao ban nude dd Lai biet ba chau Ung, Kham, Liem thong dvidng bien vdi Giao Chi, bon ngvidi hang nam thu ldi, buon ban vang, hiidng, tat lay tien vudng nhd (tieu binh tien) lam quy Qdc; ma da lenh cho niidc tien vuong nhd cho phep nhap vao ma khong diidc phep xuat Neu nhii khong nghiem khac cam chi, tac hai vo cdng ldn" Vua ban chieu cho Bd Hd, Bd Hinh lap phap dinh Sau hai Bd xin cho phep nhdng ngQdi c6' tinh va sd sua't de that thoat tien ddng qua bien gidi, quan tuan phu trd moi ngiidi bi tdi hai trat, sd sua't giam sat ngvidi lai trd them trat, Quan Tra'n trai, Huyen lenh, Tri (huyen), Thong (phan), Giam ty, soai than ngvidi nao de that thoat chiu tdi khac Cho phep nhu the" (24) Vang, ddng, thiec diidc khai thac cac md kim loai qui hiem doc bien gidi hai mi6c, cung trd mot mdi ldi ldn cho cac thvidng nhan tim each buon ban Dac biet, cac tinh bien gidi phia Bdc Viet Nam deu co nhieu md kim loai qui nhu" md bac tai Ngan Sdn (Bac Can), md vang, chi tai That Nguyen (Lang Sdn), md bac, vang tai Td'ng Tinh (Cao Bang), md ddng, bac tai Van Uyen (Lang Sdn), md vang va dan sa tai Quang Nguyen (Cao Bang) (25) Chu Khd Phi Llnh ngogi dgi dap da ghi lai: Khe, dong Ung Chau va vung bien gidi An Nam ddu cd md vang Chau Vinh Yen (An) thudc Ung Chau va Giao Chi each cd mdt sud'i, cac loai thuy cam nhii ngdng, vit bdi sang sdng phia Giao Chi kiem an, trd ve, de lai phan cd vang, cac sdng thudc bien canh cua ta thi lai khdng cd Td ngudn ldi cac md vang cua Giao Chi de mua dan ta ve lam ngvidi hau (nd) (26) Thdng qua chi tiet ve thu doan budn ban Ida gat giQa khach budn hai midc, chung ta thu diidc thdng tin viec budn ban vang bac diidc liiu hanh kha phd bie'n: V i khach budn ta (phia Td'ng), Ida dd'i chung (phia Ly) giao cho thud'c gia Dan chung (phia Ly) trdn ddng lan vao vang bac, khdng the phan biet diidc" (27) Vang bac khdng chi la vat pham trao ddi qui ma cdn diidc sd dung nguyen lieu det nen nhdng san pham tieu dung cao cap cung cap cho nhdng cQ phd an chdi, tham chi trd mdt trao liiu tieu xai cua tang Idp thQdng nhan giau cd Dieu dan den sd' lQdng vang cua Trung Qudc cang trd nen khan hiem, vua Td'ng Cao Tdng phai lenh ngan ca'm: 'Thang 9, Tan SQu, nam Thieu Hang thQ 26 (1156), Tham Cai dang ban tau: "An Nam mudn mua loai trdu dat day vang Loai trang phuc sa hoa, khdng phai de daa thien Vua lenh: Trang phuc sa hoa, nha loai tieu phi vang, khdng the khdng ngan cam Gan day vang rat thieu, bon tieu nhan tham ldi, tieu pha hoang phi (coi nha rac), rat la dang tide Thien san xua't vang cUc ky khd khan, tinh sd' ladng lam ra, khdng du de cung cap cho tieu pha hoang phi Tuy da nhieu lan lenh dieu chinh, nhang thdi sa hoa vdn chaa tiet han, nen tiep tuc thQc hien nghiem tuc" (28) Cac thadng nhan hai midc den budn ban tai Bac dich tradng thadng di thee dadng bd dadng thuy va ca dadng bien Dan thieu sd' tai cac vung khe ddng phan ldn di bo va di thuyen nhd chd nhdng vat pham nhe, cd gia t r i kinh te ThQ tich ddi Td'ng cho biet: Tat ca nhQng ngadi deh budn tai bac dich tradng Vinh Binh, Ung Chau deu la ngadi Giao Chi d cac khe ddng, di theo dadng bd tdi Nhieu thuyen budn nhd tap trung tien hanh trao ddi tai bac dich tradng d Kham Chau "Dan Giao Chi tap trung deu dQa vao Bac Dich Truong: quan he buon ban, 37 Kham (chau), thuyen qua lai khong ngdt Bac dich trudng tram Giang Dong phia ngoai thanh" (29) nghiep, nghe det, khai md luyen kim va nghe lam gdm Dac biet, sii lap trung tam Bac dich triidng da p h i n anh thi Phiidng thdc buon ban tai cac Bac djch triidng budn ban dd'i ngoai cua Quang Tay triidng cung ra't da dang, nhdng tieu hinh cd quy md, mau dich thiidng thiidng va ngiidi dan thiidng buon ban nho mai da xua't hien cinh tiidng phdn vinh ' le tai cho vdi nhdng hang hoa gia t r i kinh (30) Hdn nda, cac Bac dich triidng cdn tao te khong cao Doi vdi cac thiidng lai ldn i n h hiidng kinh te' 'Thd qudc du dan" nhdm gianh diidc hang hoa co gia t r j v6i so" (niidc giau manh, dan sung tuc) dd'i vdi ddi liidng ldn, ho khong t d moi thu doan Dac Td'ng "Trai Hoanh Sdn cua ddi Td'ng la biet, cac thiidng lai cua Tong vdi ldi the chu trung tam thiidng mai dan tdc Choang nha, sd dung nhdng thu doan dim, ep gia, Quing Tay Ma thi (Chd ngiia) cua trai trao hang gia, tham chi diia ca thiidng Hoanh Sdn da thdc day sii phat trien nhan nho diing nha, cay cay tai cac Bac nhanh chdng nen kinh te dan tdc Choang, djch triidng de khong che nha buon td Dai ngoai ra, nd cdn cd tac dung tich ciic "Phd Viet deh Ngoai ra, thiidng lai Tong thiidng qudc du dan" dd'i vdi diidng thdi" (31) Ddng xuyen can thieu hut hang hoa, phia trieu thdi vdi viec thuc day nen kinh te' cua Ly tdng phai lan cd sd gia sang xac dinh Quing Tay, viec ddi va hoat ddng cua tieu chuan can tai Bac dich triidng Kham cac Bac djch triidng da tao mdt dau Chau Chinh vi each buon ban khong song md'i giao thdng, de cac dan tdc thieu sd' phang, minh bach cua phia Tong da khien Quang Tay cd dieu kien md rong giao liiu cho cac thiidng nhan Dai Viet p h i i tim each khdng chi kinh te' ma c i van hda vdi nhieu doi de thu ldi Ho cung gam hang, keo vung trung nguyen, ven bien Ddng Nam va dai thdi gian, gay kho khan cho cac thiidng Tay Nam Thdng qua nghien cdu tinh hinh budn nhan Tong Mat khac, thiidng nhan Dai Viet cung dan dan nhilm thoi gian lan Ho ban tai cac Bac dich triidng the' ki XI X I I I cung tim each tron lan dong vao vang, bac, gida quo'c gia Dai Viet va Td'ng, chdng ta tam them muoi, hoae chi vao cac khe hd cd the diia may nhan xet nhu" sau: tram hiidng cho nang, de co the chim xuong Viec thdng thiidng gida cac qudc gia ke niidc, chinh vi vay nhieu thiidng nhan phia lien la can thiet va khdng the bd qua, Tong da bi lun bai vi nhdng thu doan tren nd dap dng diidc nhu cau trao ddi hang hda Ngay ngiidi dan khe dong Dai Viet, cung cua cii dan va thiidng nhan hai midc dan trd nen khdn kheo khdng that tha, chat Nhiing mud'n tao diidc sii dn dinh, binh phac nhii budi dau nda dang ngoai thiidng gida hai ben, Danh gia ve tac dung tich cdc cua cac Bac djch triidng, ddi vdi viec thdc day sii phat trien nen kinh te' dd'i ngoai cua Quing Tay cac the' ky X-XIII, gidi nghien cdu Trung Quo'c hien cho ring: " Kinh te' xa hdi cua Quing Tay diidng thdi (chi ddi Td'ng-TG) da cd nhiing tiiu ndi bat tren linh vtfc ndng nghiep, thu cdng triidc het p h i i cd mot chinh quyen viing manh, ddc lap, dn dinh ve chinh t r i va an ninh Kinh nghiem cua trieu Ly da minh chdng nhan dinh tren, nhieu vua trieh Tdng da that sii lo sd sdc manh cua trieu Ly, vi vay ho ludn ludn de cao canh giac, tim moi each de ngan c i n ngiidi dan Dai Viet di sau vao noi dja cua trieh Td'ng 38 Nhiing sau da tim hieu nhu cau ngoai thiidng cua cu" dan hai nude, dac biet tai nhdng vung bien giap ranh, trieu Tong cung san sang md cda tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho viec thong thiidng phat trien Thiic te da chdng minh, viec thiet lap cac Bac dich triidng da co tac dung thuc day sii phat trien kinh te, van hoa vdng bien cua hai quo'c gia Dai Viet va Tong Tinh hinh ngoai thiidng diidi trieu Ly da xuat hien nhieu tang Idp thiidng nhan, td tieu thiidng buon ban nho chiem dai da so' tdi thiidng lai ldn, du sdc canh tranh vdi cac cii phd cua Trung Quo'c Mot tang Idp ngiidi ldi dung danh nghia cong sd di buon cung la Rghien ciru Lich sit, so 3.2011 mot liic liidng thiidng nhan dang ke Hien tiidng buon gian ban lan, ep gia, dim gia gidi thvidng nhan cua hai trieu Ly, Td'ng da trd nen thUdng xuyen Trieu dinh trung lidng cua Ly, Td'ng deu da tham gia triic tiep vao viec dieu hanh thi triidng ngoai thvidng, nhii danh thue' hang hoa, ban bd' cac lenh cam budn ban vang bac ngan can viec diia cac hang hoa qui khdi bien gidi Dac biet, trieu Ly tien hanh nhieu bien phap thiet thiic de bao ve quyen ldi thiidng nhan Dai Viet, da nhieu lan cd sd gia sang Td'ng de xac dinh chinh xac can tieu chuan, tranh stf Ida gat budn ban CHU THICH (1) Hoang Xuan Han: Ly Thiidng Kiet-Lich si (5) Chi vua Le Long Dinh, sach Khdm dinh ngoai giao va tong phdi trieu Ly in Tdc phdm Viet sd thdng gidm ciidng muc chep: Thang mua dUdc gidi thiidng Ho Chi Minh Nxb Khoa hoc xa thu (nam Dinh Mui 1007), sQ nha Tdng sang, vua hoi, Ha Noi, 2003, tr 99: phien am If f j la Bac Tdng phong nha vua lam Giao Chi quan vQdng, dich triidng, nghia la cho qudc te Trong cac bd Tii Hnh Hai quan tiet sQ, cho ten la Chf Trung, tr hdi, Tii nguyen deu dUa each phien thiet chQ la 275 Bd cac thiet tdc la Bac, Khang Hy tii dien cdn dQa (6) Ly Dao: Tuc tii tri thdng gidm triidng bien, them each khac la: Ba cac thiet cung doc la Bac quyen 72 Din theo Tieu DQc Hao, Hoang Tranh Nhu vay, chQ If chi cd mot am nha't la bdc, vi (Chu bien): Tuyen tap tii lieu lich sd bien gidi the i f U phai phien am Bdc dich triidng Trung Viet (Iff & » , M # ± * ® & # vdi nghia la ndi (hay trung tam trao dd'i (hang Wi 5& S ft i& m ± m, Nxb Van hien Khoa hoa) Chiing ta cd the dQa nhQng thi du vdi hoc xa hoi, Blc Kinh, 1993, tr 209 chQ bdc nhQ If g (bdc di), 1f ¥ (bdc hoc), If ± (7) Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm ciidng muc; (bdc si), If $5 tif (bdc vdt qudn nghia la vien bao Tap 1, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 274 tang), i l 4- If # (Thdng kim bdc cd) (8) Hoang Xuan Han: Ly Thiidng Kiet-Lich sii (2) Bai Viet sd ky toan thii, Ban dich Nxb ngoai giao vd tdng phdi trieu Ly in Tdc phdm Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ndi, 1993, tap I, tr 317 diidc gidi thiidng Hd Chi Minh Sdd, tr 99-101 (3) Nguyln Van Kim: He thd'ng thUdng cdng (9) Ve viec chi thay ghi chep thQ tich Van Bon qua tii lieu lich sd va khao cd hoc Tap trieu Td'ng, cdn sd lieu trieu Ly chi chep: "Mua chi Khao cd hoc, so 4-2006, tr 46-65 dong thang 10 (nam Thu&n Thien thQ 1012), (4) Ly Dao: Tuc tu tri thdng gidm triidng bien sai Thai bao Dao Thac Phu va Vien ngoai lang Ngd ( f S: S S I $ K Wi), quyeh 78 Xem NhUdng sang nUdc Td'ng de ket hao", xem: Bai Viet them: Co dqi Trung Viet quan he sii tuyen bien, sii ky toan thii, Ban dich, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha (# \\ * & £ I £ m m), tr 241 Noi, 1993, Tap I , tr 243 Phan Huy Chu: Lich Bac dich rniong: quan he buon ban trieu hien chuang loai chi, Tap I , Nxb Giao due, 2007, tr 571 39 (22) Thanh thUc luc, Cao Tong thUc luc (?# 3? Sf m % ft), quyen 235, tr 21 (10) Dan theo: Quach Chan Dac-TrUdng Tieu (23) Theo Hoang Xuan Han: Ta Giang va HQu Mai: Viet Nam Thdng su, te i f i i Nha xuat ban Giang la hai ngudn sdng Tay Giang d Ludng Dai hoc nhan dan Trung Qudc; Bac Kinh, tr 302 Quang HQu Giang phat nguyen tQ Van Nam, chay (11) Hoang Qudc An: Trung Viet quan he sic xudng qua Quang Tay, theo hudng Dong Nam Ta gian bien, ( t $ : te % Jfc j& M £8) Giang phat nguyen tQ chd giap gidi tinh Cao Bang Quang Tay Nhan dan xua't ban xa, 1986, tr 51 va Van Nam, chay qua Cao Bang va Van Nam, (12) Ly Dao: Tuc tie tri thong gidm trudng bien, chay qua Cao Bang, rdi theo chieu Ddng Bac, qua quyen 298 Quang Tay va hop vdi HQu Giang d phia Tay Ung Chau Sdng O Bi (Ky Cung) la mot (13) Tdng Hoi yeu tap cdo, Phien di Dan theo: Tuyen tap tiC lieu lich sic bien gidi Trung Viet,nhanh cua Ta Giang Hai dao Ta Giang va HQu Giang gdm tQ 50 den 60 dong, xem them: Hoang sdd, tr 210 Xuan Han: Ly Thudng Kiet-Lich sit ngoai giao va (14) Chu Khut Phi (?-?), tu la TrUc Phu, ngudi tdng phdi trieu Ly, sdd, tr 81-82 Vinh Gia (nay la On Chau) thuoc tinh Triet Giang, (24) Kien thuy di lai he nien kien luc, quyen dd Tien si nam Long Hung thu nha't (1163) Nam 69 Din theo: Tuyen tap tu lieu lich su" bien gidi Can Dao thQ (1171), giQ chQc Giao thu On Chau, nam sau (1172) chuyen sang lam Giao thu Kham Trung Viet, sdd, tr 210 (25) Nguyln Trai: Du dia chi (ban dich Ha Van chau, Quang Tay, Huyen uy phu Tinh Giang (nay Tan) Nxb SQ hoc, Ha Noi, 1960, tr 50-51 la Que Lam), sau lai giQ chQc Giao thu Kham (26) Chu KhQ Phi: Linh ngoai dqi dap, quyen Chau Sau nam lam quan Quang Tay, trd ve vdi chQc Thdng phan phu Thieu Hung, Triet 7, Sinh kim Giang Trong thdi gian lam quan tai dja phUdng, (27), (29) Chu KhQ Phi Linh ngoai dqi dap, Chu KhQ Phi tQng di tim hieu cac danh lam thing quyen canh Khi ve nghi huu, ong lai tiep tuc dieu tra, (28) Kien thuy dl lai he nien kien luc, quyen khao sat, tim hieu phong tuc, ddi sdng dan cQ vung 69 Din theo: Tuyen tap tu lieu lich sic bien gidi Linh Nam, bien soan cudn Linh ngoai dqi Trung Viet, sdd tr 211 dap, gdm 10 quyen Theo danh gia cua gidi nghien (30) Trdn Ta My: Viec thiet lap Gidm tien cQu Trung Qudc, tac pham cua Chu KhQ Phi da Qudng Tay ddi Td'ng vdi sit phdt trien kinh te cung ca'p nhieu tQ lieu ve nui song, san vat, cd' tich Quang Tdy Tap chi Nghien cdu Ddn tdc hoc cung kinh te, xa hdi, phong tuc, ngQ ngdn ciia cac Qudng Tdy, sd9 nam 2002 (S £ 1:S ft T I dan toe thieu sdvung Linh Nam (15) Hoang Xuan Han ghi la Dinh Nghi Hod, K i& ¥ m % 2002 ^ m) Ly ThUdng Kiet sdd, tr 99 (31) Hoang Hung Ung: Anh hudng cua Bdc (16) Chu KhQ Phi: Linh ngoai dqi dap (M i dich trUdng trai Hoanh Son ddi vdi sU phdt trien #: \X quyen Khdm Chdu Bdc dich kinh te ddn toe Choang Quang Tdy ddi Tdng Hoc trudng m W t t I ; bao Hoc vien Bach Sic, sd nam 2003 (M i t M; (17), (18), (19), (20), (21) Chu KhQ Phi: Linh ngoai dqi dap, quyen 12 «u w & ^ n ^ m, 2003 ¥ m) M ... tai, tuan kiem ven bien kiem quan gid" Cho y theo (12) Nam Chinh Hoa thd 8, ddi vua Td'ng Huy Tong (1118), Quan vien Yen (An) Anh dang ban Ta'u xin vua T6'ng Huy Tong cd quan vien dat chd giao dich... Dai hoc nhan dan Trung Qudc; Bac Kinh, tr 302 Quang HQu Giang phat nguyen tQ Van Nam, chay (11) Hoang Qudc An: Trung Viet quan he sic xudng qua Quang Tay, theo hudng Dong Nam Ta gian bien, (... Quang Tay, Huyen uy phu Tinh Giang (nay Tan) Nxb SQ hoc, Ha Noi, 1960, tr 50-51 la Que Lam), sau lai giQ chQc Giao thu Kham (26) Chu KhQ Phi: Linh ngoai dqi dap, quyen Chau Sau nam lam quan Quang