Bài viết nghiên cứu về mối quan hệ của Đại Việt và Chân Lạp thế kỷ XI-XVI thông qua hoạt động giao bang, triều cống, giao thương của hai nước. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
VE QIJA]\ HE CIJA DAI VIET VA CWiAN LAP yv' THE K Y XI-XVI NGUYfiN T I £ N D C N G * L Quan he Dai Viet - Chan Lap tril6c the ky XI Trong ti§'n trinh lich s^, neu nhU quan hf cua Dai Vift vdi Chan Lap (1) the ky XI - XVI lfi mdi quan hf cd tinh truyen thdng va dien da dang, phQc tap dudi nhieu hinh thQc, dd lfi cac hoat ddng bang giao, "trieu cdng", cac hoat dong giao thUdng, ximg dot quan sU thi quan hf hai nUdc cac the ky VII - X dUdc coi lfi giai doan ban le vfi diy dfi cho giai doan tiep sau Theo cfic nguon thu tich cd' Vift Nam, khdng nhieu vfi kha tan man, chung ta thfi'y rfing Chan Lap lfi quoc gia dUdc viet den tQ rfi't sdm Sfich Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng muc cho ring: "Chdn Lap: Ten nQdc, d ve phia Nam Lam Ap Theo Dudng thU Chan Lap cung cdn goi lfi Cat Mift (Khmer) Chan Lap vo^n xUa la thudc quoc cua Phu Nam, sau nfim T h i n Long (705-706) ddi Dudng, chia Ifim hai: nQa v l phia Bfie cd nhieu ddi nui, goi la Luc Chan Lap, tQc lfi Cao Mien; nila d phia Nam lien bien, nhilu hd, nhilu chim, nen goi lfi Thuy Chan Lap" (2) Ne'u nhu ghi ch6p cua bd chinh sQ Vift Nam cung cfi'p nhQng thdng tin quan ve Chfin Lap cung nhQ sU chia tach giQa hai khu vQc thi cac nguon thQ tich cd' Trung Hoa cung cho biet them nhilu thdng tin cu the v l vQdng quoc nfiy Theo sach Thong chi cua Trinh Tilu (ngQdi ddi Tdng), "Chan Lap thdng hieu vdi Trung Qud'c tQ ddi Tuy (581-617) NQdc nim d phia Tay Nam nUdc Lam Ap vo'n lfi mot nQdc phien thudc cua Phu Nam Cach qufin ly Nhat Nam 60 ngfiy di thuyin Phia Nam giap Xa CQ Phia Tay giap nUdc Chau Giang Vua nUdc fi'y, ho lfi Sat Ldi, ten lfi Chfi't Da Tu Na TQ ddi dng td ciia vi vua nfiy, the nUdc da d i n d i n cUdng thinh Din ddi Chfi't Da Tu Na bdn thdn tinh nUdc Phu Nam Khi Chfi't Da Tu Na chet, dng lfi Y Xa Na Tien len thay kinh thfinh Y Xa Na, dudi cd hai van nha h, thfinh cd mot tda nhfi ldn Dd lfi cho vua coi chiu Vua dQng diu 30 thfinh ldn Mdi thfinh cd vfii ngfin nhfi, vfi deu cd cac bd suy (ngUdi chi huy mot thfinh) Quan chQc cua nQdc l y cung giong nhu d nUdc Lam Ap Vua cua ho ba ngfiy coi chiu mot lin" (3) NhQng thdng tin mfi hai bd cd six ciia Vift Nam vfi Trung Quoc cung d p lfi rfi^t cd gia tri Qua dd, chung ta khdng chi t h i y dUdc thdi gian thfinh lfip quoc gia Chan Lap (vfio cudi the ky thQ VI, d i u the ky thQ VII) cung nhu thdi gian chia tach thfinh * Vifn Danh gia Khoa hoc & Djnh gia Cong nghf - Bp Khoa hpc & Cong nghf 40 hai bd phfin ciia qud'c gia nfiy (vfio d i u the ky thQ VIII) mfi cdn thfi'y dUdc dfic tinh phat trien ciia chung Cd the thfi'y, sau chinh phuc dUdc Phu Nam, xa hoi Chan Lap dudng nhU da hUdng manh de'n sQ thiet lfip mot quoc gia thd'ng nha't Neu nhu cac the ky VII-X, tien trinh lich sil ciia Chan Lap lfi qua trinh hinh thfinh qude gia, sU chia tach dfi't nUdc, rdi tai thdng nhfi't vfi phat trien den dinh cao cua nin vfin minh Angkor huy hofing; thi Vift Nam thdi ky nfiy la qua trinh dfi'u tranh chdng ach dd ho cua nhfi Dudng, tQ nfim 622, nhfi Dudng goi nUdc ta lfi An Nam dfit dUdi sU quan che cua dd ho phu phUdng Bfie Ve sU thay ddi ten goi nUdc ta thdi ky nfiy, tac phim Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Phan Huy Chu da vie't: "Bfii thdng lufin cua sii t h i n ho Ngd (4): Xdt luc dau ddi Dudng chia thien lam 15 dao, la'y da't quan cua nhfi Han Ifim dao Linh Nam, cdn dfi't An Nam dfit Ifim phu dd ho, diu thudc vfio dao Lanh Nam thd'ng tri Den nfim Vu DQc thQ [622] goi lfi Giao Chau TQ ddi Dieu Ld (5) trd ve sau khdng goi la Giao Chau mfi gpi lfi An Nam" (6) Trai qua mdt thdi ky quan hf giQa hai nQdc dien mdt each tQ nhien, den the' ky VIII, lin diu tien Mai Thue Loan cung nhQng ngQdi tham gia khdi nghia da lien ket vdi Chan Lap de chdng lai ach dd hd cua nhfi DQdng Sil cu chep: "Sd nien, hifu Khai Nguyen (713-714), cua Huyen Tdng, soai trudng Giao Chau lfi Mai Thue Loan Ifim phan, hifu xUng la Hfic De, ngofii ket giao vdi quan cua Lam Ap vfi Chan Lap, tfip hdp dUdc 30 van quan si, chiem cQ nQdc An Nam Vua Huyin Tdng ldi chieu sai quan Ta Giam Mdn Vf tudng quan lfi Dudng Tu Mien vfi quan hd lfi Nguyen Sd Khanh qua danh, cQ noi theo dudng cu cua Mfi Vien di tdi pha quan ciia Loan, thau nhQng xac chet dfip gd ldn rdi k6o ve~" (7) Rghito cuu Lich 5i3r 5611.2010 Khdi nghia cua Mai Hfic De chua gianh dUdc thfing ldi cud'i cung nhUng dfi gdp p h i n quan trpng Ifim rung chuyen che dp cai tri cua nhfi Dudng vfi trd thfinh mdt md'c son tien trinh dfi'u tranh cua dan tdc Vift suo't ngfin nfim Bfie thupc Vdi tai nfing vfi nhan quan chinh tri xa rdng, lanh tu cua cupc khdi nghia khdng chi phat huy sQc manh ndi sinh, dofin ket, khdi day tinh t h i n yeu nUdc, sQc manh cua dan tdc Vift mfi cdn tan dung sQc manh ngoai sinh, lien ket vdi Lam Ap, Chan Lap n h i m hd trd dfic iQc cho cong cudc dfi'u tranh Ifit dd fich cai tri cua nhfi Dudng Bude sang the ky IX, md'i lien hf giQa hai nQdc vfin tiep tuc dUdc tri, ring thdi bfi'y gid nUdc ta vfin chiu sU ap che cua nhfi Dudng, vfi sQ dofin cua Chan Lap den Giao Chau lfi de tien cdng chinh quyin dd hp phu Sii cu da ghi lai: 'TrUdng Chau Nguyen trUdc lam An Nam Kinh lUdc phan quan, den ddi vua Hien Tdng, nfim Nguyen Hda thQ (808), ddi Ifim chQc Dd hd Kinh iQdc sQ Cdc nUdc Chiim Thdnh, Chdn Lgp diu lo tien cdng Chieu chet Lieu TQ Hau Ifim vfin te" (8) Viec tien cdng cua Chiem Thfinh cung nhQ Chan Lap khong chi cho thfi'y sQ t h u I n phuc cua hp ddi vdi chinh quyin An Nam dd hd phu, mfi nd cdn cho thfi'y vi tri quan trpng cua Vift Nam thdi ky nfiy - vung dfi't mfi cac chinh the phUdng Bfie ludn coi lfi cvia ngd bang giao va thdng thUdng vd cung cin thilt vdi cac qude gia phUdng Nam Khdng nhQng coi Vift Nam thdi ky nfiy cd vi tri tdi quan trpng Id trinh hai thUdng khu vQc, mfi chinh quyin phQdng Bfie cdn coi nUdc ta cd vi tri trpng ydu vl quan sU, lfi dia bfin de cac chinh the nfiy toan tinh cac nUdc cd chinh trj, quan sU ddi vdi cac qude gia phia Nam dd cd Chan Lap Trong An Nam chi lUOc, Le Tfic viet: vi quan h^ ciin Bai Vi&t "Ddi Dudng, nfim Hpi XUdng thQ (845), tiet muc ndi vl each tuyen cii: "An Nam dUa vfio thi tien si khdng dUdc qua tam ngudi, minh kinh khdng dUdc qua mUdi ngudi" X6t theo phep ddi nhfi Dudng, chQc vu cua cac quan phien trfi'n: Dd hp An Nam vfi Phong Chau cd nhiem vu di phong dudng bg, ddng cho ngUdi Llnh Nam vdo Chdn Lgp mua gidi vd ngUa" (9) SQ triiu cdng vfi thuIn phuc cua Chiem Thfinh cung nhU Chan Lap tiep tuc dUdc tri thdi gian sau nfiy, svt cu cho thfi'y rd dilu dd: "Mfiu Din, (858), DUdng Dai Trung nfim thQ 12, bfi'y gid ddi k6m loan lac lien tiep, nfim khong nop thUdng cung (thUdng cung lfi tiln, lua nop sang kinh sU de cho vua (Trung Quo^c) chi dung, quan khdng cd khao thudng ThQc b i t diu sQa sang vifc thue khda, khao thudng quan linh Chiem Thfinh, Chan Lap deu thdng sQ lai" (10) Vl sU kifn nfiy, sach Khdm dinh Viet sa thong gidm cUOng muc cho bie't them: "Nfim Mfiu Din (858), Giao Chau ba'y gid ludn ddi kdm vfi loan lac, de'n noi hfing nfim khdng cd thue nop len tren, qufin linh khdng cd nao khao thudng VUdng ThQc mdi svta le co'ng, khao cac quan si Td day, cdc nUdc Chiim Thdnh, Chdn Lgp diu sai sd di lgi vd trd lgi nhdng ddn dd cUdp di td trUdc" (11) NhQ vfiy, dudi thdi Bfie thudc, quan hf cua hai nUdc chi thuIn lfi boat dpng hudng vtng quan sQ cua Chan Lap vdi khdi nghia Mai Thue Loan, hay cac boat ddng triiu cd'ng cua Chfin Lap den chinh quyen dd hd phu phQdng Bfie Qua dd cho thfi'y vi tri quan trpng cua Vift Nam khu vQc thdi bfi'y gid II Quan he Dai Viet - Chan Lap the kyXI-XVI Nhu da trinh bfiy d tren, neu nhU quan hf hai nUdc dUdi thdi Bfie thupc dien thuIn dUdi hinh thQc lien minh quan 41 sil hofic cac boat dpng tien cd'ng, thi sau Dai Viet gifinh dUdc ddc lap, quan he hai nUdc dien da dang dUdi nhilu hinh thQc Trong dd, boat dpng thQdng mai dfi dien tQ kha sdm, day cd the chi lfi boat ddng budn ban phi quan phQdng Chinh s^ da chep: "Thang gieng nfim d i u Dai Trung Tudng Phu (1008) Thang 9, Giao Chfiu VUdng tau ndi cd hai ngUdi lai buon Chan Lap, bj Giao Chau sanh true xuat, trd'n den xin nhap tich Ifim dan ban chau Chan Tong ndi: "NgUdi phUdng xa vi cung dudng phai chay den quy phu, xud'ng chieu cfi'p y phuc, tien bac vfi khien sQ dfin v l nQdc" (12) Phai chfing chinh vi cac boat ddng "thUdng mai ngofii ludng" mfi cac lai buon Chan Lap da bi chinh quyen Hoa Lu ngfin cfi'm vfi true xufi't? Dieu dang lUu y lfi, cdc hogt dgng giao thUOng giaa Chdn Lgp vd Dgi Viet khdng phdi Id mdi quan hi mgt chiiu Neu nhU ngudn thu tjch cd Vift Nam phan anh cac boat dpng budn ban "phi quan phUdng" cua ngudi Chan Lap thi ngudn tU lifu vfin bia cua Chfin Lap cung cfi'p thong tin vl cac boat dpng thUdng mai tich cUc ciia thUdng nhan ngUdi Vift d qud'c gia nfiy Npi dung cua mdt tfi'm bia dUng nfim 987 da cho thfi'y dieu dd, "trong mpt bia ky tQ Ban That (cd the lfi Bfin Thfit) dUdc dUng dUdi thdi vua Jayavarman VI (1080-1107) dfi chi rfing thuyen mui (barges - hay cd the lfi xfi lan) (13) dfi boat ddng phd bien d lUu vUc sdng Mekong ThUdng nhan ngUdi Vift dUdc ch6p tfi'm bia Phum Mien (nfim 987) cd the da sQ dung dQdng sdng Mekong de den Chan Lap, hp khdi hfinh tQ Nghf An xuyen qua Hfi Trai, xuoi xudng iQu song Mekong" (14) Trong md'i quan hf da dang, da chilu ciia Dai Vift vdi cac qude gia khu vUc 42 thdi Ly - Tran (the ky XI-XIV), neu nhU quan hf vdi Trung Qude ludn lfi md'i quan he cd tinh truyen thd'ng nhfi't; quan hf vdi Champa ndi trdi v l phUdng difn chinh tri, vfin hda; quan hf vdi Java, Xiem, Tam Phat Tl lai tap trung v l giad thUdng (15) Vay thi, quan hf ciia Dai Vift vfi Chan Lap dien chii yeu tren phUdng difn nfio? Neu chi khao sat cac bp chinh svt, chung ta cd the thfi'y r i n g quan he cua Chan Lap vfi Dai Vift thdi ky chi lfi quan hi chinh tri mgt cdch thuan thdng qua viec cdc phdi dodn triiu cd'ng cua Chdn Lgp tdi Dgi Viet Cd the thfi'y dUdc dilu nfiy, qua nhQng ghi chdp cua Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu: "Nham Ty, (Thufin Thien) nfim thQ (1012), (Tdng Dai Trung Tudng Phu nfim thQ 5), nUdc Chfin Lap den cd'ng" (16); "Gifip Din, (Thufin Thien) nfim thQ (1014), (Td'ng Dai Trung Tudng Phu nfim thQ 7), nUdc Chan Lap sang cd'ng" (17); "Canh Than, (Thufin Thien) nfim thQ 11 (1020), (Td'ng Thien Hy nfim thQ 4) Mua ha, thfing 4, nUdc Chan Lap den cd'ng" (18); "At Silu, (Thufin Thien) nfim thQ 16 (1025), (Td'ng Thien Thanh nfim thQ 3) Mua xuan, thang 2, nQdc Chan Lap sang cd^ng" (19); "Binh Din, (Thufin Thien) nfim thQ 17 (1026), (Td'ng Thien Thanh nfim thQ 4) Mua ddng, thang 11, nUdc Chan Lap sang cd'ng" (20); "Quy Dau, (Thien Thanh) nfim thQ (1033), (Td'ng Minh Dao nfim thQ 2) Mua xuan, thang gieng, nQdc Chan Lap sang cd'ng" (21); "Ky Mao, (Thdng Thuy) nfim thQ (1039), thang 12, nQdc Chan Lap sang cdng" (22); "Binh Than, (Long Thuy Thai Binh) nfim thQ (1056), (Tdng Gia HQU nfim thQ 1) Mua xuan, thfing gieng, nUdc Chan Lap sang cd'ng" (23) Cd the thfi'y ring, dUdi thdi Ly, vdng 183 nfim (tQ nfim 1012 den nfim 1195), Chan Lap cii phai dofin den Dai Vift Rghien ciiu Lich sit s611.2010 triiu cdng 24 lin, dd den Trung Qud'c l i n (24) NhU vfiy, cQ hdn bay nfim, Chan Lap lai den tien cd^ng trieu dinh Dai Vift mdt lan Trong dd cd bd'n lan phai dofin cua Chan Lap den tien cdng hai nfim lien tiep, dd la vfio cac nfim 10251026; 1056-1057; 1134-1135; vfi 1194-1195; cdn khoang thdi gian lau nhfi't giQa hai lin trieu cd'ng lfi 39 nfim (tQ nfim 1153 den nfim 1191) Sd'lUdng thd'ng ke tren cfing trd nen dfing chu y hdn neu dfit sd' l i n trieu cd'ng cua Chfin Lap sU dd'i sanh vdi sd lan tien cd'ng cua Champa de'n Dai Vift dudi thdi Ly Chi tinh rieng dudi thdi Ly, Champa tien co^ng Dai Viet 22 l i n (25), nhU vfiy cd nghia lfi sd' l i n tien cdng cua Chan Lap den triiu dinh nhfi Ly cdn nhilu hdn ca sd l i n tien cdiig cvta Champa - mdt qude gia cd nhieu mdi quan hf mfit thiet ca tren phUdng difn chinh trj, vfin hda vdi Dai Vift thdi ky nfiy Tuy nhien, mdt dfic diem mfi chung tdi cin nhfi'n manh them lfi, ghi chdp rfi't chung chung v l mdi quan hf bang giao - triiu cdng cua Dai Vift vdi nhilu qudc gia khu vUc thdi ky (26), dd cd Chan Lap lfi dilu de nhfin thfi'y khao sat ngudn chinh sQ cvta Vift Nam Vfi svl cu chi chdp lfi cd phai dofin cua Chan Lap den cd'ng, nhUng dfin diu, cdng phim lfi gi vfi sd lUdng bao nhieu thi khdng dUdc ghi chep cu the Dilu thfit sU tao nen rfi't nhilu khd khfin cho chung tdi vifc phac dUng lai mdt each chan thUc vfi chi tilt hdn nQa v l quan hf chinh trj - bang giao giQa hai nUdc dUdi thdi Ly SQ khd khfin vifc khai thac ngudn chinh svf it di nUdc, bupc chung tdi phai tiep cfin vfi'n de dUdi nhilu gdc dp vfi ap dung phUdng phap nghien cQu lien ngfinh, dd, ngudn thU tjch cd cua Trung Qudc la ngudn bd trd quan trpng Vfi di sau phan tich vfi lien ket cac sQ kifn mdt each cd hf thdng, chung tdi t h i y ring Ve quan he ci^a Bai Viel chfic hfin sd lUdng cdng phim cua Chan Lap den chinh quyin Thfing Long phai nhieu vfi phong phu Chinh vi the mfi cfic phai bd Chan Lap mdi dUdc vUdng triiu Ly ddn tiep trpng thj Todn thU viet: "Mfiu Tufi't, (Hdi Tudng Dai Khfinh) nfim thQ (1118), (Tdng Trung Hda nfim thQ 1) Thfing 2, sQ nUdc Chan Lap sang chiu Dfit le yen tifc mua Xuan vfi md hdi khanh thfinh bay bao thfip Bfi'y gid xudng chieu cho HQu ty bfiy nghi trQdng d dien Linh Quang, dfin sQ gia den xem" (27) Nhfin dinh nfiy cfing dUdc thfi'y ro hdn chung ta dfit sU tien cd^ng cua Chfin Lap ddi vdi Dai Vift tUdng quan so sanh vdi sU tien cdng cua qudc gia nfiy de'n nhfi Td'ng (Trung Qudc) hay mdi quan hf bang giao vdi Champa Sach Vdn hii'n thong khdo ciia tac gia Ma Doan Lfim (1245-1322) da chep lai ring: "Nudc fi'y (Chan Lap - TG chu) xUa cung vdi Chiem Thfinh lfi lang giing hda hao, tue cd'ng vdng nghin lang Ngfiy r i m thang nfim, nfim thQ tU nien hifu ThuIn Hy (nfim 1177 - TG chu), chua Chiem Thanh dem binh thuyin danh up kinh dd nude fi'y Nude fi'y the phai bfio thu Nfim Ky Mui nien hifu Khanh Nguyen (nfim 1199 TG chu), cQ dai quan xam nhap Chiem Thanh, lai lfip ngUdi Chan Lap lfim chua Chiem Thfinh Nay cung lfi thudc qudc cua Chan Lap" (28); "Nfim thQ sau nien hieu Khanh Nguyen, phu Khanh Nguyen ndi vua nUdcfi'ylen ngdi Nfim thQ hai mUdi sai sd ddng bieu cd'ng voi td't hai cung sdn vdt dia phuong Chieu ban xuo'ng bao dap hp Uu hfiu vfi du r i n g nUdc fi'y vd'n phai vUdt dudng bien xa xdi, tQ vl sau mien phai vfio cd'ng nop" (29) Cdn theo sach ChU phien chi cua Trifu NhQ Quat: "Nudc (Chan Lap - TG chu) vo'n giao hieu vdi nUdc Chiem Thfinh hfing nfim co'ng vfing" (30) 43 Khdng nhQng vfiy, vdi each nhin dd'i sanh dfit Dai Vift, Champa va Chan Lap nhQng mdi tUdng tac chi'nh trj phQc tap thdi bfi'y gid, chung ta khdng chi p h i n nfio cd the lien tQdng den sd'lQdng, quy mo cua cd'ng phim mfi cdn tha'y dUdc mpt p h i n nguyen nhan mfi chi'nh quyen Chan Lap cii phai dofin de'n triiu dinh nhfi Ly Dilu nfiy dung nhU nhin nhfin cua hpc gia D.G.E Hall qua tham khao, phan tich cac tfii lifu bia ky va thU tich cd v l Khmer: "Vifc chinh phuc Champa la thfinh tvtu quan sQ ldn nhfi't cua trieu dinh Jayavarman (tQc nfim 1199 - TG chu) DQc vua ra't kien tri vfi thfin trpng vifc chuan bj hfinh ddng bao thu, thdm chi dd ca sd thdn dem qud di thdm vua Dgi Viet nhdm bdo ddm sU trung lap cua Dgi Viet" (31) Su kifn chinh tri quan sU tUdng Qng vdi ghi chdp cua chinh svf Vift Nam vl cac lin triiu cdng cua Chan Lap den chinh quyen Thfing Long vfio cac nfim 1191, 1194 vfi 1195; phai chfing de tranh thu dUdc stl trung lfip cua Dai Viet chfic b i n cd'ng phfim cua Chfin Lap mang sang tien cdng phai rfi't cd gia trj? Ben canh dd, phai chfing chinh tinh each phdng khoang va thai dp cdi md cua triiu Ly khie'n khdng chi gidi quy tdc Trung Qud'c, Champa mfi ca gidi quy tdc Chan Lap cung coi Dai Viet lfi dia diem lUu tru ly tudng, lfi mdi trUdng thufin ldi de phfit trien cfic hoat ddng kinh te Cd the thfi'y dUdc sU kifn dd nhilu l i n qua cfic bd chinh sii Dd'i vdi Chan Lap, vfio nfim: "Giap Thin, (Thien Phu Duf Vu) nfim thQ (1124), (Td'ng Tuyen Hda nfim thQ 6) Mua ha, thang 4, ngUdi nUdc Chan Lap la Kim Dinh A Truyin cung ngQdi gia ddng sang quy phu" (32) Qua nghien cQu cua minh, hpc gia H Maspero cung da cung cfi'p nhQng chi tilt rfi't ro rfing ve sQ kien nay: "Thvtc vfiy, vfio nfim 1023 vfi 1024, nUdc Dai 44 Rghi^ ciju Lich sit s611.2010 Vift khong ngQng cho tru ngu nhQng toan ngUdi Cao Mien hay ngUdi Chfim tim each I n nfiu tren lanh thd cvta minh" (33) Chung ta se thfi'y so' l i n trieu cd'ng cua Chan Lap den vUdng triiu Ly qua bang thdng ke hd cua nhfi Dudng, vfio d i u t h l ky thQ VIII, ngUdi Chfin Lap mang quan sang lien minh, hudng Qng, thi cudc khang chien cho'ng Td'ng, Chan Lap cung vdi Champa lien k i t vdi chinh quyen phUdng Bfie, hdng tao nen mpt mui gifip cdng tQ Bang 1: Thdng ke cac phai doan trieu cdng ciia Chan Lap den Dai Vift d\idi thdi Ly (84) STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Th6i gian Thang chap nfim 1012 1014 1020 1025 1026 1033 MQa dong, thang chap nfim 1039 1056 MQa thu, thang nfim 1057 1069 1072 Thang nfim1086 Thang chap nfim 1088 1095 1118 1120 1123 1126 MQa xuan, thang nfim 1134 1135 MQa xuan, thang nfim 1153 1191 MQa dong nfim 1194 1195 Tuy nhien, quan hf cua Chan Lap vdi Dai Vift thdi Ly khdng chi cd quan he chinh trj - bang giao thdng qua cac hoat ddng triiu cd'ng ThQc te ljch s^ cho thfi'y, Chan Lap da tQng la nUdc chu ddng dem quan sang tfi'n cdng p h i n Ifinh thd cUc Nam cua qud'c gia Dai Viet thdi bfi'y gid Dilu dang chu y lfi, neu nhU cudc khdi nghia cvta Mai Thue Loan chdng lai ach dd Ngufdi dan dau Khong ro ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Hai ngudi Bfi la mdn ? ? ? ? 7 7 phia Nam V l sU kifn nfiy, nhieu bp thQ tjch cua nUdc ta deu ghi rd Trong dd, sfich Lich trieu hien chUOng logi chi cua Phan Huy Chu cho biet cu t h l vfi chi tiet them: "Nfim thQ [1076], thang (35), nhfi Tdng sai Quach Quy lam Chieu thao sQ, Trifu Tilt lfim phd, hdp vdi qufin Chiem Thfinh, Chan Lap xam iQdc nUdc ta Vudng An Thach nhfi Tdng nghe tin chau Kham, chau V& quan h& ciia Bai Viel 45 phd Ly Cd^ng Binh dem cfic quan chQc dd cung ngQdi chau Nghf An di danh Ngfiy Quy Hdi, Ly Cdng Binh danh bai ngQdi Chan Lap d ben Ba Diu, bfit dUdc chu tudng vfi quan linh ThU bfio thfing trfin cua Ly Cdng Binh den kinh sU" (42); "Ngfiy Mfiu Thin (1128), vua ngU den hai cung Thai Thanh, Canh Linh vfi cfic chua quan thfinh de le ta dn Phfit vfi Dao da giup nglm cho Cdng Binh danh dUdc ngUdi Chan Lap Thang (1128), Ly Cong Binh dem quan ve kinh sU, dang tu 169 ngQdi" (43) "(Thang 8, nfim 1128) NgUdi Chdn Lgp vdo cUdp hUOng Dd Gia (44) d chdu Nghe An, cd de'n hcfn 700 chii'c thuyin Xud'ng chieu sai bpn Nguyen Hfi Viem d Thanh Hda vfi DQdng O d chau fi'y dem quan danh, pha dQdc Chau Nghf An df Su td'n cdng cua Chdn Lgp vdo phdn Idnh tau mdt phong qudc thQ cua nQdc Chan thd phia Nam cua Dgi Viet luon ndm xen ke Lap, xin sai ngUdi sang sQ nQdc fi'y Vua vdi cdc ldn trieu cd'ng cua nUdc ndy din khdng tra ldi" (45) Chi vdng khoang chinh quyen Thdng Long, dieu ndy cho thdy thang, Chfin Lap dfi hai lin mang quan mdi quan hi phdc tgp, cung nhU tinh chdt sang xfim Ifi'n Dai Vift vdi sd lUdng kha ldn lien minh long leo cua cdc thUc thi chinh tri - l i n mdt lfi hdn van ngUdi, l i n hai lfi 700 trin bdn ddo Ddng DUOng thdi ky ndy Chi chien thuyin, dilu nfiy vQa cho thfi'y tiem khong lau sau trieu cdng Dai Vift nfim lUc quan sU cua qudc gia nfiy, ddng thdi vQa 1126, den nfim 1128, Chfin Lap da dem cho phdp chung ta lien tudng ring, chfic quan xam pham vung dfi't Nghf An Vl sU hfin giao thong thuy bd cua hai nUdc phai kien nfiy, Viet Sa lUOc ghi chdp lai ring: ra't thuan ldi cho nen hp mdi nhanh chdng "Nfim Mfiu Than, hieu Dai Thufin nfim dau lUu chuyen mpt lUdng quan ldn nhU vfiy (1128), Chan Lap den cUdp d chfiu Nghf An Ben canh dfi'y, mpt chi tilt cung ra't dfing Thang 2, Chan Lap den cUdp d Nghf An, chu y la, chi khdng lau sau cudc xung dot vua sai Thai phd Nguyen (Ly) Binh Cdng quan sQ nfim 1128, Chan Lap lai sai sQ gia danh dep, bfit dUdc tUdng cua nd rdi ve" (41) dang qud'c thU len chinh quyin Thfing Long Sfich Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU vilt cu the vfi xin nhfi Ly sai sQ gia sang nUdc hp hdn v l cudc tfi'n cdng nfim 1128, chi Hfinh ddng sai sQ gia dang qudc thU vfi xin mdt nfim, Chan Lap da hai lan dem quan Dai Vift cii sQ gia sang nUdc minh cua Chan sang tfi'n cdng vung bien vien phia Nam Lap dUdc coi lfi hfinh ddng xin nghj hda vfi cua nhfi Ly: "Mfiu Than, Thien Thufin nfim tfii thiet lfip quan hf bang giao Day la hanh thQ (1128), (Td'ng Kien Viem nfim thQ 2) dpng thUdng thfi'y d mpi cupc chie'n, Ngfiy Giap Din, thang 1, hOn vgn ngUdi nhien, tiep cfin vfi'n d l d gdc dp khac thi cin Chdn Lgp vdo cUdp bin Ba Ddu d chdu thfi'y dUdc ring, chinh sU "im Ifing" vfi khdng Nghi An Xudng chieu cho Nhap ndi thai Liem bj ba, da khong vui, lai dUdc dem td id bd (36) cua ta ndi: "Nhfi Tdng dfit phep mieu (37) vfi mien djch (38) lfim cho nhfin dan khdn cung, ta dem qufin de cQu vdt", VUdng An Thach lai cfing them gifin, mdi sai Thien chUdng dai che lfi Trieu Tilt lfim Chieu thao sQ dem quan tie'n danh ta Trifu Tilt ndi: "Quach Quy thao vifc ngofii bien, xin de Quy lfim chanh sQ, Tilt xin lfim phd" Vua Tdng nghe theo, sai thodng linh tQdng quan hop vdi hai nUdc Chiem Thdnh, Chdn Lgp xdm lUOc nUdc ta Vua sai Ly ThQdng Eaet ddn danh qufin Tdng d song NhU Nguyft (39), pha tan, quan Tdng chet hdn 1000 ngudi Quach Quy rut lui, lai Ifi'y cfic chau Quang Nguyen cua ta" (40) 46 tra ldi cua ngUdi dQng dIu cvta chinh quyen Thfing Long dUdng nhU vQa cho tha'y thai dp "gian dii" nhUng ddng thdi cung cho thfi'y vj the b l tren cua mdt "thien triiu" Dd'i vdi Chan Lap thdi ky nay, theo nhilu nhfi nghien cQu, vj vua Surayavarman II (elm quyin: 1130 - 1150) lfi mdt nhiing vi vua manh nhfi't lich sQ Khmer Theo quan diem cua Coedes: "Vifc vua len elm quyin trQng hdp vdi sQ qua ddi cua Jaya Indravarman II cua Champa vfi Kyanzitha cua Pagan Stl hieu bie't td't hdn vl md'i quan hf giQa cfic nUdc nfiy cd the se cho tha'y mdt md'i lien hf nhan qua giQa vifc bien mfi't cua hai nhfi vua manh vfi vifc chie'm quyIn cua mdt nhfi vua ngUdi Khmer diy tham vpng, cd kha nfing dfinh ca sang Dong vfi sang Tay" (46) Vifc ddnh sang phia Ddng cvta nhfi vua Surayavarnman phai chfing ben canh muc tieu chinh lfi vUdng qudc Champa cdn lfi vung Ifinh thd Nghe An cua Dai Vift Cd the thfi'y rd dilu nfiy, vi chi 20 nfim d m quyin cua dng vua nfiy, theo chinh sQ Vift Nam, Chan Lap dfi lan tfi'n cdng sang Dai Vift vfio cac nfim 1132; 1137;1149 vfi 1150 Chung ta cd the thfi'y cac ddt tfi'n cong cua Chan Lap Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU: "Nham Ty, Thien Thufin nfim thQ (1132), (Tdng Thifu HUng nfim thQ 2) Thang 8, Chan Lap vfi Chiem Thfinh den cudp chau Nghf An Xud'ng chieu cho Thai uy DUdng Anh Nhi dem ngudi d phu Thanh Hda vfi chau Nghf An di danh quan Chan Lap vfi Chiem Thfinh, pha tan Thfing 9, Lfnh hda d i u d Phung vf la Dinh NgUu dang voi tring Lfnh thU gia chau Nghf An lfi T r i n L\i\i dang ba ngUdi Chiem Thanh TrUdc day, bpn ngUdi nfiy thudng an na'p d chd hiem yeu, bfit ngudi chau Nghf An dem ban cho nUdc Chan Rghien cijru Lich sit s611.2010 Lap, LUu dfit phuc binh d chd fi'y, b i t dUdc dem dang" (47) Su tfi'n cdng cua Chfin Lap sang Ifinh thd Dai Vift dUdi thdi vua Surayavarman II vfi cac ddi vua ke tuc cdn tiep tuc vfio cfic nfim 1137, 1149, 1150, 1216 vfi 1218 (48) Nhu vfiy, chi 142 nfim, Chfin Lap da l i n dem quan sang tfi'n cdng Nghf An cua vUdng trieu Ly (vung bien vien phia Nam cQ trung binh gin 16 nfim lin) Trong dd, cd nfim Chfin Lap dem quan den tfi'n cdng hai l i n (1128) hofic dem quan de'n hai nfim lien tiep (nfim 1149 vfi 1150), khoang thdi gian Ifiu nhfi't giQa hai cupc tan cdng lfi 66 nfim (tQ nfim 1150 den 1216), vfi cd nhQng l i n cd quy md khfi ldn (dd la hai lan nfim 1128) Dilu dfing chu y lfi, chi tinh rieng dQdi thdi Ly, Chan Lap la nQdc kdo quan sang cQdp pha Dai Vift nhilu nhfi't, tUdng quan so sanh vdi l i n xam lUdc cua nhfi Torig (nfim 1076 vfi 1077) va l i n tfi'n cdng cua Champa (49) Trong dd cd l i n Chan Lap lien quan vdi Champa vfio cfic nfim 1076; 1132; 1216 vfi 1218 cung nhu cd l i n lien quan vdi ca nhfi Td'ng vfi Champa (nfim 1076) Dieu dfing chu y hdn lfi, ca l i n dem quan den Dai Viet cua Chan Lap, quan dpi nUdc nfiy chi cUdp phfi Nghf An Mpt cau hdi dUdc dfit ra, tai Chan Lap lai chi tfi'n cdng vfio vung dfi't nfiy mfi khdng phai lfi cac vung lanh thd khac cua qudc gia Dai Vift? Ben canh dd, cung cd mdt vfi'n d l nQa la, vfiy thi dudi thdi Ly, quan hf giQa Chan Lap vdi Dai Vift chi dien tren cfic phQdng difn chinh trj bang giao vfi xung dot quan sU hay cdn cd nhQng boat dpng khac? Svl ghi chdp it di cfic bd chinh sU khdng the hifn rd v i n de nfiy Hifn nay, vdi nhQng thfinh tQu nghien cQu mdi cung sQ trQdng thfinh cua nhieu ngfinh khoa hpc, cfic hpc gia vfi V^quan M ciin Bai Vi^l ngofii nUdc ngfiy cfing chQng minh vai trd quan trpng cua vung dfi't Nghf - H n h hf thdng thUdng mai Bien Ddng giai doan sdm, dfic bift lfi cac the ky XI-XIV (50) Vifc Chan Lap lien tuc cii cac phai dofin den triiu cdng Dai Vift, xen ke vdi cfic cudc cUdp pha cua qudc gia nfiy ddi vdi vung dfi't Nghf An lfi nhQng sQ kien lien quan mfit thiet vdi Neu nhQ dudi thdi Bfie thudc, "nhQng khd khfin giao thdng cua vjnh Bfie Bp (do nhQng tang da n i m dpc ven bien vjnh Bfie Bd can trd trUdc dUdc Thfii thu Cao Biln khfic phuc - TG chu) tao dieu kifn de mien Trung Vift Nam, p h i n lanh thd thudc Nghf - Tinh ngfiy nay, cd vj tri quan trpng tuyen giao thUdng dUdng bien cvta khu vUc" (51) Sau Dai Vift gianh dUdc ddc lfip (nfim 938), vj tri dfi'y tiep tuc dUdc cung cd, "Miin Trung Vift Nam la c^a ngd cho cac boat ddng giao thUdng dUdng thuy khu vQc, ndi mfi h i u het thQdng nhfin, khach hfinh hQdng vfi cac dofin triiu cdng dfit chan tdi trQdc theo dQdng sdng den Giao Chi (Vift, Giao Chau)" (52) Quan diem cung dUdc nhfi nghien cQu Nhfit Ban Momoki Shiro chia se: "Khi nghien cQu v l ngoai thQdng vfi tuyen budn bfin giQa Dai Vift vdi cac qud'c gia lang giing Ddng Nam A, cung nen tfip trung vfio vung lanh thd cQc Nam cua Dai Vift tQc la hai tinh Dien Chau (thudc Ddng Bfie cua tinh Nghf An hifn nay) vfi Nghf An (gpi lfi Hoan Chau cho den tfin diu thdi Ly, bao gdm phin cdn lai cua Nghf An vfi Hfi 'Rnh) Ngfiy nay, vung Nghf - Tinh dQdc ghi nhfin lfi khu vQc ndng nQc, hfiu mua he kho hanh, lut ldi thudng xuyen dien vfio mua Thu khien cho san xufi't ndng nghifp gfip nhilu khd khfin NhUng, thdi ky Dai Vift, day vo'n lfi mdt khu vQc budn bfin gifiu cd ndi ngQdi Hoa, ngUdi Chfim, ngudi IQimer thUdng tu hdi ve Tuyen budn bfin the 47 ky 'VIII cua nha Dudng bfing qua day TrUdng Sdn den Luc Chan Lap (vj tri cai trj cvta vung Nam Lao vfi Ddng Bfie Thfii Lan ngfiy nay) diu dUdc bfit d i u tQ Nghf - Tinh" (53) Chfic hfin, Chan Lap cin mdt dQdng thdng bien tQ phia Bfie de giao lUu vdi cac qudc gia khu vQc Dudi each nhin ciia chinh quyin Thfing Long thdi ky nfiy, vung da't Nghf - Tinh giQ vj tri rfi't quan trpng v l chinh trj vfi quan sQ Khdng phai ngfiu nhien mfi chinh svl Vift Nam cho biet lfi trieu Ly da cv( sd' tri chau de'n vung dfi't Dilu dfic bift hdn lfi, nfim 1037, trieu dinh dfi "xudng chilu cho chau Nghf An dtlng cac kho d cac chau TQ Thfinh, Ldi Nhan, Vinh Phong, 50 cd sd" (54) Dfing tiec lfi, chinh sil khdng ghi ro chi tiet, cu the 50 kho mfi chinh quyin nhfi Ly xay dQng lfi 50 kho gi, dd cd the la kho phuc vu cho mvtc dich quan sQ nhQng phai chfing dd cung cd the la 50 kho hang phuc vu cho cac boat dpng giao thQdng? Theo each nhin nhfin cua nhfi nghien cQu Li Tana thi, "mien Trung Vift Nam ddng thdi ddng vai trd ciu nd'i giQa Campuchia vfi Nam Trung Hoa Dilu nfiy giup chung ta giai thich tai cac vj vua Khnier thUdng gQi cdng p h i m den Dai Vift (19 lin) nhilu hdn din nhfi Tdng (5 lin)" (55) Tuy nhien, nhU dfi trinh bfiy d tren (xin xem bang 1), thdng ke cfic phfii dofin triiu cdng cua Chan Lap den trilu Ly qua hai bd chinh svt Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU vfi Viet sa lupc, chung tdi thfi'y r i n g sQ dofin Chan Lap din Dai Vift 24 l i n thay vi 19 l i n nhu sd lifu ma hai nhfi nghien cQu Li Tana vfi Momoki Shiro dfi dUa Cdn theo nghien cQu cvta D.G.E Hall, "ke tQ sau Jayavarman, Suyavarman II lfi vua Campuchia dfi lfip quan hf ngoai giao vdi Trung Qudc (tQc nhfi Tdng: 960-1279, TG chu) Phfii bd sQ t h i n d i u tien cvta vua dfi dQdc tiep ddn vao nfim 1116 Phai bd thQ 4S hai den vfio nfim 1120 Tfim nfim sau dd, phai bp thQ ba den, hofing de da phong tudc hifu cao cho "vua Chan Lap" TQ nfim 1136 den 1146 da cd cac cudc thao luan v l nhQng khd khfin thQdng mai vfi nhQng khd khfin dd da dQdc giai quyet mdt each hda binh" (56) Neu nhU phai dofin eua Chfin Lap de'n nhfi Td'ng chi cd lin, thi cd nghia lfi sd' lan mfi sQ dofin cvta nQdc nfiy den Dai Vift khoang thdi gian nfiy gfi'p gin lin Vfiy mdt cau hdi dUdc dfit la, tai cfic sQ bp Chan Lap lai den trilu cd'ng Dai Vift nhilu hdn den nhfi Tdng nhilu nhU vfiy vfi nhQng khd khfin thUdng mai dUdc giai quylt hda binh nhu t h l nfio? O mdt chQng mile nfio day, nhQng gia thuyet vfi kiln giai cua nhfi nghien cQu Li Tana khdng ban lfi khdng cd ly Phai chfing chinh cac boat ddng chinh trj - bang giao cd moi lien hf cQc ky mfit thiet vdi cac boat dpng ngoai thQdng, vfi "sQ bd cfic nUdc lang gieng den Dai Vift dUdc de cfip tren day phai la ngudn ldi thiet yeu vfi de dam bao cho sU lien tuc cua nd, nhQng nd lUc dang ke dUdc tfing cUdng nhim quan ly cfic vung bien vien vfi cac mang lUdi buon ban mfi chung vo'n lfi mpt bp phfin" (57) Khdng nhQng vfiy, trd lai vdi l i n Chan Lap dem quan den tfi'n cdng Nghf An, chung ta thfi'y r i n g ben canh muc tieu cUdp phfi ngudn tfii nguyen tUdng doi phong phu cua vung dfi't nfiy, gidi elm quyen Chan Lap cdn kbfit khao mud'n nfim riQ mpt vung hai cang quan trpng, mdt cvta ngd thiet yeu de qud'c gia nfiy dU nhfip vfio mang lUdi thUdng mai Bien Ddng giai doan sdm Ddng thdi, ngudn chinh svt Vift Nam lfi Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU cdn ghi chdp mdt sU kifn rfi't dang chu y vfio nfim 1132, dd lfi vifc vien quan T r i n LUu bfit giQ ba ngUdi Champa, nhQng ngUdi mfi trUdc dd dfi bfit ngudi Nghe An dem ban cho Chfin Lap Su giao djch, mua ban ngUdi len lut cua Rghien curu Lich sit s611.2010 Champa vfi Chan Lap cho thfi'y boat dpng thUdng mai ngofii ludng cvta hai quo'c gia nfiy tren Ifinh thd Dai Vift SU kifn nfiy trd nen cd y nghia, dfit nd bd'i canh cac boat dpng budn bfin nd If d vung bien Giao Chau sud't cfic t h l ky XI-XIV, mfi theo nhu quan diem cvta Li Tana cung nhu Momoki Shiro, Dai Vift dfi tham gia mang lUdi budn bfin nfiy, it nhfi't lfi vdi vai trd cua mdt dja diem trung gian (58) Va nhu vfiy, phai chfing tai Nghf An cd the da tQng hinh thfinh cfic boat ddng buon ban, trao ddi nd If? Neu nhu dudi thdi Ly, chinh svf cd ghi chdp v l quan hf chinh tri - bang giao, cung nhu cac cupc xung dot cua Chan Lap vdi Dai Vift, thi sang thdi Trin, bd chinh sii Vift Nam lfi Dgi Viet sic ky todn thU khdng ghi chdp mdt chut nfio v l quan hf chinh trj - bang giao cvta Dai Vift vfi Chan Lap dUdi trilu dai nfiy Su khan hilm ciia cac ngudn sQ lifu, tao nen khoang trdng v l nhfin thQc quan hf Dai Vift vfi Chan Lap hai the ky XIII-XIV Cung cd mpt diem tUdng ddng kha thu vj lfi, trai vdi cfic bd chinh svt khac cua Trung Qudc, Nguyin sa bd chinh svt ciia nhfi Nguyen (1279-1368) cung khdng cd mdt ghi chdp nao v l cac phai dofin cua Chan Lap thUdng tien vUdng trilu Neu dfit Chan Lap vfio boi canh chinh trj khu vvtc, cung nhU cac boat ddng thUdng mai kha nhdn nhjp d Bien Ddng thi thfit khd cd the coi dfiy lfi vfi'n d l cd tinh sat thvfc Dilu trd nen cd y nghia hdn, khao sat lai cac bd thU tjch cd Trung Qudc, chung tdi tha'y r i n g chinh Nguyin sa mfic du khdng ghi lai sQ tie'n cdng cua Chan Lap den qudc gia cua hp, nhUng lai ch6p mdt svf kifn dd lfi: 'Thfing 12 (nfim 1282 - TG chu), sa gid di chiiu du Chdn Lgp lfi Tdc Ld Man xin di chieu du vua Chiem, bdn lai cung bpn Thien Hvfu vfi Gia HQu de'n phu du" (59) Svf kifn nfiy phan anh vifc sQ gia nhfi vi quan h& da Bai Viel Nguyen di chieu du vua Chiem Thanh, nhQng dilu cin nhfi'n manh lfi, trUdc dd kbdng lau chinh vj sQ gia dd da di chieu du Chan Lap, dilu cd nghia lfi du tie'p can dQdi gdc dp nfio thi rd rfing lfi vfin cd nhQng tiep xuc mang t i m qudc gia giQa trilu dinh nhfi Nguyen vfi Chan Lap thdi ky nfiy Ddng thdi, chinh cudn sfich Chdn Lgp phong thd ky cung vdi tac gia cua nd Chu Dat Quan - ngQdi da tham gia phai bd cua Chan Lap cac nfim 1296-1297, tvf than svf kifn cung cho thfi'y boat ddng chinh trj - bang giao cua nhfi Nguyen vdi Chan Lap vfio cud'i the ky XIII Vfi'n d l dQdc he Id them chut it nQa chung ta thfi'y ring, vfio nQa cud'i the ky XIV, theo Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU thi mdt sd cvta bien vung Nghf - Tinh bj can nen kbdng thufin tifn cho thuyin be neo dau nQa Vi the, cfic thUdng thuyin p h i n nhieu tu tfip ve Van Ddn Dilu tfi't yeu dfin den lfi, cac cQa bien nfiy khdng cdn lfi cQa ngo thdng thUdng ly tudng cho Chan Lap, khien cho gidi d m quyin nUdc nfiy khong coi vung dfi't Nghf - Tinh lfi dja bfin hUdng bien chiln lUdc cua minh Do vay, sud't the ky XIII vfi nQa d i u the ky XIV, khdng cd mdt ghi chdp nfio v l qud'c gia nay? Dilu nfiy khdng hfin khdng cd ly, nhien, nhu chung tdi dfi trinh bay d cac bfii nghien cQu trUdc (60), khao sat lai Vdn ddi logi ngd cua Le Quy Ddn, tai quyen III, p h i n Khu vd ngd (phin nfiy Le Quy Don sUu tfip mdt cfich rdng rfii vfi phong phu nhQng sQ lifu cua Trung Qud'c ndi v l cac chau, qufin, song nui, san vfit, phong tuc cua Vift Nam qua cfic thdi), tai dilu 77, dng dfi chdp lai mdt svf kifn rfi't dfing chu y; "Ddi nhfi Trin, thuyin buon thdng thUdng cac nUdc; nhU vdc doan cua cac nUdc Tay DUdng; vai hoa, trfin chau, canh tra, kim la (thanh la) cua Trfi Vfi; gdm, chim Ung, cd sdu, da te, ngd voi, trdm hUOng, bgch ddn cua Mien, Lfio, 49 khdng thieu thQ gi; diu la nhQng thQ ddi sau it cd" (61) Dilu cho thfi'y la, mfic du chinh svf khdng ghi chdp chi tiet, cu the v l quan hf bang giao - trilu cdng giQa Dai Viet vfi Chan Lap dQdi thdi Trin; nhvfng cung vdi Java, Lao vfi cac qudc gia Tay DQdng (62) thl hoat ddng giao thUdng mang tinh qudc gia giQa Dai Vift va cac nUdc vfin dien Ben canh dfi'y, sach Dgi Viet sit ky todn thu cung cho biet r i n g "dang vfit quy (tiln cd'ng) de xin buon ban" lfi boat ddng thUdng thfi'y cvta cfic nUdc den Dai Vift dUdi thdi Ly vfi ca thdi Trin Do vfiy, quan he thuong mgi vd quan he chinh tri • ngogi giao cd mdi liin he mfit thie't vdi nhau, dilu nfiy khien chung ta it nhieu cd nhQng lien hf gdi md den quan hf bang giao - trilu cdng cua Dai Vift vfi Chan Lap thdi nhfi Trin DQdi thdi Le sd hai the ky XVXVI, thQ tjch cd Viet Nam cung khdng ghi chep nhilu v l Chan Lap, p h i n Khu vu nga, dilu 96, sach Vdn ddi logi nga ciia nhfi sQ hpc Le Quy Ddn tiep tuc cho biet: "Du dd nUdc ta: Ddng nam tfin bien, chinh Ddng giap Kham Chau, Liem Chau; chinh Bfie lien vdi Quang Tay; chinh Tay liln vdi Van Nam; Tfiy (bfie) gifip vdi Van (Nam), Quang (Quang Ddng, Quang Tay); Tay Nam mdt ben giap Ai Lao; chinh Nam cdt mgt naa nUdc Chiim Thdnh, n i m vQng nui non, rfing bupc sdng bien, thvfc lfi mdt nQdc cd du tQ tfii Phia Tay nam la hai trfi'n Thanh Hoa vfi Nghf An, san xufi't gd lim, go sen, go tau, qui, trim, dfin hQdng, tQc hQdng, cau, da te, ngfi voi, vfing, bac, ddng, sfit Phia Tdy trd'n Nghe An, thdng sang cdc nUdc Bdn Man, Lao Qua, Cao Mien Ddn cdc nUdc dy dem trdu bb sang bdn cho ta" (63) IQid khfin cho chung tdi sii dung sach Vdn Ddi logi ngd cua nhfi bac hpc Le Quy Ddn dd lfi, tfip dai cua tac gia lfi cdng trinh mang tinh td'ng hdp vfi p h i n viet vl ljch svt khdng t h u I n theo 50 the biin niin Chinh vi the, sQ dung chung tdi phai tien hfinh thao tie kiem chQng svf kifn bet sQc can trpng de giam djnh khoang thdi gian mfi svf kifn dien Cung thudc p h i n Khu vu nga, neu nhU svf kien ljch svf tai dilu 97 cho biet rd mdc thdi gian lfi dudi thdi Trin, tbi tai dilu 96 sach chi chep chung chung nhU chung tdi dfi dfin d tren Sd di ghi chdp tren chung tdi xac djnh dudi thdi Le la vi: Tha nhdt, svf kifn de cfip den viec cdt mgt niia nUdc Chiim Thdnh, svf kifn nfiy tUdng thich vdi cupc hfinh quan cua nhfi vua Le Thanh Tong xudng phia Nam nfim 1471, dieu nfiy dfin den vifc sup dd vUdng qud'c Chiem Thfinh vfi cac bd phfin nhd cdn lai hinh thfinh hai nUdc Thuy Xa vfi Hda Xa Tha hai, ten gpi cua trfi'n Thanh Hoa cung he Id cho chung ta bie't ve md'c thdi gian, vi dUdi thdi Le, nfim Thufin Thien thQ nhfi't (nfim 1428), chia nQdc lfim dao, Thanh Hofi thudc Hai Tay dao Nfim Quang Thufin thQ (nfim 1466) dfit ten lfi ThQa Tuyen Thanh Hda; de'n nfim Quang Thufin thQ 10 (nfim 1469) ddi lfi ThQa Tuyen Thanh Hoa, ten Thanh Hoa cd tQ dfiy Thdi Hong Thuan (Li TUOng Due 1509 - 1516), Thda Tuyin Thanh Hoa lgi ddi la trd'n Thanh Hoa (64) Tiep can dudi nhilu gdc dp cd the thfi'y ghi chep Vdn ddi logi nga khdng chi cho bie't vl du dd nUdc ta cung nhU nhieu san vfit cvta hai trfi'n Thanh Hoa vfi Nghf An thdi ky nfiy, mfi cdn cho biet thdng tin quan trpng vl viec Cao Mien (tQc Chan Lap) mang trau bd sang budn ban tai khu vvtc Nghf An cvta Dai Vift Du budn bfin d cfi'p dp nfio, nhfi nUdc hay dja phUdng thi rd rang lfi boat ddng giao thUdng giQa hai nUdc vfin tiep tuc dien thdi ky nfiy Sach Da din chi cvta Nguyen Trfii cung cho biet them ve quan hf bang giao - trilu cd'ng cua Dai Viet vfi Chan Lap: "Nudc Chiem, nUdc Xiem, nUdc Chan Lap mfic Rghien curu Lich sit s611.201£ nhung phuc, cd'ng ddi moi, voi trdng, voi chi vd kii'n chin td'c" (65) Cung gid'ng nhU tfic pham Vdn ddi logi nga cua Le Quy Ddn, Du dia chi lfi mdt quyen sach cd gia trj ve mfit dia ly hpc hch sQ, cho nen cac sU kifn khdng dUdc ghi chep theo the bien nien, khien vifc xac djnh nien dai gfip nhieu khd khfin Du chUa xfic dinh dUdc thfit chinh xac nien dai cua sU kien tren cd dien vfio thdi Le hay kheng, nhUng dd lfi mdt tU lieu bd trd quan trpng, lfim sang ro them lUdng "cd'ng pham" kha phong phu mfi Chan Lap vfi cfic nUdc mang de'n vfi dang len chinh quyin Thfing Long Dfit bdi canh mfi Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU cung nhU cac bd chinh sQ khac khong ghi mdt chut nfio v l cac loai cdiig pham cvta Chan Lap dang len trilu dinh Dai Vift thi ro rfing lfi ngudn tU lifu Du dia chi cfing trd nen cd gia trj! Du dia chi cdn cho biet them v l svf giao lUu vfin hda cua Dai Vift vdi nhilu qud'c gia khu vvtc, dd cd Chan Lap thdi ky nfiy: "Ngudi nUde khdng dUpc b i t chudc ngdn ngQ vfi y phuc cua cat nUdc Ngd (tQc nhfi Minh), Chiem, Lfio, Xiem, Chfin Lap de lfim loan phong tuc nUdc "Vd" lfi ldi cfi'm chi Tieng Ngd lfi tieng ludi, phai djch mdi hieu; tie'ng Lfio la tieng hpng; tieng Xiem, Chiem, Chan Lap lfi tieng h i u , nhU tilng chim quet, d i u khdng dUdc bfit chUdc de lfim loan tieng nUdc nhfi " (66) III Mot so n h a n xet Nhin lai tien trinh ljch sQ hai nUdc, ddi vdi Chan Lap, tQ nQa sau the' ky thQ VI vUdng qudc nfiy da d i n thay thl, chinh phuc Phu Nam Sang dIu the ky thQ VIII, vi nhilu nguyen nhfin, Chfin Lap da chia tach thfinh hai p h i n lanh thd: Luc Chan Lap va Thuy Chan Lap Den d i u the ky thQ IX, mpt cudc van ddng, thdng nhfi't dan toe dfi dien manh me, qudc gia nfiy bude 51 vi quan he ciia Bai Viel sang mdt ky nguyen phat trien mdi vdi nen vfin minh Angkor buy hofing Chan Lap trd thfinh mdt de che cUdng thinh, cd cUdng vUc lanh thd rpng ldn Neu nhu dUdi thdi Bfie thudc, quan he hai nUdc chi thuIn lfi svf hudng Qng cua Chan Lap vdi cudc khdi nghia ciia Mai Thue Loan, bay cac l i n trilu cdng ciia qud'c gia nfiy ddi vdi chinh quyen An Nam dd hp phu; thi bude sang the ky X, dfic bift lfi the ky XI, Dai Viet dfi vUdn len trd cUdng qud'c khu vQc ddng thdi mau chdng xfiy dvtng cho minh nin tang kinh te, chinh tri, vfin hda, xfi bpi vQng manh Trong bdi canh dd, quan hf hai nUdc bUdc sang thdi ky mdi vdi nhilu dien bien da dang, phQc tap Chung toi da mo hinh hda quan hf Dai Vift vfi Chfin Lap cac t h l ky XI - XVI nhu dUdi day: Nhin lai dien tien quan bf hai nUdc cac the ky XI - XVI, neu kbdng tinh cfic boat dpng thUdng mai (ca quan phUdng vfi phi quan phUdng) vfio cudi the ky thQ X, diu the ky XI (dUdi thdi Dinh, Tien Le) thi x6t tren cfi'p dp qud'c gia, quan be dUdi thdi Ly lfi dfim dfic nhfi't, nhieu boat ddng chinh trj - bang giao dfi dien Chan Lap lien tuc cQ cfic phai bp den chinh quyen Thfing Long (24 lin) Trong each nhin dd'i sanh v l quan hf chinh trj-bang giao cua Dai Vift vdi cac qud'c gia khu vvtc dudi thdi Ly, tbi Chan Lap lfi qud'c gia thupng tien vUdng trilu nfiy nhieu nhfi't (nhilu hdn Champa lan) Trong md'i quan hf phQc tap, chdng Hudng ung qu§n sii, tien c6ng ^ ^ •_ _ • ^ _ Thfri Bdc thupc Quan h? bang giao trieu cong, cac cuoc xung dgt quan sii Thdi Ly cheo Dai Vift-Chan Lap, Chan LapChampa vfi Dai Vif t-Champa, mfi theo nhU hpc gia D G E Hall thi Chan Lap cvf sQ than dem qufi di thfim nhfi vua Dai Viet la n h i m bao dam sQ trung lap cua Dai Viet cudc chinh phat Champa cudi the ky XII NhUng, xen ke cac lan "tien cciig" la svf tfi'n cdng cua Chan Lap vfio phan lanh thd phia Nam cua Dai Vift, dilu mpt l i n nQa cho thfi'y md'i quan hf phQc tap, tinh cha't lien minh ldng leo cua cfic thvfc the chinh tri tren ban dao Ddng DUdng thdi ky Tuy nhien, ben canh cac boat ddng bang giao, trilu cd'ng cung nhU cac xung dot quan svf chfic hfin la, hai nUdc cd tien hfinh hoat ddng giao thUdng thdng qua mdt sd^ cang khau dd dfic bift lfi vung bien vien Nghf - Tinh Sang thdi Trdn, chinh sQ khdng ghi chdp mdt chut nfio v l quan hf chinh tri ngoai giao cua Dai Viet vfi Chan Lap Dilu nfiy cung cd nhQng net tUdng ddng vdi mdi quan bf trilu cd'ng cua Chan Lap vdi Trung Qud'c Tuy nhien, qua nhQng ghi chdp it di cua Le Quy Ddn, du chung ta khong thfi'y ro chi tiet, cu the ve quan hf bang giao - trilu cd'ng giQa Dai Vift vfi Chan Lap dQdi thdi Trin; nhUng cung vdi Java, Lfio vfi cfic qudc gia Tay DUdng thi dudng nhu boat dpng giao thUdng mang tinh qud'c gia giQa Dai Viet vfi Chan Lap vfin dien Din thdi Li, quan hf hai nUdc phat trien da dang dUdi nhilu hinh thQc, dd la boat ddng bang giao trieu cdng, boat dpng giao thUdng vfi giao lUu vfin hda Quan h? thucmg m^i c^p Nhi nu6c Ttiiri Tran TheriLe 52 Trong q u a n h e cvia Dai Vift vfi C h a n Lap, v u n g N g h e An giQ vj t r i q u a n t r p n g ca t r o n g q u a n h e c h i n h t r j , thUdng m a i vfi a n n i n h q u a n sU (67) vfi lfi n h a n td^ h i n g xuyen t r a i dfii q u a cac t r i e u dai Ly, T r i n va Le sd T r o n g cac t h e ky XI-XVI t h i q u a n hf Dai Viet vfi C h a n L a p dUdi thdi T r i n mQc dp va cUdng dp cd p h i n md n h a t nha't T u y n h i e n , suy xet mpt each can trpng t b i tha'y r i n g hfim chQa t r o n g dd n h i l u yeu td^ m a n g t i n h nghjch ly Dd lfi dudi thdi Ly - T r a n , q u a n hf chinh tri cd mdi lien he m a t t h i e t vdi q u a n hf thUdng mai Trong n h i e u trUdng hdp, cac nUdc den t r i e u cd'ng c h i n h quyen Thfing Long n h i m muc dich xin b u d n b a n thi k h i dd, dudi thdi Ly, C h a n L a p den t r i l u cd'ng Dai Viet nhUng chinh sQ k h o n g tha'y chep Rghien curu Ljch sit 5(511.2010 cac b o a t ddng giao thUdng; cdn dUdi thdi T r i n , chinh sQ k h o n g ghi chdp ve q u a n hf chinh t r j - b a n g giao nhUng cho biet cfic b o a t ddng thUdng mai m a n g ca'p nhfi nUdc vfin d i i n r a P h a i chfing q u a n hf c h i n h trj - b a n g giao vfi q u a n hf thUdng m a i giQa h a i nUdc ludn song hfinh c u n g n h a u dUdi thdi Ly - T r a n , vfi mpt chQng mile nfio dd d thdi Le? Svf t h i e u h u t cac ngudn sQ lifu khien vifc n h a n thi'tc chi t i l t , cu t h e hdn nQa ve q u a n bf C h a n L a p - Dai Viet dUdi thdi T r a n , Hd, Le sd vfi thdi N a m - Bfie trieu gfip k h a n h i e u khd khfin n e n dieu d n thiet la p h a i k h a i t h a c t r i e t de hdn nQa cac ngudn tQ lieu b a n dja, k h u vvtc cung nhU thdng tin khoa hpc lien ngfinh de tiep tuc lfim s a n g td vfi'n d l nfiy CHU THICH (*) Trong qua trinh hokn th^nh b^i vie't nay, tac gia nh&n dUdc sU hUdng din khoa hoc tSin tinh, chu dao ciia PGS.TS Nguyen Vfin Kim vfi PGS.TS, Nguyen Thi PhiiOng Chi, Qua day, tac gia bai vie't xin dUdc bfiy to long cam On sau sfic (1) Trong bai vie't nay, chiing toi diing thuat ngii Chan Lap va Dai Viet de chi chung cho phdn lanh tho thuoc Campuchia vfi Vift Nam ngfiy Trong suot cac the ky XI-XVI, quoc hieu Dai Viet vfi Chan Lap c6 mpt thoi gian ngfin bi gian doan: Trong do, doi v6i Vi$t Nam, quo'c hieu Dai Vift diltjc khdi dfit nfim 1054 du6i th6i vua Ly Thanh Tong k6o dai de'n dau the' ky XIX, nhien quo'c hifu nfiy c6 thdi gian bi gian doan lfi dil6i thdi Ho (1400-1407) co quoc hieu Ifi Dai Ngu va nhiJng nfim 14071428 lfi dvtdi ky thuoc Minh Con doi v6i Campuchia, ten Chan Lap xua't hien chinh svl Vift Nam vfi Trung Quo'c vao khoang the ky thii VI va thii VII, bi gian doan thdi k^ ho danh chiem va cai tri Chiem Thanh (tiJt nfim 1199 de'n dau the ky XII), thdi kj> mfi chinh sii Tning Quoc goi ho lfi Chiem Lap vfi phai den nhfi Nguyen thfinh Ifip (nfim 1279) m6i goi lai lfi Chan Lap (2) Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng muc, Nxb Giao Dye, Dfi NSng, 2007, tr 193 Ve sii chia tach cua Chan Lap c6 the tham khao them cac bf thu tich CO ciia Trung Quoc nhii Tiiy thU, Vdn hien thdng khdo, Thdng chi, ChU phiin chi, Thdi binh hodn vd ky (3) Trinh Tieu, Thdng chi, quyin thii 198, tfip 18, din theo Nguyin Hiiu Tam, Khdi qudt vi Phii Nam - Chdn Lgp qua ghi chip cua cdc thU tich cd Trung Qudc, in Vdn hda dc Eo vd vUcfng qud'c Phu Nam, Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc nhan 60 nfim phat hifn vfin hoa 6c Eo (1944-2004), Nxb The Gi6i, Hfi Nfi, 2008, tr 304 (4) Trong Viet sd tiiu dn ciia Ngo Thi Si c6 nhiing doan thong lufin khong ro cua chinh Ngo Thl SI hay cua mft ngUdi nfio vigt, hifn chiia khao dii(jc (5) Nien hifu cua vua Diidng Cao Tong d Trung Quoc (nfim 679) 53 vi quan M ciia Bai Vi&t (6), Phan Huy Chii, Lich triiu hien chuang logi Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng muc so quan Mai Thiic chi, Quyen 1, P h i n DU dia chi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa Loan dildi sii lanh dao len de'n 40 van, sach ch^p: hoi, Hfi Nfi, 1992, tr 34-35 Ve sii kifn nfiy, sach 'Theo Dudng thU, khoang nfim Khai Nguyen (713- Vdn ddi logi ngd cua Le Quy Don ciing chfp: "Nhfi 741), An Nam c6 Mai Thiic Loan Ifim phan, tii DUdng len lfim vua (Trung Quoc), nfim Vii Diic thii xiing Ifi Hfic de, chieu tfip quan 32 chau, ngofii Hen nfim (622), vua Cao To) dfit An Nam ho phii, ket vdi cac nUdc Lam Ap, Chan Lap vfi Kim Lan, gifl ten An Nam bfit diu c6 tii dfi'y, gom co 17 chau, viing bien nam, quan so^ c6 den 40 van Tii Hiic xin phu", Ld Qu^ Don, Vdn ddi logi ngd, Nxb Vfin hoa di danh, chieu mo 10 van quan, ciing vdi Quang Sd Thong tin, Hfi Nfi, 2006, tr 173 Theo ghi ch6p Khach t i l n quan theo dildng cii ciia Ma Vifn, nhfin cua Le Qu^ Don thl cac chau phu d6 cu the gom liic bfi't ^, slip d i n danh Thiic Loan hoang mang nao cac chau: Giao Chau, Lijc Chau, Phong Chau, Ai niing, khong kip miiu tinh each doi phd, bj thua to Chfiu, Hoan Chau, Phii Lfc, N h a m Chau, Triidng Til Hiic mdi chon nhiing xac chit chung vfio mft ndi, Chau, Thang Chau, Doanh Chau, Lung Chau, dfip thfinh ca,i go cao (Kinh quan), d l ghi chien cong Liidng Chau, Hofin Chau, Chiem Chau, cua minh, roi n i t quan ve", Khdm Giap dinh Viet sd Chau, Sdn Chau, Dien Chau, Lam Chau, Anh thdng gidm cUOng muc, Tfip 1, Nxb Giao due, Dfi Chau, Cling cfin phai thfi'y them rfing, lich Ning, 2007, tr 177 sii, Vift Nam vfi Campuchia lfi nhQng quoc gia Tuy nhien, so lifu 30 van quan tham gia khdi lang gieng c6 nhieu moi lien hf mfit thiet, Trong nghia lfi vfi'n d l e i n kilm chiing Phfin ldn nhflng bf quan hf giao lv(u vfi the ling doi, tiidng tac quyen thiJ tich cd ciia Vift Nam v l sau nfiy nhu Bgi Viet sd \\fc khu viic, gifla hai niiflc c6 n h i l u n^t tiidng dong ky todn thu, Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi, Viet sd cUcfng vi dieu kifn tvt nhien cung nhil gia trj vfin h6a V6i ki§'n thiic uyen tham, cfng v6i sii trai nghifm phong phii tii thilc te, nhfi sii hoc noi tieng cua Vift Nam cufi th§' ky XVIII Le Quy Don da c6 muc tiet yiu, d i u ch6p diia theo Ducfng thU eua Trung Quoc Trong d6, cac tac gia cua bf Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng muc l^icd nhflng ghi eh6p nghi ngd ve so lucjng cua nghia qufin nhflng nhfin dinh cy thi, chinh xac ve dilu kifn tii nhien gifla Chfin L^p vdi viing Nghf An: "Ven bien gidi Nghf An, each Chiem Thfinh mfi'y trfim d$m Tit Chiem Thfinh d i n Chfin Lap, diiclng di mfi't niia thfing Xem Chdn Lgp phong thd ky, thi thfi'y Chan (8), (9), (12) Le Tfic, An Nam chi lugc, sdd, tr 196,228,234 (10) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip 1, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hfi, Hfi Nfi, 1998, tr 195 L^p, vdi Nghf An, phong tyc khong khac mfi'y, (11) Khdm dinh Nudc Chfin Lap niia nfim c6 miia, niia nfim tuyft muc, sdd, tr 192 Viet sd thdng gidm cUdng khong c6 h^t miia nfio TCf thang den thang 9, (13) V I thuyen bf vfi mai chdo ciia Chan Lap, ngfiy nfio ciing v^y, qua gi6 Ngo lfi mUa Sau d6 tii Trong Chdn Lgp phong thd ky, Chu Dat Quan, mft thfing 10 ddn t h a n g 3, tuyft khong miia mft giot thfinh vien cua dofin sii bf nhfi Nguyen d i n Chan nfio NhQng nhfi trpt chi djnh ro: bao gic) liia Lap vfio cuoi t h l ky XIII, cho bid't; "Thuyin ldn chin, thi luo fi'y niidc trfin den nOi nfio, tCiy dia ldi mfi gieo Nay, viing phfa tren trfi'n Nghf An, nfim nfio thang cCing miia n h i l u , thang nUdc ng^p, d i n dfiu miia Dong mila mdi t^nh, niidc mdi lui", Le Qu^ Don, Vdn ddi logi ngd, sdd, tr 429 lfim b^ng go Cling Th(J khong c6 ciia, ehi diing biia bd, xe thfinh tiing tfi'm van, da tdn go lai tdn cong, rfi't tdi Phfim mudn go thfinh tiing khiic, cung chi Ifi'y due dflt di Lfim nhfi ciing n h u vfiy T h u y i n cflng diing dinh sfit, Ifi'y la giao che, lai Ifi'y cay cau (7) Ld Tfic, An Nam chi lugc, Nxb Thufin H6a bd thfinh phien mfi n^p ldn trdn Thfl t h u y i n d6 - Trung tfim vfin hda ngon ngfl Dong Tay, Hfi Nfi, goi lfi Tan na, dilng chdo Dfiu qudt lfim b i n g dfiu 2002, tr 117-118 V l sij kifn nfiy, theo Khdm ca hoa vdi da voi T h u y i n nho Ifi'y go nho due dinh 54 Rghien ciJru Lich sit s611.2010 t h a n h mang, dem Iiia do't, dilng gd chong rong ra, X-XV, in Bdng A vd Bdng Nam A - Nhimg bung ldn, hai dau nhon, khdng c6 budm, co thd chd vd'n de lich sd vd hiin tgi, Nxb The gidi, Hfi Nfi, dudc vai ngiidi, chi diing cheo goi la Bi lan", Chu 2004, tr 317 vfi Li Tana, A view from Dat Quan, Chdn Lgp phong thd ky, (GS Ha Vfin Perspectives Tfi'n dich, GS P h a n Huy Ld gidi thieu, ThS Vietnamese Nguyin Ngoc Phiic chii thfch), Nxb Thd' Gidi, Hfi Chan Lap lfi 19 Ifin, Tuy nhidn, thdng kd lai on the Northern and coast, bdd, p 85, sd Ifin t i l n co'ng cua Bgi Viet sd ky todn thu vfi Viet sd Noi, 2006, tr 53-54 (14) Louis Finot, L' inscription de Ban BEFEO 12 (1912): va George Coedes, That, Inscription sea: Central lugc, chiing toi thfi'y r i n g Chan Lap de'n t r i l u co'ng D^i Vift lfi 24 lan Xin xem cxf thd bang Vol 6, Hanoi, 1937 - 1942; Paris, (25) V I so' Ifin tid'n cdng cua Champa ddn 1951 - 1966, pp 183 - 186; Dan theo Kenneth R viiong t r i l u Ly, xin xem cu the bang thdng ke ciia du Cambodge, in Nguyin Thi Phiidng Chi - Nguyen Tien Dung, Vi Asia, University of Hawaii Press, cdc mdi giao thuang cua qudc gia Bgi Viit thdi Ly, Hall, Maritime Early Southest trade and state development Trdn (thi'ky XI - XIV), bdd, tr 29 Honolulu, 1985, p, 173 (15), Nguyin Thi Phiidng Chi, Nguyin T i l n (26) Khi khao sat chfnh sii Vift Nam Bgi Viet Dung, Vi cdc moi giao thUOng cua qud'c gia Dgi sd ky todn thU, chiing toi nhfin thfi'y bf thfl tich cfi Viet thcfi Ly, Trdn (theky XI- XTV), Tap chf Nghien nfiy ghi chdp rfi't vfin tfit cdng phfim mfi Champa cihi Lich sd, sf 7-2007, tr, 34 V l quan hf eua Dai tid'n co'ng Dai Vift cung nhii nhflng san vfit mfi phai Vift vdi Trung Qudc thdi k>> nfiy, xin xem thdm: dofin ciia Dai Vift mang di sfl nhfi Tdng Cd the lift Trfin Quoc VuOng, Hfi Vfin Tfi'n, Lich sd che kd cfic san vfit mfi Champa thfl(Jng tid'n nhfi Ly dd Nxb Gifio due, Hfi Noi lfi: sU tii, voi trfing, hoa b i n g vfing, tran chau, dang 1963, tr 224-226, 288-291; Nguyin Hflu Tam, Bdc gai vfi san vfit dia phfldng; vfi nhflng mdn qufi dich trudng: Quan hi budn bdn biin gidi Ly - Td'ng mfi sfl doan Dai Vift di sfl nhfi Tdng Ifi voi nhfi, df thi' ky XI-XIII, (trfing, den), vfing, b^c, siing tf phong kii'n Viet Nam, in Viit Nam hi thd'ng thuang mgi chdu A thi'ky XVI-XVII, Nxb T h l gidi, Hfi Nfi, 2007, tr, 138-148; Li Tana, A view from sea: Perspectives Vietnamese coast, on the Northern and Central Journal of Southeast Asian studies, vol 37 (1), United Kingdom, 2006, pp 83 102 V l quan hf eiia Dai Vift vfi Champa, xin xem them: Nguyin Thj Phiidng Chi, Quan hi gida Dgi Viet vdi Champa thcfi Trdn (thi'ky (28), (29) Ma Doan Lam, Vdn hien thdng khdo, dfin theo Nguyen Hflu Tam, Khdi qudt vi Phu Nam - Chdn Lgp qua ghi chip cua cdc thU tich cd Trung Qudc, in Vdn hda Oc Eo vd vUOng qudc Phu Nam, sdd, tr 303, 304 XIII- XTV), Tap chf Nghien cihi Ddng Nam i , sd 8-2007, tr 3744 V l quan hf eua Dai Vift vdi Java, xin xem them: Nguyin Tien Dung, Quan hi thuang cda Dgi Viet vd Java (27), (32) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip 1, sdd, tr 289, 293 the ky XI-XIV, mgi Tap chf Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, so 7-2009, tr 23-31 (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tap 1, sdd, tr 243, 244, 246, 247, 247, 255, 261, 271 (24) Dudi thdi Ly, theo thdng ke eua Momoki Shiro, Bgi Viet vd thUcfng mgi d bien Bdng the ky (30) Tieu hfhfl Quat, ChU phien chi, dfin theo Nguyen Hflu Tam, Khdi qudt vi Phu Nam - Chdn Lgp qua ghi chep cua cdc thU tich cd Trung Qudc, in Vdn hda 6c Eo vd uUcfng qud'c Phu Nam, sdd, tr 307 (31) D G E, Hall, Lich sd Bdng Nam A, Nxb Chfnh tri Qudc gia, Hfi Nfi, 1997, tr 194 (33) H Maspero, La frontiere de VAnnam et du Cambodge, BEFEO, XVIII, 3, tr 34, Dfin theo G Coedes, Cd sd cdc qudc gia dn Bd hda a Viin Bdng, vi quan h& ciia Bai Viet 55 PGS, TS, N g u y i n Thfla Hy dich, Nxb T h l gidi, Hfi (34) Bang thdng ke dfin tfl Nguyin Thi Phfldng Chi - Nguyin Tid'n Dung, Vi cdc mdi giao thUcfng cua qudc gia Bgi Viet thdi Ly, Trdn (the ky XI XIV), bdd, tr 33 Day lfi sd lifu thdng kd tfl Bgi Viet sd ky todn thu Tuy nhien, bai vid't tren, sd lifu thdng ke mdi chi d l cfip de'n 13 phai doan Chan Lap de'n cdng nap; bfii viet nfiy eac nfim 1057; 1069; 1086; 1088; 1095; 1134; 1153; 1194; 1195; chung toi bd sung thdm s d l i f u tii Viet Sd lugc Qua khao sat, chung toi thfi'y r i n g sfl t i l n cdng eua Chan Lap nhflng nfim 1012; 1014; 1025; 1039; 1118; 1120; 1123; 1191; dflOc ca hai bf thfl tich CO trdn cflng ghi chdp lai nfiy vfio thang 12, nfim Anh Vu Chidu T h i n g thfl 1, tflc nfim 1076 (42), (43), (45), (47) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip 1, sdd, tr 299, 300, 301, 306 (44) Do Gia: ten hfldng thdi L^, lfi huyfn Hfldng Sdn, Ha Tinh (46) G d'Indochine Coedes, Les et d'Indonesie, Etats Hindouises Dfin theo D.G.E Hall, Lich sd Bdng Nam A, sdd, tr 190 (48) VI cac cufe tfi'n cong nfiy, sach Bgi Viit sd ky todn thu da ghi chdp cy the: "Dinh Ty, Thien Chfldng Bao Tfl nfim thfl (1137), Mfla xuan, t h a n g gieng, chau Nghf An chay t r a m tau vifc fi'y Xudng chie'u eho Thai uy Ly Cong Binh dem quan di danh Thang 2, ehau Nghf An dong dfi't, nfldc song dd nhfl mau Cong Binh sai Noi nhan (36) Ld bd: Td bdcao cho dan chung miiu: Dong Tay, Hfi Noi, 2005, tr 140 tfldng nfldc Chan L^p lfi Pha To Lfing efldp chfiu (35) Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng muc chdp vifc (37) Thanh (41) Viet Sd lugc, (Trfin Qudc Vfldng dich), Nxb Thufin Hda - Trung t a m Vfin hda ngdn ngfl Nfi, 2008, tr 287 Phdp eho dan vay t i l n lua non la'y lai nh^ hoa dfiu Dfing K h a n h Hfldng v l Kinh sfl dem vifc fi'y t a u Ifn Cong Binh danh bai ngfldi Chfin L^p"; "Nfim Dinh Mao, hifu Dai Djnh nfim thfl (1149), (38) Miin dich: Cho dan nop t i l n de khdi dao dich mfla thu, t h a n g 9, Chan Lap ddn efldp chfiu Nghf An"; "Mfiu Dfin, Kien Gia nfim thfl (1218), (Tdng (39) Song Nhfl Nguyft ngfiy thuoc huyfn Ydn Phong, tfnh B i c Ninh, day lfi mft khue eua song Cfiu Gia Djnh nfim thfl 11) Chiem Tnfinh vfi Chan Lap ddn cfldp chau Nghf An, Ly Bfi't N h i i m danh t a n dfldc, thfing tfldc hfiu, ban thflc fi'p 7500 ho, thflc (40) P h a n Huy Chii, Lich triiu hii'n chUdng phong lfi 1500 hf"; "Binh T^, Kien Gia nfim thfl logi chi, Quyd'n 2, Phfin Bang giao chf, sdd, tr 645 (1216), (Tdng Gia Djnh nfim thfl 9) Chiem Thfinh VI sfl kifn nfiy, Sfich Viet sd thdng gidm cUcfng vfi Chfin Lap ddn cfldp chau Nghf An, chfiu ba lfi muc vid't: "Nfim thfl (tflc nfim 1076 - TG), nhfi Ly Bfi't Nliiim danh pha dfldc", Bgi Viet sd ky todn Tdng sai Quach Quj^ cfim dfiu ehfn tfldng hcJp lUc thu, Tfip 1, sdd, tr 145, 318, 318 vdi Chiim Thdnh vd Chdn Lgp sang xdm lugc, ong (tflc Ly Thfldng Kift - TG chu) ddn dfinh cl song Nhfl Nguyft pha t a n dflcjc" Hay nhfl sach Bgi Viet sd ky todn thU: "Bfnh Thin, (Thfii Ninh) nfim thfl (1076), (Tfl thang v l sau Ifi nidn hifu Anh Vfl Chieu Thfing nfim thfl 1; Tdng Hy Ninh nfim thfl 9) Mfla xufin, t h a n g 3, nhfi Tdng sai tuyen phii xfl Quang Nam Ifi Quach Quj^ lfim Chieu thao sfl, Trifu Tiet Ifim phd, dem qufin tfldng, hgp vdi Chiim Thdnh vd Chdn Lgp sang xdm ldn nUdc ta , Bgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip 1, sdd, tr 278 (49) Dfldi thdi 14, Champa xam IflOc Dai Vift vfio cfic nfim 1020, 1043, 1132, 1137, 1150, 1166, 1177, 1216 vfi 1218 (50) VI vi trf quan ciia Nghf - TTnh mang Ifldi hai thflong chau A, xin t h a m khao: John K, Whitmore, The Rise of Coast: Trade, state, and Culture in Early Bgi Viet, Journal of Southeast Asian studies, vol 37, United Kingdom, 2006, p 110; Li Tana, A View from Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast, bdd, p 84 85; Momoki Shiro, Bgi Viet vd thUcfng mgi d bii'n 56 Rghito curu Lich sit s611.2010^ Bdng theky X- XV, bdd, tr 317-318; Nguyin Vfin Kim - Nguyin Manh Dung, Truyin thdng vd hogt Bgi Viet vd thUcfng mgi d bien Bdng thi'ky X - XV, bdd, tr 320 dgng thUcfng mgi cda ngUcfi Viet - ThUc telich sd vd nhdn thdc Tap chf Nghien cihi Lich sd, sd 8, 2007, tr 21-37, sd 9-2007, tr 42-54; Hofing Anh Tufiii, Vi tri cua Viet Nam hi thdng thUcfng mgi Bien (59) Nguyin Lich sii, Trfldng Dai hoe Khoa hoc xa hoi & Nhfin vfin - DHQGHN, Ma sach LS-TL 0036, tr 14 Bdng thdi Cd Trung dgi Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, sd 9-10, 2009, tr 3-16; Hd Trung Dung, Vi tri cua Nghi Tinh hi thdng thUcfng mgi khu vUc thcfi Ly-Trdn (Td the ky XI di'n thi'ky XTV), Khda luan tot nghifp Dai hoc, Khoa Ljch sii, Trfldng Dai hoe KHXH&NV - DHQGHN, 2008 Trong Khoa lufin, Hd Trung Diing da khao sat kha ky vj trf ciia (60) Xin xem cu t h l : Nguyin Thi Phfldng Chi Nguyen Tif'n Dung, Ve cdc mdi giao thUcfng cua qudc gia Bgi Viet thcti Ly, 23-31 (61), (63) Le Qu^ Don, Vdn ddi logi ngd, Sdd, tr 156, 155-156 on the Northern and Central mgi d Bii'n Bdng theky X - XV, bdd, tr 317, 320 (54) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thU, Tfip 2, sdd, tr 258 sdd, tr 191 (58) Xin xem them: Li Tana, A View from Sea: on the Northern sil, xin tham khao them: http: // www Thanhoa.gov.vn/web/guest/gtc/Iichsu/Isht (53), (57) Momoki Shiro, Bgi Viet vd thUcfng Perspectives (64) V I tdn goi ciia tinh T h a n h Hda ljch sea: Vietnamese coast, da d i n , tr 84, 85, 85 (56) D.G.E Hall Lich sdBdngNamA, (62) Khai nifm Tay Dfldng thdi k^ nfiy phd bien lfi chi cac nfldc thufe An Df Dfldng ngfiy (51), (52), (55) Li Tana, A view from Perspectives thuang mgi cua Bgi Viet vd Java the ky XI-XIV, bdd, tr viing dfi't nfiy Trong dd cd nhiing hoat dfng giao thfldng eua Nghf Ttnh ddi vdi Chfin Lap Trdn (the ky XI- XTV), bdd, tr 23-37; N g u y i n T i l n Dung, Quan hi Nghf-Tinh hf thdng hai thfldng khu vflc each nhin doi sanh vfi tfldng tfic thfldng mai ciia sd, quyen 3, phfin Nam Man, Chidm Thfinh truyfn, Tfii lidu vid't tay, tfl lifu Khoa and Central Vietnamese coast, bdd, pp 86-88; Momoki Shiro, (65), (66) Bu dia chi, in Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hfi, Hfi Nfi, 1969, tr 216, 222-223 (67) Xem them: N g u y i n Thj Phfldng Chi Ngh^ An chien lugc cua triiu thcfi Ly, Trdn dinh Thdng Tap chf Vdn hda Nghi 172-1-173-2001, tr 23-27 Long An, sd ... ngofii ket giao vdi quan cua Lam Ap vfi Chan Lap, tfip hdp dUdc 30 van quan si, chiem cQ nQdc An Nam Vua Huyin Tdng ldi chieu sai quan Ta Giam Mdn Vf tudng quan lfi Dudng Tu Mien vfi quan hd lfi Nguyen... vQc thdi bfi'y gid II Quan he Dai Viet - Chan Lap the kyXI-XVI Nhu da trinh bfiy d tren, neu nhU quan hf hai nUdc dUdi thdi Bfie thupc dien thuIn dUdi hinh thQc lien minh quan 41 sil hofic cac... md'i quan hf da dang, da chilu ciia Dai Vift vdi cac qude gia khu vUc 42 thdi Ly - Tran (the ky XI-XIV), neu nhU quan hf vdi Trung Qude ludn lfi md'i quan he cd tinh truyen thd'ng nhfi't; quan