QUAN hệ ấn độ MYANMAR (1962 2011) tt

M CL C Trang M U 1 Lý ch n đ tài M c tiêu nhi m v nghiên c u 3 it ng ph m vi nghiên c u 4 Các ngu n tài li u 5 Ph ng pháp lu n ph ng pháp nghiên c u óng góp c a lu n án B c c lu n án N I DUNG CH NGă1.ăT NGăQUANăTÌNHăHÌNHăNGHIểNăC U 1.1 Tình hình nghiên c u v n đ khoa h c n 1.2 Tình hình nghiên c u v n đ khoa h c n c c 1.3 M t s nh n xét v n đ đ t cho lu n án 10 CH NGă 2.ă C ă S HÌNHă THÀNH QUAN H N - MYANMAR (1962 - 2011) 12 2.1 C s đ a - tr 12 2.2 C s v n hoá l ch s 12 2.3 Khái quát quan h 2.4 V trí c a n m in n - Myanmar tr c n m 1962 12 Myanmar sách đ i ngo i c a c 13 CH NGă 3.ă QUANă H Nă - MYANMAR T N Mă 1962ă NăN Mă1991ă 14 3.1 Các nhân t tác đ ng đ n quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 1991) 14 3.2 Quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 1991) m t s l nh v c ch y u 15 3.2.1 Trên l nh v c tr - ngo i giao 15 3.2.2 Trên l nh v c kinh t 16 3.2.3 Trên l nh v c an ninh - qu c phòng 16 CH NGă 4.ă QUANă H Nă - MYANMAR T N Mă 1992ă NăN Mă2011 16 4.1 Các nhân t tác đ ng đ n quan h n - Myanmar (1992 - 2011) 16 4.2 Quan h n - Myanmar (1992 - 2011) m t s l nh v c ch y u 17 4.2.1 Trên l nh v c tr - ngo i giao 17 4.2.2 Trên l nh v c kinh t 18 4.2.3 Trên l nh v c an ninh - qu c phòng 18 4.2.4 Trên l nh v c h p tác đa ph CH NGă5.ăTHÀNHăT U,ă Nă QUAN H ng 18 Că I MăVÀăTÁCă NG C A - MYANMAR (1962 - 2011) 19 5.1 Thành t u h n ch quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) 19 5.2 c m c a quan h 5.3 Tác đ ng c a quan h v i hai n n n - Myanmar (1962-2011) 19 - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) đ i c khu v c 20 K T LU N 21 DANH M CăCÁCăCỌNGăTRÌNHăKHOAăH C C A TÁCăGI CịăLIểNăQUANă N LU NăÁN Nguy n Tu n Bình (2013), “H p tác n ng l ng gi a n Trung Qu c (2001 - 2010) - Thành t u nh ng v n đ đ t ra”, T p chí Nghiên c u n Châu Á, s 05 (06), tr 30-42 Hoàng Th Minh Hoa, Nguy n Tu n Bình (2014), “Chính sách n c a đ iv i ông B c Á đ u th k XXI - Nh ng thành t u m t s v n đ gay c n”, T p chí Nghiên c u n Châu Á, s 01 (14), tr 27-42 Hoàng Th Minh Hoa, Nguy n Tu n Bình (2014), “Myanmar sách tái cân b ng c a M D châu Á - Thái Bình ng”, T p chí Nghiên c u ơng Nam Á, s 02 (167), tr 35-41 Nguy n Tu n Bình, ồn Th H ng Th o (2014), “Kinh t Mi n i n th i k thu c Anh (1886 - 1948)”, K y u H i th o khoa h c Cán b tr tr Nxb ng i h c S ph m toàn qu c l n th IV, i h c S ph m Hà N i, tr 57-66 Hoang Thi Minh Hoa, Nguyen Tuan Binh (2014), “Myanmar in India’s Look East Policy”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language, Society, and Culture in Asian Contexts (LSCAC 2014) on “Asian Dynamics: Prospects and Challenges”, Mahasarakham University, Thailand, p 561-568 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2015), “ ơng B c Á sách “h ng ông” c a n nh ng n m đ u th k XXI: M t s v n đ đ t ra”, K y u H i th o khoa h c qu c t “ i u ch nh sách “h ng Vi n Nghiên c u n ông” c a n b i c nh m i”, Tây Nam Á, Hà N i, tr 184-201 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2015), “S u ch nh sách đ i ngo i n c a đ i v i Trung Qu c hai th p niên sau Chi n tranh l nh (1991 - 2011)”, K y u H i th o khoa h c Cán b tr tr ng i h c S ph m toàn qu c l n th V, Nxb Giáo d c Vi t Nam, Hà N i, tr 267-275 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2015), “Quan h n - ASEAN hai th p niên sau Chi n tranh l nh: Thành t u tác đ ng”, T p chí Nghiên c u n Châu Á, s (31), tr 01-12 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2016), “Quan h n - Myanmar l nh v c d u khí nh ng n m đ u th k XXI”, T p chí Nghiên c u ơng Nam Á, s 03 (192), tr 10-16 10 Lê V n Anh, Hoàng Th Minh Hoa (đ ng ch biên), Bùi Th Th o, Nguy n Tu n Bình (2016), Quan h qu c t th i hi n đ i, Nxb i h c Hu , Hu 11 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2016), “Chính sách “h ng ơng” c a n tác đ ng c a đ n quan h n - Myanmar nh ng n m đ u th k XXI”, T p chí Khoa h c i h c Hu , t p 125, s 11, tr 5-16 12 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2017), “Quan h an ninh - tr gi a n Myanmar (1948 - 1991)”, T p chí Khoa h c Công ngh , Tr ng i h c Khoa h c - i h c Hu , t p 9, s 2, tr 85-97 13 Nguy n Tu n Bình (2017), “H p tác th n ng m i đ u t gi a v i Myanmar th p niên đ u th k XXI”, K y u H i ngh Khoa h c Tr 2017, Tr ng i h c S ph m - ih c Hu , Nxb Thông tin Truy n thông, N ng, tr 146-154 14 ng V n Ch ngo i c a n Ch ngh a lý t ng, Nguy n Tu n Bình (2017), “Chính sách đ i đ i v i Myanmar giai đo n 1962 - 1992: T ng đ n Ch ngh a hi n th c”, T p chí Nghiên c u ơng Nam Á, s 11 (212), tr 3-10 M U 1.ăLỦădoăch năđ tƠi T sau Chi n tranh th gi i th hai (1939 - 1945) đ n đ u th p niên th hai c a th k XXI, l ch s nhân lo i tr i qua nhi u bi n đ ng to l n, ph c t p, khó l ng Trong đó, m i n c đ u ch u nh h nh ng bi n đ ng Quan h n ng t - Myanmar t sau giành đ c l p đ n th p niên đ u th k XXI c ng khơng n m ngồi xu th n Myanmar có m i quan h truy n th ng g n g i lâu đ i Sau th c thi t l p quan h ngo i giao (1948), hai n cb c vào th i k quan h hồ bình h u ngh Tuy nhiên, cu c đ o T n m quy n hai n ng Ne Win c m đ u m th i k quân đ i lên Myanmar (n m 1962) góp ph n làm cho m i quan h c tr nên l nh nh t c ng th ng nhi u th p k sau T đ u nh ng n m 90 c a th k XX, s k t thúc c a Chi n tranh l nh m m t th i k m i quan h qu c t - th i k hoà d u, đ i tho i h p tác quy mơ tồn c u Tình hình m i c a th gi i khu v c tác đ ng đ n s u ch nh sách ngo i giao c a qu c gia, t o nên nh ng ch t xúc tác m i n i l i m i quan h h p tác hồ bình, có l i, có n thay Myanmar Bên c nh đó, nh ng đ i Myanmar nh ng n m đ u th k XXI c ng t o nh ng c h i m i cho vi c t ng c Cùng v i v trí chi n l th tr ng quan h gi a n c quan tr ng, Myanmar m k t n i ba ng l n c a châu Á (ASEAN, Trung Qu c c u” n i li n Nam Á v i c v i n ông Nam Á đ “ngã t c a châu Á” Quan h n c c n ), “cây ng qu c xem - Myanmar đ c xem nh m t nh ng đ ng l c phát tri n c a khu v c S gia t ng quan h h p tác gi a hai n c láng gi ng n v i Myanmar không ch nâng cao v th c a m i n c, mà góp ph n quan tr ng vào cơng cu c trì hồ bình, thúc đ y h p tác phát tri n khu v c V y, c s đ a - tr , v n hoá, l ch s c a quan h n - Myanmar gì? Tình hình qu c t khu v c Nam Á, châu Á - Thái Bình D ng nhân t Trung Qu c có tác đ ng nh th đ n ti n trình quan h hai n c? M i quan h song ph ng di n ti n nh ng n m 1962 - 2011? Nh ng n i dung h p tác ch y u gi a hai n c giai đo n 1962 - 2011 gì? M i quan h có tác đ ng nh th đ n chi n l m in n c sách phát tri n c a c c ng nh tình hình khu v c? V th , đ c m c a quan h khu v c s đ i sánh v i quan h Trung - Myanmar Qu c - Myanmar? V i nh ng v n đ nêu trên, m i quan h gi a hai n c láng gi ng n Myanmar (1962 - 2011) tr thành đ tài thu hút s quan tâm c a nhi u h c gi gi i nghiên c u l ch s nói chung l ch s quan h qu c t nói riêng ngh a n u có đ quan h n i u th c s ý c m t cơng trình nghiên c u c b n, có h th ng v - Myanmar giai đo n đ c đ c p V i m c đích góp ph n nhìn nh n, lý gi i v n đ ph c t p nêu trên, m nh d n ch n đ tài “Quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011)” làm đ tài lu n án ti n s , chuyên ngành L ch s th gi i Vi c nghiên c u đ tài có ý ngh a khoa h c th c ti n V góc đ khoa h c, thơng qua vi c tái hi n m t cách t đ i tồn di n có h th ng quan h n ng - Myanmar giai đo n 1962 - 2011, lu n án s ch nh ng nhân t tác đ ng, thành t u ch y u c a m i quan h hai n c giai đo n nghiên c u Trong ti n trình phát tri n, m i quan h ln ch u s tác đ ng c a nhân t n c nh tranh nh h c l n, đ c bi t Trung Qu c, qu c gia ng quy n l i v i n t i Myanmar nói riêng châu Á nói chung tr m quan h ng th i, t vi c tìm hi u nh ng b n c th ng - Myanmar (1962 - 2011), đ tài c g ng làm rõ nh ng thành t u h n ch , đ c m c ng nh tác đ ng c a m i quan h đ i v i hai n c khu v c V góc đ th c ti n, b i c nh hi n nay, Vi t Nam th c hi n sách đ i ngo i r ng m , đa d ng hóa, đa ph m i quan h qu c t nh m đ a đ t n đ nh, hòa bình Nghiên c u quan h c ngày phát tri n n n - Myanmar m t cách giúp h c h i kinh nghi m ngo i giao t hai n đ i tr ng có th cân b ng nh h v c Trong quan h v i n ng hóa c, tìm m t ng v th v i Trung Qu c khu c láng gi ng, nh t v i Trung Qu c, c n ph i có sách đ i ngo i phù h p nh m trì quan h h u ngh , nâng cao v th , đem l i l i ích cao nh t cho đ t n c M cătiêuăvƠănhi m v nghiênăc u 2.1 M cătiêuănghiênăc u Trên c s tái hi n l i quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) theo th i gian, đ tài phân tích làm rõ nh ng b c phát tri n c a m i quan h b i c nh qu c t , khu v c n i tình m i n c, t rút m t s nh n xét v quan h th , tác đ ng c a quan h đ i v i m i n n - Myanmar, v c khu v c 2.2 Nhi m v nghiênăc u - Th nh t, phân tích c s đ a - tr , v n hoá, l ch s , nh ng nhân t tác đ ng đ n quan h B i c nh qu c t , khu v c, v trí c a n sách đ i ngo i c a m i n - Th n - Myanmar, bao g m: Myanmar c, nhân t Trung Qu c hai, trình bày ti n trình quan h gi a n v i Myanmar nh ng n m 1962 - 2011 l nh v c: Chính tr ngo i giao, kinh t , an ninh - qu c phòng h p tác đa ph ng - Th ba, đ a m t s nh n xét v thành t u, đ c m c a n quan h - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) phân tích tác đ ng c a m i quan h đ i v i m i n 3.ă iăt 3.1.ă c khu v c ngăvƠăph măviănghiênăc u iăt ngănghiênăc uă i t ng nghiên c u c a lu n án quan h n - Myanmar t n m 1962 đ n n m 2011 l nh v c: Chính tr - ngo i giao, kinh t , an ninh - qu c phòng c c p đ song ph ng h p tác đa ph ng 3.2.ăPh măviănghiênăc uă V m t không gian, lu n án t p trung nghiên c u quan h song ph ng gi a hai n c n Myanmar, đ ng th i có m r ng m t s qu c gia t ch c có liên quan khu v c châu Á - Thái Bình D ng, đ c bi t nhân t Trung Qu c quan h n - Myanmar V m t th i gian, ph m vi nghiên c u c a lu n án th i k 1962 - 2011 M c m đ u c a đ tài n m 1962, s ki n đ o c a quân đ i T đ c thành l p ng Ne Win đ ng đ u, ch đ quân s Myanmar ây th i m đánh d u m i quan h n - Myanmar t hồ bình, h u ngh sang c ng th ng thi u thân thi n nhi u n m sau N m 2011 s ki n Qu c h i Myanmar b phi u b u ông Thein Sein làm T ng th ng C ng hoà Liên bang Myanmar, đánh d u b c đ u chuy n t th nhà n sang nhà n n c dân s c C ng n m này, T ng th ng Myanmar Thein Sein th m ph c quân s n ng Sau s ki n trên, quan h nh m thúc đ y quan h song n - Myanmar b c sang m t th i k m i đ y tri n v ng Vì nh ng lý trên, gi i h n m c k t thúc c a lu n án n m 2011 V n i dung, đ tài lu n án t p trung nghiên c u c s nh ng nhân t tác đ ng đ n quan h gi a n Myanmar, ti n trình quan h hai n c t n m 1962 đ n n m 2011 l nh v c ch y u: Chính tr - ngo i giao, kinh t , an ninh - qu c phòng l nh v c h p tác đa ph ng (t n m 1992) Trong khuôn kh lu n án s gi i h n v u ki n, ch t p trung nghiên c u quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) l nh v c tiêu bi u nh V tên g i, tên g i n Myanmar, lu n án s d ng tên g i th c c a hai n c C ng hòa n C ng hòa Liên bang Myanmar (t n m 2010 đ n - 2017), ho c Liên bang Mi n i n (1948-1974), C ng hòa Xã h i ch ngh a Liên bang Mi n (1974-1988), Liên bang Mi n in i n (1988-1989), Liên bang Myanmar (1989-2010) tu theo t ng giai đo n l ch s đ u có giá tr nh 4.ăCácăngu nătƠiăli u Tài li u đ c s d ng lu n án bao g m tài li u g c (các v n ki n c a ph cáo th n ph Myanmar; Báo ng niên c a B Ngo i giao b chung, hi p n ; phát bi u, Tuyên c, hi p đ nh ), công trình sách, vi t t p chí , tài li u tham kh o c a Thông t n xã Vi t Nam Internet 5.ăPh 5.1.ăPh ngăphápălu năvƠăph ngăphápănghiênăc u ngăphápălu n Lu n án quán tri t sâu s c ch ngh a v t bi n ch ng ch ngh a v t l ch s c a ch ngh a Mác - Lênin, t t quan m c a ng C ng s n Vi t Nam v v n đ quan h qu c t nghiên c u quan h gi a n 5.2.ăPh Myanmar (1962 - 2011) ngăphápănghiênăc u Lu n án “Quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011)” m t đ tài nghiên c u l ch s , v y ph ngành nh ph ph ng H Chí Minh, ng pháp l ch s , ph ng pháp nghiên c u chuyên ng pháp logic đ c nh ng ng pháp c b n Bên c nh đó, lu n án s d ng m t s ph ng pháp phân tích, t ng h p, so sánh, đ i chi u, th ng kê, phân k l ch s nghiên c u nh m nhìn nh n, đánh giá v n đ m t cách xác th c 6.ă óngăgópăc a lu năánă 6.1 V m t khoa h c - Th nh t, lu n án cơng trình khoa h c l ch s nghiên c u t ng đ i có h th ng, tồn di n v quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) - Th hai, lu n án làm rõ ti n trình th c tr ng quan h n - Myanmar l nh v c: Chính tr - ngo i giao, kinh t , an ninh - qu c phòng giai đo n nghiên c u nói trên, t rút m t s nh n xét đánh giá tác đ ng c a m i quan h đ i v i m i n c khu v c 6.2 V m t th c ti n - Th nh t, lu n án tài li u tham kh o c n thi t cho gi ng viên, cán b nghiên c u, h c viên, sinh viên ngành l ch s , ngành quan h qu c t cho nh ng quan tâm nghiên c u quan h góp vào vi c nghiên c u quan h n n - Myanmar, đóng v i ông Nam Á (và Vi t Nam) - Th hai, k t qu nghiên c u c a lu n án ( m t m c đ nh t đ nh) có th cung c p thêm nh ng thơng tin h u ích cho nhà nghiên c u, nhà ho ch đ nh sách c a Vi t Nam, nh t quan h ng x v i n Myanmar B c c lu năán Ngoài ph n M đ u, K t lu n, Tài li u tham kh o Ph l c, n i dung c a lu n án đ Ch c chia làm n m ch ng: ng T ng quan tình hình nghiên c u Ch ng C s hình thành quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) Ch ng Quan h n - Myanmar t n m 1962 đ n n m 1991 Ch ng Quan h n - Myanmar t n m 1992 đ n n m 2011 Ch ng Thành t u, đ c m tác đ ng c a quan h Myanmar (1962 - 2011) n - 12 in particular were interested by a lot of Vietnamese and foreign researchers with some significant results, showing the various contents and presentation styles There are quite a number of research projects focusing on India – Myanmar relations in general, a holistic way or in certain areas of cooperation and in particular historical periods; however, there is almost no monograph work which examines systematic and comprehensive India – Myanmar relations from 1962 to 2011 as a separate entity Second, a number of studies have initially explored Indian – Burmese relations but mostly stopped in the period of 1948 – 1962 and the period after the Cold War to the early years of 21st century Works, research papers on the relationship between two countries during the Cold War is still relatively modest in terms of quantity The relationship between India and Myanmar from 1962 to 1991 has been studied by some scholars but has not been systematically mentioned and is limited in some works and writings at home and abroad There is almost no scientific research on the subject throughout 1962 to the end of the first decade of 21st century Third, in addition to a number of scientific works in the country, books and articles of foreign researchers are considered by the author as the main sources of reference These studies are diverse, but they are publications by scholars of many countries, reflecting the views and perceptions, evaluation of the research community in that country Thus, inheritance requires critical and selective access to documentation to ensure credibility and objectivity in the recognition and evaluation of research issues Fourth, in the process of learning and researching the topic, we realize that there are quite a lot of contents related to the thesis 13 that have not been thoroughly researched and should be further studied and exchanged such as: What is the foundation of India – Myanmar relationship? How was this bilateral relationship developing during 1962 – 2011? Which factors influence directly or indirectly the relationship between two countries? What are the major fields of cooperation between two countries? What are the impacts of this relationship on development strategies and policies, especially in the international relations between two countries? What are the achievements and limitations, the problems of this bilateral relationship in the current period? Thus, it is very important to selectively prioritize the work of the scholars, giving us the basis for addressing the above mentioned issues based on the sources of precious references, from which completed the thesis "India – Myanmar Relations (1962 – 2011)" -CHAPTER FOUNDATON OF INDIA - MYANMAR RELATIONS (1962 - 2011) 2.1 Geoậpolitical factors India - Myanmar relations are affected by geo–political factors of two countries India is situated on a transshipment route connecting two continents (Europe and Asia) in particular and between the East and the West in general Among India's neighbors, Myanmar has an important geo–political position Myanmar is located between East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia junction, is the second largest neighbor and the largest on the eastern flank of India Along with its 14 geographical location, Myanmar has become a destination of many powerful countries in the world, including India and China 2.2 Cultural and historical factors India and Myanmar are close neighbors with a long–standing relationship Ever since ancient times, the influence of India in Myanmar has been reflected in many fields from trade, philosophy, politics, religion to culture During 1886 - 1937, Burma2 was a province of India depending on Britain After Burma was separated from British India (1937), the struggling movement leaders of two countries supported nationalist movement against British Empire It could be said, the factors of geographic location, culture, writing, religion, history have made the foundation for the relationship between India and Myanmar in the modern times 2.3 An overview of India ậ Myanmar relations before 1962 Since independence, India and Myanmar formally established diplomatic relations (1948) During 1948 – 1962, the relations between two countries were friendly and amicable This relationship has created some important premises, conditions for the comprehensive cooperation between India and Myanmar in the next stages 2.4 The position of India and Myanmar in each country's foreign policy 2.4.1 Background of Indian history and Myanmar's position in India's foreign policy 2.4.1.1 The situation of India from the second half of 20th century to the first decade of 21st century Since its independence (1947), India has enacted many policies, five–year plans and carried out "green revolution" and Before 1989, Myanmar was known as Burma 15 "white revolution" to build and develop the country In 1991, India pursued economic reforms in a market economy and liberalized, opened up, encouraged foreign investment cooperation, and adjusted foreign policy in a diverse, foreign capital and technical manner Thus, India has become one of the fastest growing economies in the world in the early years of 21st century 2.4.1.2 Myanmar in India's foreign policy In India's foreign policy, Myanmar occupies an important position, including the following factors: First, with its strategic geo– location, Myanmar has become an important "link" on the road to Southeast Asia of India; Second, the impact of China factor in India's foreign policy with Myanmar; Third, border security in Northeast region of India; Fourth, abundant natural resources and Myanmar's huge oil and gas reserves possession 2.4.2 Background of Myanmar's history and the position of India in Myanmar's foreign policy 2.4.2.1 Myanmar situation from the second half of 20th century to the first decade of 21st century Since 1948, Myanmar entered the era of national construction and development In 1962, with the coup of General Ne Win, the military regime was established in Myanmar Myanmar's situation is always unstable, economic stagnation, leading to many struggles of the masses Since the early 1990s, the Burmese military government has taken many steps to improve the country's socio–economic situation In the early years of 21st century, Myanmar continued to speed up the process of economic reform and open up its trade relations with ASEAN, China and India for regional and international integration 16 2.4.2.2 India in Myanmar's foreign policy In the years 1962 - 1991, India was not the main target in the foreign policy pursued by the Myanmar military government Since 1992, India has become an increasingly important in Myanmar's multilateral foreign policy by the following factors: First, with the intensification of relations with India, Myanmar wishes to diversify foreign policy and avoid excessive dependence on China; Second, India is also a factor that Myanmar really needs in its foreign policy-making to enhance the position of the military regime; Third, the promotion of Myanmar ties with India due to the proximity of neighboring countries, so the stabilization of the border will be the engine of economic development and political and social security for Myanmar -CHAPTER INDIA ậ MYANMAR RELATIONS FROM 1962 TO 1991 3.1 The impact factors of India - Myanmar relations (1962 1991) 3.1.1 World context after World War II to the end of the Cold War The confrontation and arms race between the USSR and the United States as well as the two socialist and capitalist blocs, the birth and functioning of the Non-Aligned Movement, India - Soviet Union relations, Myanmar - China relations in the years of the Cold War were the key factors for the process of India - Myanmar relations (1962 - 1991) 17 3.1.2 South Asia and Asia – Pacific context Background of South Asia region After World War II, with the struggle for independence, the situation in South Asia was complicated by ongoing conflicts, especially between India and Pakistan In December 1985, the establishment of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) marked a landmark development in the history of relations between countries in South Asia and opened a period of cooperation for the common progress of each country, peace and friendship in South Asia Background of Asia – Pacific and Southeast Asia region During the Cold War, Asia - Pacific and Southeast Asia region were also no longer in opposition to two opposing oppositional blocs This is a region that directly reflects the confrontation between the USSR and the United States with many wars such as the Korean War (1950 - 1953), the Vietnam War (1954 - 1975) has had a strong impact on India - Myanmar relations 3.1.3 The Chinese factor in India - Myanmar relations (1962 - 1991) China is a major Asian country, bordered by both India and Myanmar India - Myanmar relations in the years 1962-1990 were always influenced by the Chinese factor 3.2 India - Myanmar relations (1962 - 1991) in some major fields 3.2.1 In the field of politics ậ diplomacy India – Myanmar relations (1962 – 1991) in the field of politics – diplomacy began with the event of military coup by General Ne Win and lasted until the end of the Cold War This is a period of decline and nearly “frozen” in the diplomatic relations of two countries This fact has given China great benefits about politics, economy and military 18 3.2.2 In the field of economy In the years 1962 – 1991, the cold and sometimes strained relations between India and Myanmar strongly affected many cooperation areas between two countries, including the economic and security – defense fields Although there were some significant achievements, the economic relations between two countries from 1962 to 1991 were generally still faint Cooperation between two countries took place mainly in the field of trade 3.2.3 In the field of security ậ defense In the fields of security – defence, India and Myanmar have also made some initial achievements in the field of naval cooperation, works for delineating the border demarcation between two countries but still limited and in a potential form -CHAPTER INDIA ậ MYANMAR RELATIONS FROM 1992 TO 2011 4.1 The impact factors of India - Myanmar relations (1992 2011) 4.1.1 World context after the Cold War to the beginning of the 21st century From the end of the Cold War to the first decade of the 21st century, the trend of peace, dialogue and cooperation on a global scale in international relations has replaced the confrontation and tension of the Cold War next to regional conflicts, religion, ethnicity, terrorism, nuclear weapons, environmental pollution The new 19 international context forces many countries (including India and Myanmar) to adjust their foreign policy to adapt and take national interest as a fundamental factor 4.1.2 South Asia and Asia – Pacific context Background of South Asia region After the end of the Cold War, the situation in South Asia has not shown signs of stabilization due to territorial disputes from historical origins or from ethnic and religious contradictions Among them, India – Pakistan relations have always been the leading factor driving the relationship and cooperation among the countries in the region In that context, India has sought friendly relations with its neighbors, including Myanmar Background of Asia – Pacific and Southeast Asia region The rapid and dynamic development of Asia-Pacific in general and Southeast Asia in particular is favorable for both India and Myanmar As a result, India - Myanmar relations has many favorable conditions for development 4.1.3 The Chinese factor in India - Myanmar relations (1992 - 2011) In India - Myanmar relations (1992 - 2011) as well as in the previous period (1962 - 1991), the Chinese factor had a profound impact on both Indian and Burmese subjects as well as on the progressive of the relationship between two countries in many fields, in which the focus is on politics - diplomacy, security, strategic and economic 4.2 India - Myanmar relations (1992 - 2011) in some major fields 4.2.1 In the fields of politics - diplomacy The relationship between India and Myanmar from 1992 to 2011 in the fields of politics - diplomacy has changed significantly from improvement, consolidation to strengthening and increasingly 20 tightening It is also an appropriate step, in accordance with the position, the objectives of India and Myanmar The high-level exchanges and visits between two countries over the past decade have been the hallmark of intensifying India - Myanmar political relationship, contributing to further promoting the friendship between two countries 4.2.2 In the field of economy India - Myanmar relations in the period of 1992 - 2011 in the field of economy have gained many achievements and become more indepth than in the previous period (1962 - 1991) The cooperation between two countries in the field of trade, investment and energy continuously strengthened the economic relations between India and Myanmar in particular and two countries in general in the coming years 4.2.3 In the field of security ậ defense The security - defense cooperation relations between India and Myanmar has been strengthened with the expansion of cooperation scope and fields as well as quality of coordination activities between two countries The defense security cooperation has been increasingly diversified and rapidly promoted both practical and long-term benefits for both countries, contributing to strengthen the relationship 4.2.4 In the field of multilateral cooperation Apart from the fields of bilateral cooperation, India and Myanmar actively cooperate with each other within other multilateral mechanisms, such as through two sub-regional organizations BIMSTEC and MGC both of which are members, or through ASEAN, ARF Forum, SAARC and multilateral cooperation with other countries 21 CHAPTER ACHIEVEMENTS, CHARACTERISTIC AND IMPACTS OF INDIA - MYANMAR RELATIONS (1962 - 2011) 5.1 Achievements and restriction of India - Myanmar relations (1962 - 2011) The relationship between India and Myanmar from 1962 to 2011 was complicated by ups and downs through two phases: 1962 1991 and 1992 - 2011 Although India - Myanmar relations in the years 1962 - 1991 were reduced, there have been some remarkable achievements in the areas of cooperation India - Myanmar relations from 1962 to 1991 laid the foundations for further bilateral relations The period of 1992 - 2011 marked a new and strong development in India - Myanmar relations in almost all fields: politics - diplomacy, trade, investment, security and defense at the level bilateral and multilateral On the opposite side, in addition to the good achievements in the major areas of cooperation, India - Myanmar relations from 1962 to 2011 still have certain limitations and difficulties in politics diplomacy, economy, security - defense and the Chinese factor 5.2 The characteristics of India - Myanmar relations (1962 - 2011) First, the process of India – Myanmar relations (1962 – 2011) is complicated, with ups and downs but never broken Second, India – Myanmar relation is the relationship between two developing countries pursuing neutralist and nonaligned policies Third, India - Myanmar relations progress in the direction of adjusting and expanding the scope of cooperation and development 22 associated with the trend of regional integration, peace and development of the world after the Cold War Fourth, India - Myanmar relations (1962 - 2011) are frequently and strongly influenced by China factor This is both a deterrent and a boost for relations development between India and Myanmar Fifth, India – Myanmar relations in the years 1962 – 2011 were dominated by the issue of democracy in Myanmar 5.3 The impacts of India – Myanmar relations (1962 – 2011) for two countries and the region India - Myanmar relations from 1962 to 2011 took place with many complex events and ups and downs This relationship has a strong impact on each country, in the major fields: Politics - diplomatics, economy and security - defense In addition, India - Myanmar relationship has significant benefits for South Asia and Southeast Asia, opening up a safe and friendly environment in the region -CONCLUSION On the basis of geo – politics, history, culture, religion… and the impact of international, regional factors as well as the internal transformation of two countries, the relation between India and Myanmar was established and developed During 1886 – 1937, Myanmar, which was a part of India territory, depended on Britain The national liberation, democracy movements in India also spread to neighboring Myanmar It could be said that the relationships between 23 politics, culture, religion, society of India and Myanmar in the past were the foundation for relations of two neighboring countries at the present The relations between India and Myanmar from 1962 to 2011 went through two different ups and downs stages with special features: 1962 – 1991 and 1992 – 2011 The relations between two countries from post–independence (1948) until before 1962 were overall friendly and amicable In 1962, military system which was established in Myanmar badly affected to the evolution of bilateral relations of two countries India and Myanmar experienced a long– lasting "frozen" period due to divergences in foreign affairs This relationship from 1962 to 1991, which happened in some major fields of politics – diplomatics, was limited and fuzzy in other fields Until before 1988, India still maintained cooperation policy, helping Myanmar at many different levels However, after the "8888" event, the relationship between two countries fell down to the lowest point India changed the policy for Myanmar, from cooperation attitude switched to strongly condemn human rights–violating actions of the military government for who were fighting for democracy of Myanmar In the early 1990s of 20th century, the relations between two countries started to improve Although military forces still hold power in Myanmar but now ideology was more open, more democratic and had a tendency to expand dialogue with countries including India The close movement between India and Myanmar in the 1980s – 1990s of 20th century was the development foundation of relations between two countries in the following stages In the latter phase of the Cold War (1992 – 2011), India – Myanmar relations were thriving under the impacts of foreign policy adjustment on two countries and the resonance of new international, 24 regional context This relationship was developed on the basis of inheriting the achievements of last phase, comprehensively, prosperously and well developed in many aspects all about the breadth and depth from 1992 to 2011 instead of cooperation relation in the major field of politics Political – diplomatic relations between India and Myanmar are expressed manifold, rich through the talks of leadership between two countries; the advanced, local–level leadership meetings with other diplomatic forms such as public diplomacy… with the bilateral and multilateral mechanism These agreements, treaties, declarations, announcements and other forms of documents which were signed by both sides were the legal foundation and the orientation for activities in other fields: Trade, investment, energy, security – defense If the India – Myanmar relations on politics – diplomacy were connected to the last phase, economic relations would thrive after 1992, first step to achieve the significant achievements for the development of two countries During the period of 1992 – 2011, India – Myanmar relations had some new adjustments to reach strategic cooperative partners comprehensively, and were more open in the multilateral mechanisms The relationship between two countries has more developed conditions to exploit effective comparative advantages with each other In the field of security – defense, India – Myanmar relations are good, increasingly expanded in multiple aspects: The advanced meetings between two countries about military, border security, anti–smuggling, transfering weapons as well as supporting army training or manoeuvre In addition, since 1992, India – Myanmar relations have been affected by the diverse, multilateral policy, various layers of regional, international organizations 25 Therefore, relations between two countries not only happened bilaterally but also developed in multilateral cooperative mechanisms (BIMSTEC, MGC, ARF SAARC ) From 1992 to 2011, India – Myanmar relations gained a lot of significant achievements in many fields, not only offered benefits for two countries but also positively contributed for peace, stability and the development of the region Besides, China factor always impacts on India – Myanmar relations (1962 – 2011) frequently and continuously China is a large country on the continent which has border adjacency with both India and Myanmar China has a close relationship with Myanmar during the Cold War, is a major trading partner and a strong supporter of the Burmese military regime that stands behind the US embargoes and Western sanctions, United Nations sanctions on democratic crackdowns, and human rights abuses The decline in relations between India and Myanmar (especially from 1962 onwards) has contributed to push Myanmar closer to China, to the point that it is almost brotherly The above analysis indicated that India will have to continue to find ways to limit the influence of China, establish India’s position in Myanmar in particular and the region in general On the Myanmar side, the ruling class soon recognized that they needed India to reduce their dependence on China and expand their multilateral foreign policy to the utmost benefit of the country For nearly half a century of Indian - Myanmar relations (1962 - 2011), despite of some limits and difficulties, two countries have achieved remarkable results in the fields: Politics - diplomacy, economy and security - defense under the bilateral and multilateral mechanism The relationship between India and Myanmar (19622011) has many unique characteristics associated with the ups and 26 downs in the process of cooperation between the two countries This relationship has had a great impact on India and Myanmar as well as the security situation in South Asia, Asia-Pacific and Southeast Asia Based on the analysis of the relations between two countries in recent years, under the impact of integrated tendency in the international relation, diverse and multilateral foreign policy of India and Myanmar, it can be realized that the relationship between two countries in the second decade of 21st century has envolved in a positive way Although there are some difficulties, obstacles (border security issues, drugs dealing problems, the manipulation of China ), the relationship between India and Myanmar, which has still grown on the sustainable foundation, increasingly contributed to benefit and empowered the position of two countries in the region and the world, promoting the bilateral relations towards a better period in the following years ... quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) Ch ng Quan h n - Myanmar t n m 1962 đ n n m 1991 Ch ng Quan h n - Myanmar t n m 1992 đ n n m 2011 Ch ng Thành t u, đ c m tác đ ng c a quan h Myanmar (1962 - 2011). .. - Lênin, t t quan m c a ng C ng s n Vi t Nam v v n đ quan h qu c t nghiên c u quan h gi a n 5.2.ăPh Myanmar (1962 - 2011) ngăphápănghiênăc u Lu n án Quan h n - Myanmar (1962 - 2011) m t đ tài... 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