Andrew carnegie: david nasaw

A E= mc This eBook is downloaded from www.PlentyofeBooks.net ∑ PlentyofeBooks.net is a blog with an aim of helping people, especially students, who cannot afford to buy some costly books from the market For more Free eBooks and educational material visit www.PlentyofeBooks.net Uploaded By $am$exy98 theBooks Praise for Andrew Carnegie ―David Nasaw‘s fascinating new biography…is a marvelous window onto the man and his world… I expect it will be the definitive work on Carnegie for the foreseeable future, and it fully deserves to be.‖ —John Steele Gordon, The New York Times ―Never has this story been told so thoroughly or so well as David Nasaw tells it in this massive and monumental biography.‖ —Jonathan Yardley, The Washington Post ―Nasaw‘s Carnegie is a man of enthusiasms, and the author captures his ebullience in limpid prose, making his biography a delight to read.‖ —Steve Fraser, The Nation ―David Nasaw‘s Andrew Carnegie is the first full scale biography of the steelmaker-turned-philanthropist in thirty years… [It] belongs in the library of anyone intrigued by the life and times of one of America‘s most memorable business leaders.‖ —Chicago Tribune ―The great strength of this immense biography is the way in which David Nasaw causes these tributaries—capitalism, radicalism, and educational aspiration—to converge like the three rivers (the Allegheny, the Ohio, and the Monongahela) whose confluence makes the site of Pittsburgh possible.‖ —Christopher Hitchens, The Atlantic ―Rich and absorbing.‖ —BusinessWeek ―A terrific writer.‖ —The Seattle Times ―Nasaw delivers a vivid history of nineteenth-century capitalism.‖ —Fortune ―Masterful.‖ —James Nuechterlein, Commentary ―Nasaw is an indefatigable researcher.‖ —Pittsburgh Post Gazette ―[An] important contribution.‖ —Financial Times (London) ―For all his ruling-class narcissism and his stupefying ignorance of his workers‘ lives, he comes across in Nasaw‘s pages as a fascinating and ultimately likeable figure or an indefatigable researcher.‖ —Jackson Lears, The New Republic ―Mr Nasaw‘s account of Andrew Carnegie‘s life and career is the most complete to date.‖ —Albert B Southwick, Worcester Telegram & Gazette ―Nasaw…understands narrative well, making the Carnegie biography a lively reading experience as well as a rewarding scholarly mission.‖ —Steve Weinberg, Houston Chronicle ―A rich reappraisal of the Gilded Age giver of libraries at a time when Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are gifting fortunes and recalling Carnegie‘s dictum, ‗He who dies rich, dies disgraced.‘‖ —James Pressly, Bloomberg.com ―The new biography by Professor David Nasaw has generated rare critical unanimity in proclaiming it definitive… Nasaw has consulted significant new sources and has probably told us as much about Carnegie as can ever confidently be known or conjectured.‖ —The Scotsman ―Make no mistake: David Nasaw…has produced the most thorough, accurate and authoritative biography of Carnegie to date… It speaks highly of Nasaw‘s prowess as a researcher…that he has uncovered entire episodes previously unknown to historians.‖ —T J Stiles, Salon ―The definitive biography.‖ —The Christian Science Monitor ―With clear eye and fair mind, David Nasaw has written the definitive modern biography of Andrew Carnegie.‖ —Michael Fellman, The Vancouver Sun ―Nasaw‘s portrait of Carnegie is one of the most fascinating biographies in many years.‖ —BookLoons PENGUIN BOOKS ANDREW CARNEGIE David Nasaw is the author of the nationally bestselling biography The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst, winner of the Bancroft Prize, the J Anthony Lukas Prize, the Ambassador Book Award, and finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography; Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements; and Children of the City: At Work and at Play He is currently a Distinguished Professor of History at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York His work has appeared in The New Yorker, The Nation, Condé Nast‘s Traveler, the London Review of Books, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and other publications He lives in New York City ANDREW CARNEGIE DAVID NASAW PENGUIN BOOKS PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen‘s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi–110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in the United States of America by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc 2006 Published in Penguin Books 2007 Copyright © David Nasaw, 2006 All rights reserved THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HAS CATALOGED THE HARDCOVER EDITION AS FOLLOWS: Nasaw, David Andrew Carnegie / David Nasaw p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: 978-1-1012-01791 Carnegie, Andrew, 1835–1919 Industrialists—United States—Biography Philanthropists—United States—Biography I Title CT275.C3N37 2006 2006044840 Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher‘s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser The scanning, uploading and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law Please purchase only authorized electronic editions, and not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials Your support of the author‘s rights is appreciated CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ONE: Dunfermline, 1835–1848 TWO: To America, 1848–1855 THREE: Upward Bound, 1853–1859 FOUR: War and Riches, 1860–1865 FIVE: Branching Out, 1865–1866 SIX: A Man of Energy, 1867–1868 SEVEN: ―Mr Carnegie Is Now 35 Years of Age, and Is Said to Be Worth One Million of Dollars,‖ 1870–1872 EIGHT: ―All My Eggs in One Basket,‖ 1872–1875 NINE: Driving the Bandwagon, 1875–1878 TEN: Round the World, 1878–1881 ELEVEN: Making a Name, 1881–1883 TWELVE: Mr Spencer and Mr Arnold, 1882–1884 THIRTEEN: ―The Star-spangled Scotchman,‖ 1884 FOURTEEN: Booms and Busts, 1883–1885 FIFTEEN: The ―Millionaire Socialist,‖ 1885–1886 SIXTEEN: Things Fall Apart, 1886–1887 SEVENTEEN: A Wedding and a Honeymoon, 1887 EIGHTEEN: The Pinkertons and ―Braddock‘s Battlefield,‖ 1887–1888 NINETEEN: Friends in High Places, 1888–1889 TWENTY: The Gospels of Andrew Carnegie, 1889–1892 TWENTY-ONE: Surrender at Homestead, 1889–1890 TWENTY-TWO: ―There Will Never Be a Better Time Than Now to Fight It Out,‖ 1890–1891 TWENTY-THREE: The Battle for Homestead, 1892 TWENTY-FOUR: Loch Rannoch, the Summer of 1892 TWENTY-FIVE: Aftermaths, 1892–1894 TWENTY-SIX: ―Be of Good Cheer—We Will Be Over It Soon,‖ 1893– 1895 TWENTY-SEVEN: Sixty Years Old, 1895–1896 TWENTY-EIGHT: ―An Impregnable Position,‖ 1896–1898 TWENTY-NINE: ―We Now Want to Take Root,‖ 1897–1898 THIRTY: The Anti-Imperialist, 1898–1899 THIRTY-ONE: ―The Richest Man in the World,‖ 1899–1901 THIRTY-TWO: ―The Saddest Days of All,‖ 1901 THIRTY-THREE: ―A Fine Piece of Friendship,‖ 1902–1905 THIRTY-FOUR: ―Apostle of Peace,‖ 1903–1904 THIRTY-FIVE: ―Inveterate Optimist,‖ 1905–1906 THIRTY-SIX: Peace Conferences, 1907 THIRTY-SEVEN: Tariffs and Treaties, 1908–1909 THIRTY-EIGHT: ―So Be It,‖ 1908–1910 THIRTY-NINE: The Best Laid Schemes, 1909–1911 FORTY: ―Be of Good Cheer,‖ 1912–1913 FORTY-ONE: 1914 FORTY-TWO: Last Days, 1915–1919 NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CITED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX INTRODUCTION W E THOUGHT WE KNEW HIM, but we didn‘t And that was how he wished it He wore high-heeled boots and a top hat to disguise his lack of size And he talked and wrote volumes in an effort to construct a life that stood taller than his own His biographers have taken as their framework the account he provided in his memoirs But the Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, written and rewritten over decades, then rearranged and rewritten again by an editor chosen by his wife, Louise, offers only a partial account of selected incidents There are errors of omission, errors of chronology, and attempts, by author or editor, to mislead My account of Carnegie‘s life leaves out several of the familiar stories told in the Autobiography and retold by his biographers, because I could not independently confirm their validity Carnegie‘s first biographer, Burton J Hendrick, was specially chosen by Louise Carnegie to write her husband‘s life Hendrick was paid as a Carnegie employee; he received no royalties for his work and agreed that should his biography not be to Mrs Carnegie‘s liking, it would not be published Carnegie‘s next major biographer, Joseph Wall, added an enormous amount to the story of Carnegie‘s success as a steelmaker, but he lacked the sources to veer off the path set by the Autobiography and by Hendrick In the half century since Wall began his research, new archival sources have been opened and electronic finding aids have made it possible to locate previously unavailable ones The raw material out of which this biography is fashioned was discovered in public and university archives, government documents, and privately held family papers in England, Scotland, Wales, and the United States It includes material on the Carnegie family‘s arrival in Dunfermline, unpublished oral histories taken in Scotland by Burton Hendrick, the first drafts of Carnegie‘s memoirs, his Civil War tax returns, unpublished manuscripts and travel diaries, his multi-year correspondence with his future wife and their prenuptial agreement, and letters and telegrams not previously available to and from every American president from Benjamin Harrison to Woodrow Wilson, Kaiser Wilhelm II, William Ewart Gladstone and several other British prime ministers, Herbert Spencer, Matthew Arnold, Samuel Clemens, two generations of Morgans and Rockefellers, and Henry Clay Frick Andrew Carnegie was a critical agent in the triumph of industrial capitalism in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century That much is undeniable But the source materials I have uncovered not support the telling of a heroic narrative of an industrialist who brought sanity and rationality to an immature capitalism plagued by runaway competition, ruthless speculation, and insider corruption Nor they support the recitation of another muckraking exposé of Gilded Age criminality The history of industrial consolidation and incorporation is too complex to be encapsulated in Whiggish narratives of progress or postEdenic tales of declension, decline, and fall Carnegie survived and triumphed in an environment rife with cronyism and corruption Much of the capital invested in his iron and steel companies was derived from business activities that might be today, but were not at the time, regarded as immoral or illegal He differed from his contemporary Gilded Age industrial barons not in the means with which he accumulated his fortune, but in the success he achieved and the ends to which he put it Long before his reputation as a friend of the workingman was destroyed by events at Homestead, he had determined to give away his fortune He did so not out of shame or guilt or religious motives nor to atone for any sins he might have committed as an employer of men He was simply, he explained, returning his fortune to the larger community where it rightfully belonged He urged his fellow millionaires to the same Andrew Carnegie‘s decision to give away all he earned set him apart from his contemporaries It also, paradoxically, encouraged him to be even more ruthless a businessman and capitalist Recognizing that the more money he earned, the more he would have to give away, he pushed his partners and his employees relentlessly forward in the pursuit of larger and larger profits, crushed the workingmen‘s unions he had once praised, increased the steelworkers‘ workday from eight to twelve hours, and drove down wages Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in 1835, the eldest son of a failed linen weaver and an entrepreneurially minded mother who kept shop and took in work from local shoemakers to put food on the table At age thirteen, after no more than a year or two of formal schooling, young Andrew set sail with mother, father, and younger brother for America Poor though the Carnegies were, they were supported by his mother‘s extended family and by the Scottish emigrants who had preceded them to America and Allegheny City, across the Allegheny River from Pittsburgh Andra, as he was called, was put to work as a bobbin boy at a cotton mill, but after less than a year in the mill, found work as a telegraph messenger, taught himself Morse code, and was hired as private telegraph operator and secretary to Thomas A Scott, the Pittsburgh division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad For the next twelve years or so, he would work for the railroad At age thirty, Carnegie resigned his position to go into business for himself with his former bosses, Tom Scott and J Edgar Thomson, the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Together, they organized a series of companies—with Scott and Thomson as secret partners—that were awarded insider contracts to supply the Pennsylvania Railroad with raw materials and build its iron bridges By his early thirties, Carnegie had, with help and investment capital from his friends, accumulated his first fortune—in Pennsylvanian oil wells, iron manufacturing, bridge building, and bond trading His business career was, to this point, not unlike that of other ambitious Englishspeaking immigrants who made their fortunes by being in the right place at the right time In the early 1870s, he moved away from the source of his income, Pittsburgh, to New York City He would continue to oversee his iron and bridge companies from his hotel suite in New York—which he shared with his mother Day-to-day decision making was delegated to a succession of partners, including his brother Tom, Henry Clay Frick, and Charlie Schwab He seldom attended board meetings and visited Pittsburgh only three or four times a year For the next thirty years, his workday was confined to a few hours in the morning—and an occasional luncheon or dinner—but he accomplished as much in these hours as most men in a week, and was proud of it Although he professed to have made the move to New York for business reasons, there were more important considerations behind his decision to live a day‘s journey by train from his manufactories He was thrilled with his success as a businessman and capitalist, but far from satisfied He wanted more from life—and would spend the rest of his days in pursuit of it His ultimate goal was to establish himself as a man of letters, as well known and respected for his writing and intellect as for his ability to make money He had as a child and young man read widely and memorized large portions of Robert Burns‘s poetry and Shakespeare‘s plays In New York and London, he continued his self-education He befriended some of the English-speaking world‘s most renowned men of letters, among them Herbert Spencer, Matthew Arnold, Richard Watson Gilder, editor of the Century magazine, and Sam Clemens; published regularly in respected journals of opinion on both sides of the Atlantic; wrote two well-received travelogues and a best-selling book entitled Triumphant Democracy, and with his ―Gospel of Wealth‖ essays established himself as the moral philosopher of industrial capitalism He spent half of each year in Britain, delegating to himself the role of cultural and political liaison between what he referred to as the two branches of the Englishspeaking race He became the confidant of Republican presidents and secretaries of state and Liberal prime ministers and cabinet members, and inserted himself into the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States and Great Britain Meanwhile, his fortune grew and grew Every major business decision he made appeared, in retrospect, to have been the right one He was the first Pittsburgh iron manufacturer to move into steel, then the first steelmaker to diversify production from steel rails to structural shapes To his partners‘ dismay, he plowed most of the companies‘ profits back into the business, integrating horizontally and vertically, modernizing, expanding, and securing steady cheap supplies of raw materials by buying a majority interest in the H C Frick coke works and leasing Rockefeller‘s iron ore mines in the Mesabi Range at a huge discount By 1901, when he sold his interest in Carnegie Steel to J P Morgan, he was arguably the richest man in the world On retirement, he accelerated his giving to communities for library buildings and church organs so that parishioners could be introduced to classical music He also set up a number of charitable trusts, each charged with a specific task: free tuition for Scottish university students; pensions for American college professors; a scientific research institution in Washington, D.C.; a library, music hall, art gallery, and natural history museum in Pittsburgh; a Hero Fund for civilians; a ―peace endowment.‖ Only as he approached his later seventies did he realize that, with his payout from selling Carnegie Steel at percent a year on more than $200 million, he was running out of time to give away his fortune Disheartened that he would fail at the most important task he had taken on—to wisely give back to the community the millions he had accumulated—he established the Carnegie Corporation to receive and disperse whatever was left behind when he died He had entered retirement intending to devote all his time and efforts to his philanthropy But his last years were consumed with another cause: world peace Arguing against his own self-interest—Carnegie Steel made millions manufacturing steel armor plate for the U.S Navy—he campaigned for naval disarmament, then an international court, a league of peace, and treaties of arbitration between the nations of Europe and the United States With considerable rhetorical power, he opposed American intervention in the Philippines and the British war with the Boer Republics in South Africa As the European nations, followed closely by the United States, entered into an escalating naval arms race, he inserted himself into the diplomatic mix as an insider with access to the White House and Westminster He would spend the rest of his days as an outspoken ―apostle of peace,‖ commuting back and forth between his homes in New York and Scotland and the world‘s capitals Only at age eighty, in the second year of the Great War, did he recognize that his efforts had been in vain He spent his last years in silence, isolated from his friends, unable to return to his home in Scotland, his optimism shattered A Scotsman in America, an American in Britain, businessman, capitalist, steelmaker, author, philanthropist, peace activist, pamphleteer, son, husband, and father, Carnegie wore his many hats well He was in his long life seldom at a loss for words, never fearful of taking on a new role or task, and never less than passionate about whatever he happened to be engaged in at the moment The biographer is often asked at the conclusion of his project whether he has grown to like or dislike his subject The answer of course is both But the question is misplaced This biographer‘s greatest fear was not that he might come to admire or disapprove of his subject, but that he might end up enervated by years of research into another man‘s life and times That was, fortunately, never the case The highest praise I can offer Andrew Carnegie is to profess that, after these many years of research and writing, I find him one of the most fascinating men I have encountered, a man who was many things in his long life, but never boring ONE Dunfermline, 1835–1848 H in the upstairs room of a tiny gray stone weaver‘s cottage in Dunfermline, Scotland, to Margaret Carnegie, the daughter of Tom Morrison, the town‘s outspoken radical, and William Carnegie, a handloom weaver of fine damasks He would be called Andrew, following the Scottish custom of naming the firstborn son after the father‘s father Mag Carnegie, unable to afford a midwife, had called on her pregnant girlhood friend Ailie Fargee for assistance A few months later, when Ailie‘s time came, Mag was there to minister to the birth of Ailie‘s son, Richard.1 E WAS BORN The stone cottage in which Andra, as the child was known, was born (and which has been preserved as the Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum) was impossibly tiny, with two stories and two rooms The bottom floor was occupied almost entirely by Will Carnegie‘s loom The top story served as kitchen, dining room, and living quarters It was all but dominated by the family‘s bed Looking at the cottage today, one wonders how two adults and a child could have lived there Carnegie‘s birthplace, Dunfermline (the accent is on the second syllable, with a broad, lingering vowel sound), is situated about fourteen miles north of Edinburgh and forty miles east of Glasgow It was already, in 1835, an epicenter of the social upheaval that we refer to today as the Industrial Revolution ―Beloved Dunfermline‖ was also, as Carnegie recalled in his Autobiography, a glorious place to grow up in, a town rich in history, the ancient capital of the Scottish nation It was to Dunfermline that Malcolm Canmore had returned in the year 1057 after seventeen years of exile to take back the throne from the usurper Macbeth Malcolm built himself a castle on a mound of earth at the foot of a small river that provided the future town with a reminder of its past and a name that would stay with it forever ―Dunfermline,‖ a word of Celtic origin, is a composite term, meaning ―castle‖ (dun) that ―commands or watches over‖ (faire) a ―pond‖ (linne) or ―stream‖ (loin) In 1070, four years after William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, defeated the English army and made himself king, Malcolm married Margaret, one of the Saxon royal family who sought exile in Scotland It was Queen, later Saint, Margaret who was instrumental in establishing an ecclesiastical center where once only a fort had stood and bringing what was regarded as a modicum of English civilization to the rough northern land Malcolm and Margaret ruled Scotland from Dunfermline and were buried there, as in later years were successors to the Scottish throne By 1835, the only remnants of Dunfermline‘s past glories were the ruins of Malcolm‘s Tower and the Abbey, but they loomed large over the horizon In 1818, while clearing away National Commission on Accreditation National Labor Tribune, National Steel National Tube Nation of Steel, A (Misa) Navy, U.S Nelson, Daniel Nevins, Allan New Jersey Newspaper Days (Dreiser) newspapers, AC‘s ownership of New York, gubernatorial election (1908) New York Botanical Gardens New York Central Railroad New York City AC‘s move to libraries See New York Public Library mayoral race (1905) music scene in riding establishments in taxes New York Evening Post, New York Gas Company case New York Herald, New York Journal, New York Peace Society New York Philharmonic Society New York Public Library branch library system conditions attached to gifts to press coverage of gift to New York Stock Exchange New York Sun, New York Symphony New York Times, on AC AC‘s writings in New York (Daily) Tribune, New York Weekly Tribune, New York World, New Zealand, libraries in Nineteenth Century, Nineteenth Century Club Noble, George North American Review, Northern Pacific Railroad Notes on a Trip Round the World (Carnegie) on Chinese editing of literary citations in publication of reactions to on women and matrimony writing style of Oakland, Pennsylvania Oates, William O‘Donnell, Hugh Ohio River Oil Creek oil/oil industry Oliver, Harry Oliver Mining Company Olmsted, Frederick Law Olney, Richard Omaha Bridge Opper, Frederick ―Opportunity of the United States, The‖ (Carnegie) Oratorio Society O‘Rielly, Henry O‘Rielly Telegraph Our Coaching Trip (Carnegie) Outlook, The, Out of This Furnace (Bell) Overland Monthly, Pacific & Atlantic Telegraph Company Paderewski, Ignacy Jan Paine, Albert Bigelow Pall Mall Gazette, Palmer, Courtlandt Palmer, Courtlandt, Jr Palmer, Mrs Courtlandt Panama Canal Pan-American movement Panic of 1837 Panic of 1873 Panic of 1893 Panic of 1907 Paris Exposition (1889) Paris Peace Conference (1898) park, New York City, AC‘s gift of Pattison, Robert Payne, Sereno E Peabody, George peace AC‘s activism for AC‘s funding of See also Carnegie, Endowment for International Peace; Church Peace Union AC‘s writings on arbitration treaty Congress and disarmament conference Hague conference international arbitration agreements Morley and National Arbitration Conference Roosevelt and Taft and Peace Palace, The Hague Peacock, Alexander Pennsylvania antitrust injuctions labor laws library legislation Pennsylvania Coal Company Pennsylvania Company Pennsylvania National Guard Pennsylvania Railroad AC on AC‘s career at AC‘s continued dealings with AC‘s resignation from Adams Express and Allegheny Valley Railroad and bonds of Cambria Steel and Carnegie Brothers and Carnegie Company and Carnegie Steel and competing railroads Dodd process rails and Edgar Thomson steelworks and Keystone Bridge and management of Pennsylvania Steel and Piper & Shiffler and Pittsburgh and post-Civil war Pullman cars and stockholder investigation of strike telegraphy and troop transport and Union Pacific takeover by wage cut Woodruff Sleeping Car Company and, Pennsylvania Steel People‘s Party, Populists Phi Beta Kappa Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, libraries in Philadelphia Exposition (1876) Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia & Reading Railroad philanthropy AC on AC‘s See Carnegie, Andrew Rockefeller‘s n Philippine Investigation Committee Philippines Phillips, William Phipps, Henry, Jr AC and appearance of business career of Carnegie Company share of Louise Carnegie and Carnegie Steel and Carnegie Steel–H C Frick Coke merger and, Frick and H C Frick Coke Company and ironclad agreement and labor and net worth residences of retirement of sale of Carnegie Steel and share in Carnegie Company Phipps, Henry, Sr Phipps, John Phipps, Mrs Phipps Arboretum Pinchot, Gifford Pinkerton, Allan Pinkerton, Robert Pinkerton men Pioneer Coal Piper, John Piper & Shiffler Pitcairn, Robert Pittencrieff Pittsburgh AC and AC on AC‘s gifts to Carnegie family‘s move to centennial of during Civil War Dreiser on economy of European impressions of journey from New York to lack of culture in libraries See also Carnegie Institute locational advantages of millionaires in Pennsylvania Railroad and political corruption in post-Civil War rail link to technical schools Pittsburgh Art Society Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company Pittsburgh Chronicle, Pittsburgh Commercial, Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, Pittsburgh Daily Commercial, Pittsburgh Daily Gazette, Pittsburgh Dispatch, Pittsburgh Gazette, Pittsburgh Grain Elevator Pittsburgh Journal, Pittsburgh Leader, Pittsburgh Locomotive Pittsburgh Plate Glass Pittsburgh Post, Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh Times, Pittsburgh University Poincaré, Raymond Political Register, Pond, James B Popular Science Monthly, Porter, Horace Potter, John Powderly, Terence Poynton, John Precursor, The, presidential elections, U.S 1888 1896 1904 1912 Pritchett, Henry Problems of To-day, Wealth, Labor, Socialism (Carnegie) Proctor, Redfield Pulitzer, Joseph Pullman, George Pullman Car Company Quay, Matthew race issues, AC and Railroad Gazette, railroads/railroad industry See also specific railroads AC and See also Pennsylvania, Railroad AC on in Baltimore bond trading bridge building and Congress and construction corruption in draft exemption for employees of economy, importance to failures in government regulation of in Great Britain as heart of U.S economy infrastructure of insider information in iron industry and labor and union issues management of Panic of 1873 and post-Civil war single-track sleeping cars and steel industry and transcontinental Rainey, William Random Reminiscences of Men and Events (Rockefeller) Rannoch Lodge Reay, Lord Recollections (Morley) Reed, William Reform Club Reid, James Reid, Whitelaw religion AC and Carnegie family and importance in U.S Reno, Morris Republican National Committee Republicans/Republican Party ―Results of the Labor Struggle‖ (Carnegie) Review of Reviews, Richardson, Fanny Richardson, H.H Riddle, Ann Dike Riddle, Samuel Ritchie, Robert ―Road to Business Success, The: A Talk to Young, Men‖ (Carnegie) Robert the Bruce Roberts, George Roberts, William T Robertson, Alexander Robertson, R Robinson, Miss Rockefeller, Abby Rockefeller, John D., Jr Rockefeller, John D., Sr AC and appearance of autobiography of during Civil War corporate headquarters of in iron mining business letters of in oil business philanthropy of religion and Rockefeller University n Rodgers, Daniel Roebling, Washington A Rogers, Henry Rolland School Roosevelt, Ethel Roosevelt, Kermit Roosevelt, Theodore on AC AC and AC on African safari of antitrust policy Hague peace conference and letters of National Arbitration Conference and Nobel Prize peace initiatives and political career of reelection campaign of simplified spelling and Taft and Wilhelm II and Roosevelt Policy, The, Root, Elihu Rose, John Rosebery, Lord Ross, John Round the World (Carnegie) See Notes on a Trip Round the World (Carnegie) science AC on Russia AC‘s visits to armament market Crimean War Jews, pogroms against in World War I Russo-Japanese War St Andrews, Scotland St Andrew‘s Golf Club St Andrews Society St Louis Bridge St Nicholas Hotel, New York City sale of Carnegie Steel AC and AC-Frick legal dispute in Frick and Moore deal newspaper coverage of Phipps and Salisbury, Lord Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino Schlenley, Mary Schlenley Park Schoyer, Sol Schurz, Carl Schwab, Charles on AC AC and at Carnegie Company at Carnegie Steel at Homestead steelworks letters of J Pierpont Morgan and on steel industry travel of science AC on at U.S Steel requests for funding in Scotland AC‘s visits to Louise Carnegie and Chartist movement in Crofters Act of 1886 emigration from employment in Library Act of 1850 poor, assistance for social and political upheaval in universities weaving in See weavers/weaving Scotsman, Scott, James Scott, John Scott, Thomas AC and accounting skills of as assistant secretary of war Autobiography on bridge building and during Civil War death of Keystone Bridge and marriage of Panic of 1873 and at Pennsylvania Railroad politics and Pullman stock and railroad financing and steel industry and Texas and Pacific Railroad Company and Union Pacific and Union Pacific, Eastern Division and Scott, William Lawrence Scottish Free Church Scribner, Charles Scribner‘s, publishers Scribner‘s Statistical Atlas, Second Great Awakening Securities and Exchange Act Senate, U.S Serbia Seymour, Mrs Shadowbrook Shaw, Lord Shearn, Clarence sheriffs, Allegheny County Sherman, John Sherman Antitrust Act Sherman Silver Purchase Act Shiffler, Aaron Shinn, William silver standard Simmons, J Edward simplified spelling Simplified Spelling Board Sinclair, Upton Sixth Massachusetts Regiment Skibo estate AC‘s refurbishment of Louise Carnegie on Edward VII‘s visit to purchase of World War I and slavery Sleepy Hollow cemetery Sloane, John Smiley, Albert Smith, Charles Stewart Smith, Godwin Smithsonian Institution socialism, AC‘s opinion on Social Statics (Spencer) Solar Iron Works Sons of Vulcans Sotak, Joseph South Africa Great Britain and libraries in South Pennsylvania Railroad Spanish–Cuban–American War Spectator of London, Spence, Clara B Spencer, Herbert, AC and Autobiography on James Bridge and letters of personality and character theories of on Triumphant Democracy, on U S Spring-Rice, Cecil Arthur Standard History of Pittsburgh (Wilson) Standard Oil Stanford, Leland Stanley, Augustus O Stanton, Edwin Stead, William Steele, Mr steel industry See also specific companies AC‘s involvement in See Carnegie Brothers; Carnegie Steel; Edgar Thomson steelworks; Homestead steelworks Autobiography on Bessemer process British close ties within compensation system in cooperation and competition in depression of 1890s and governmental role in lobbying by locational advantages in market for mergers in nickel-and-steel alloy overproduction, protections against price fluctuations in production products of profits in rail pools railroads and Schwab on Thomas Scott and structural products tariffs technologies of J Edgar Thomson and trusts in union activities in wage rates Steffens, Lincoln Steinway Hall Stevens Institute Stewart, David Stewart, Rebecca stock speculation, AC on Stokes, Anson Phelps Stopes, Maria Storey, Samuel Stowe, William Strachey, John St Loe Straus, Isidor Straus, Oscar Strouse, Jean Stuart, J.E.B Studebaker, Clem Sulzbach Brothers Sumner, William Graham Swank, James Swedenborg, Emanuel Swedenborgians Swedes Swift, Gustavus Swinton, John Switzerland, AC‘s visit to Symphony Society Taft, Mrs William Howard Taft, William Howard on AC AC and AC‘s bequest to election of peace initiatives and Philippines and Roosevelt and tariffs and tariffs/tariff rates AC‘s campaign against linen reform of steel Taylor, Charles Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilich Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association telegrams telegraphy Terry, Ellen Texas and Pacific Railroad Company Third National Bank, Pittsburgh Thomas, Theodore Thompson, Dolly Thompson, Edward Thompson, Henry Yates Thomson, Daniel Thomson, Frank Thomson, J Edgar AC and Allegheny Valley Railroad and Autobiography on during Civil War Dodd process rails and Keystone Bridge and at Pennsylvania Railroad Pullman stock and steel industry and Texas and Pacific Railway and Union Pacific and Union Pacific, Eastern Division and Thomson, Margaret Thurston, George Tilden, Samuel Times of London, Titanic, Tobin, P Tocqueville, Alexis de Toker, Franklin Townsend, Edward Town Topics, Tracy, Benjamin transport/transportation Carnegie Steel needs lowering costs of in New York of oil of troops travel AC‘s See Carnegie, Andrew canal boat New York to Pittsburgh rail steamboat steerage Treaty of Paris Trevelyan, George Triumphant Democracy (Carnegie) British reactions to inaccuracies in publication of reception of second edition of Spencer on writing of Trollope, Anthony trusts AC on Pennsylvania injunctions against as presidential election issue Roosevelt and Sherman Antitrust Act in steel industry Tumulty, Joseph Tuskegee Tuthill, William East Ninety-first Street Twombly, Hamilton Union Iron Mills Keystone Bridge and reading room at union activities at Union Pacific, Eastern Division Union Pacific Railroad n Union Railroad Union Telegraph and Lochiel Iron United States AC on See also Triumphant Democracy (Carnegie) economy of See economy, U.S industrial ascendancy of linen imports in religion, importance to Spencer on westward expansion United States Commission on Industrial Relations, United States Golf Association United States Trust Company U.S Steel Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel, Workers and antitrust investigation capitalization of U.S Steel (cont.) formation of Charles Schwab and Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Cornelius, II Vanderbilt, George W Vanderbilt, William Henry Vanderbilt, William Kissam Vandevort, Benjie Vandevort, John Vandevort, Mrs Van Dyke, John Vaux, Calvert Venezuela ―Venezuelan Question, The‖ (Carnegie) Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy Victoria, queen of England Villa Allerton Vincent, Miss Walcott, Charles Walker, John Wall, Joseph Waller, Miss Walsh, Frank P Wanamaker, John ―War Abolished—Peace Enthroned‖ (Carnegie), Ward, James Ward, Lester Warren, Kenneth n Washington, Booker T Washington, D.C during Civil War library Washington, George Washington Post, Watson, Tom Watt, James wealth, AC‘s opinion on See also ―Gospel of Wealth‖ (Carnegie) weavers/weaving decline of labor unrest among market for power looms and wages of Weihe, William Welsh, J Lowber Wesley, John Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society Western Union West Highland Railroad Westinghouse, George Westminster Gazette, West Shore Railroad Wharton, Joseph White, Andrew White, Richard White, Stanford Whitfield, Estelle Whitfield, Fannie Whitfield, Henry Whitfield, John Whitfield, Louise See Carnegie, Louise (AC‘s wife) Whitman, Walt Whitney, William Wick Parish Wilhelm II Wilkins, Mrs Wilkins, William Wilson, Erasmus Wilson, James Wilson, John Wilson, Margaret Barclay Wilson, William Wilson, Woodrow Windsor Hotel Wiscasset, W & J Sloan Company Wolf, Joe Wolfe, Mr women AC and AC‘s writings on Woodruff, T.T Woodruff Sleeping Car Company workers/workingmen AC as AC‘s views on divide and conquer strategy toward ethnic divisions among pensions for politics of skilled unskilled work ethic, U.S., AC‘s opinion on Working for the Railroad (Licht) workingmen‘s organizations, British World War I Worshipful Company of Plumbers Wright, Miss Wyoming, University of Ximenze, Madame Yorkville library, New York City Youmans, Edward Livingston Youmans, Mrs Young Men‘s Christian Association (YMCA) Youth‘s Companion, * I have not included redundant information in the notes when the source of a citation is found in the text * Though the names were similar, the Union Pacific, Eastern Division, was not connected to the Union Pacific * Cacoethes scribendi, translated best into an itch or mania for writing, has been attributed, among others, to Juvenal, Addison, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr * Louise Whitfield kept a diary all her life, which forms the basis—with interviews—of the biography written by Burton Hendrick and his collaborator, Daniel Henderson Because I was unable to locate any of Louise‘s personal papers, I have had to rely on the Hendrick and Henderson biography for most of what follows It is entitled Louise Whitfield Carnegie: The Life of Mrs Andrew Carnegie, and was published by Hastings House in 1950 * There are two versions of Carnegie‘s account of this trip The first, privately printed in 1882, was entitled Our Coaching Trip; the second, published by Charles Scribner‘s Sons in 1883, was entitled An American Four-in-Hand in Britain * The magnificent Carnegie library and social center at Braddock, with swimming pool, public baths, bowling alleys, art gallery, gymnasium, and billiard hall, was constructed in 1889 * The name was borrowed from the collapsible cane that artists used as a walking stick when strolling the city‘s streets and to prop up their hands while painting * Colin Hunter was a well-known painter; the R.A stands for Royal Academy * The original document, on which ―duplicate‖ is clearly written, was sequestered in a safe at the Home Trust Company in Hoboken, New Jersey, a private bank Carnegie established in 1901 to administer his trust funds and serve as the executor of his will Only when the building in which the papers were stored was demolished in 1998 was this document, along with Carnegie‘s 1888 correspondence with his lawyers, discovered by the contractor and, with the assistance of Kenneth Miller and Vartan Gregorian, purchased by Columbia University All documents regarding William Carnegie‘s naturalization are in series IX, box 8, folder 10, CCNY; for a copy of the ―Declaration of Intent,‖ without the ―duplicate‖ notation, see vol 1, ACLC * The Carnegie firms in Pittsburgh were organized into two separate companies, each owned by the same group of partners Carnegie, Phipps owned Homestead; Carnegie Brothers, Edgar Thomson Abbott was the chairman of the board of Carnegie, Phipps; Frick of Carnegie Brothers * We don‘t know why he referred to his rivals as blackmailers In the heat of battle, he was likely to say such things about competitors * Carnegie‘s birthplace in Dunfermline has been preserved, but his first home in America was torn down in the 1960s to make room for Three Rivers Stadium * Furnaces, once cooled, were subject to damage and took a considerable amount of time to start up again * These figures include only steel made in Bessemer ovens, not that made in the open-hearth ovens like those Carnegie had installed at Homestead * The Homestead events of 1892 can be described as both a lockout and a strike The lockout came first, when the plant was shut down But it was transformed into a strike when Frick invited the workers back to the plant—on his terms—and they refused to so * We don‘t know precisely what Carnegie was referring to here It might have been the landing of the Pinkertons or the decision to bring in scab labor * For the new few years, the annual exhibition would veer back and forth between being a showcase for American artists and an exhibition of the year‘s best paintings regardless of nationality Despite Carnegie‘s wishes, the directors and judges would, in rather short order, open the exhibit to nonAmerican artists Over the next century and more, the Carnegie International would present the best in contemporary paintings, sculpture, and, more recently, video and photographic artists, to Pittsburgh audiences * Carnegie would, for the rest of his life, insist on misspelling Rockefeller‘s name in various ways * Carnegie must have been referring to John Stuart Mill here, though I can find no reference to the statement cited * Kenneth Warren, whose account of the breakup is the most compelling we have, concedes that from this point on it is difficult to follow the sequence of events ―There was clearly further tampering with the company records The evidence now available is not complete‖—Triumphant Capitalism, 255 * Years later, according to a story that Schwab told Hendrick, Carnegie and Morgan met on board an ocean liner crossing the Atlantic Carnegie told Morgan that he realized now he should have asked for an additional $100,000 ―‗Well,‘ replied Morgan with a grin, ‗you would have got it if you had.‘‖ Carnegie denied the story, and claimed that he had named a price he thought ―eminently fair.‖ ―I have been told many times since by insiders that I should have asked $100 million more and I could have gotten it easily,‖ he told congressional investigators in 1912 ―Once and for all I want to put a stop to all this talk.‖—Hendrick, II, 142; Hendrick interview with Schwab, vol 257, ACLC; U.S Steel, 2379 * Sixty-seven of them would be built, with Queens getting a few extra When, in 1996, Mary Dierick wrote her book about the New York City Carnegie libraries, she found that fifty-seven of the buildings were still standing, fifty-four of them operating as branch libraries * There is a listing for a ―Carnegie, William, weaver, Rebecca Street‖ in Woodward & Rowland‘s Allegheny Directory for the Year 1852 * The Carnegie Institution began life with a $10 million endowment, to which Carnegie added an additional $2 million in 1909 and $10 million in 1911 Rockefeller‘s Institute for Medical Research, the precursor to Rockefeller University, was launched with a grant of $200,000; in 1903, Rockefeller donated an additional $660,000 for a tract of land on which to build a permanent home for the institute on York Avenue; in 1907, he responded to a request from his directors for a $6 million endowment by giving $2.6 million; in 1908, he gave another $8 million.—Chernow, Titan, 472–78: NYT, February 1, 1902, * The Carnegie Institution‘s administrative headquarters remain in Washington, D.C., where they have always been, though four of its six departments are located elsewhere: the Department of Embryology, founded in 1913, in Baltimore; the Department of Global Ecology, the newest addition, established in 2002, at Stanford University, also the home of the Department of Plant Biology The departments of Terrestrial Magnetism and the Geophysical Laboratory remain in Washington * Fifty-four caskets and 133 certificates are currently stored at the Birthplace Museum in Dunfermline * In 1976, the Carnegie mansion became the home of the Smithsonian Institution‘s Cooper-Hewitt Museum * Some of these scrapbooks can now be found at the University of Pittsburgh archives * Carnegie was turning out pamphlets one after another: that spring, he published ―Armaments and Their Results‖ and two open letters to the London papers reprinted as ―The Path to Peace.‖ * The Church Peace Union is still in existence, but is now known as the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs * The Autobiography would never be finished by Carnegie The book that was eventually published was assembled posthumously by an editor chosen by Louise Carnegie * He had perversely changed the usual spelling of the family name as a young man * There were, indeed, no public libraries in Pittsburgh or Allegheny City, as the Pittsburgh Post complained bitterly in an 1853 editorial * Regrettably, Dod‘s letter to Carnegie has been lost We know of its contents only from Andrew‘s response * In his Autobiography, Carnegie erroneously dates the change to 1856 * The only source for this story, except for Carnegie, is David Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, published in 1907 Bates tells the same story as Carnegie, but inadvertently qualifies its value as primary evidence by writing that his ―account of Mr Carnegie‘s work…was prepared after a recent interview with him, and has received his indorsement‖—Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office (New York: Century Co., 1907), 20 * There is no foolproof scheme of comparing the economic power of individual incomes in years past to today Historians have traditionally used the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to compare the worth of dollars in times past with today Unfortunately, the CPI, while accounting for inflation over time, cannot measure the economic power of dollars, based on the size of the total economy Using data supplied by EH Net and Professor Samuel H Williamson, I have chosen to use either the nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita or the relative share of the GDP as the measures I apply to compare the values of incomes This is, though imperfect, the best way, I believe, to account in today‘s dollars, for the economic power of individual incomes in the past For the worth of incomes prior to 1890, I use the nominal GDP per capita; after 1890, as the economy begins to grow enormously in size, I use the relative share of GDP as my measure As the most recent figures available for this purpose are the 2004 GDP figures, it is these I use for comparison For further information on these measures, please see Samuel H Williamson, ―What Is the Relative Value?‖ Economic History Services, December 14, 2005: http://www.eh.net/hmit/compare/ Thank You Want More Books? We hope you learned what you expected to learn from this eBook Find more such useful books on www.PlentyofeBooks.net Learn more and make your parents proud :) Regards www.PlentyofeBooks.net ... Books 2007 Copyright © David Nasaw, 2006 All rights reserved THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HAS CATALOGED THE HARDCOVER EDITION AS FOLLOWS: Nasaw, David Andrew Carnegie / David Nasaw p cm Includes bibliographical... Monitor ―With clear eye and fair mind, David Nasaw has written the definitive modern biography of Andrew Carnegie.‖ —Michael Fellman, The Vancouver Sun Nasaw s portrait of Carnegie is one of... ebullience in limpid prose, making his biography a delight to read.‖ —Steve Fraser, The Nation David Nasaw s Andrew Carnegie is the first full scale biography of the steelmaker-turned-philanthropist