Tài liệu bồi dưỡng HSG môn Tiếng Anh lớp 7

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Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm CHUYấN BI DNG MễN TING ANH a chuyờn 1: tenses I/ THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE Form: (+) S + V(past tense)+ ( -) S + didnt + V( bare inf) + ( ? ) Did + S + V( bare inf) + ? WH- + did + S + V( bare inf) +? Use: Thỡ quỏ kh n c dựng din t; a/ Hnh ng ó bt u v ó kt thỳc ti mt thi im c th quỏ kh Ex: Tom went to Paris last summer I left this city two years ago Cỏch dựng ny c dựng vi cỏc trng t hoc cm t ch thi gian quỏ kh: Last week/ month / year; ago ; yesterday ; in + nm ó qua b/ Hnh ng ó xy sut mt quóng thi gian quỏ kh, nhng ó hon ton chm dt Ex: He worked in that bank for four years ( Anh y ó lm vic ngõn hng ú nm ) Hin anh y ó khụng lm vic y na c/ Hnh ng c lp i lp li hoc xy thng xuyờn quỏ kh Ex: When I was young, I often went fishing d/ Mt lot hnh ng xy k tip quỏ kh Ex: She drove into the car- park, got out of the car , locked the door, and walked toward the teacher II/ THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (Tng lai n) Form: S + Will / Shall + V( bare inf) + Use: Thỡ tng lai n thng c dựng : a/ Din t mt hnh ng s xy tng lai, hoc mt hnh ng xy mt quóng thi gian di tng lai Ex: The international conference will open next year I will be at hight school next year b/ Din t ý kin , s chc chn , s d oỏn ca ngi núi v mt iu gỡ ú tng lai Ex: Im sure he will come back soon Tom wont pass the examination He hasnt worked hard enough for it c/ a mt li ha, li e Ex: Ill call you tomorrow Ill hit you if you that again d/ a quyt nh tc thỡ, ta quyt nh hoc ng ý lm iu gỡ ú lỳc ang núi Ex: Sit down, please! Ill make you a cup of coffee e/ a li yờu cu, li ngh, v li mi Ex: Will you open the door ? ( request) Ill peel the potatoes ( offer ) Will you come to lunch ? ( invitation ) - Cỏc trng t thng c dựng : Someday, tomorrow, next week/ month, Soon, III/ NEAR FUTURE TENSE (Tng lai gn) Be going to: ( sp, s, d nh) S + be + going to + V( bare- inf.) Be going to c dựng : a/ Din t mt d nh s c thc hin tng lai gn hoc mt quyt nh sn cú Ex: We are going to see her off at the station at seven He is going to be a dentist when he grows up b/ D oỏn tng lai da trờn tỡnh hng hin ti- núi rng chỳng ta ngh iu gỡ s xy da vo nhng gỡ chỳng ta nhỡn thy hoc nghe thy hin ti Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Ex: How pale that girl is! Im sure she is going to faint Look at the black cloud! Its going to rain + Lu ý: - Be going to thng khụng c dựng vi ng t go v come Trong trng hp ny chỳng ta nờn dựng thỡ HTTD din t d nh tng lai Ex: Were going to the movie tonight My brother is coming to see me on the weekend - Will v Be going to u c dựng din t hnh ng hoc quyt nh tng lai, nhng: + Will c dựng chỳng ta quyt nh s lam mt vic gỡ ú lỳc ang núi ( ý nh khụng c trự tớnh trc) Ex: Im going out Im going to post these letter - Will v Be going to u c dựng d oỏn tng lai , nhng: + Will c dựng chỳng ta a li d oỏn da vo quan im hoc kinh nghim Ex: One day people will travel to Mars + Be going to c dựng chỳng ta a li d oỏn da vo tỡnh hin ti Ex: There isnt a cloud in the sky Its going to be a lovely day b chuyờn 2: modalverbs c tớnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs) Ngoi nhng c tớnh nh tr ng t, ng t khuyt thiu cũn cú thờm mt s c tớnh riờng nh sau: Khụng cú TO nguyờn mu v khụng cú TO cú ng t theo sau They can speak French and English Khụng cú S ngụi th ba s ớt thỡ Hin ti He can use our phone Ch cú nhiu nht l thỡ: Thỡ Hin ti v thỡ Quỏ kh n She can cook meals She could cook meals when she was twelve Trong nhng trng hp khỏc ta s dng nhng ng t tng ng CAN - COULD ng t khuyt thiu CAN CAN l mt ng t khuyt thiu, nú ch cú thỡ Hin ti v Quỏ kh n Nhng hỡnh thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to CAN cú th c dựng nh mt tr ng t hỡnh thnh mt s cah nỳi ring CAN v COULD cú ngha l cú th, din t mt kh nng (ability) Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old Trong núi (colloquial speech), CAN c dựng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho phộp (permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dựng din t mt s cm oỏn (prohibition) In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs CAN din t mt iu cú th xy n (possibility) Trong cõu hi v cõu cm thỏn CAN cú ngha l Is it possible? Can it be true? It surely cant be four oclock already! CANNOT c dựng din t mt iu khú cú th xy (virtual impossibility) He cant have missed the way I explained the route carefully Khi dựng vi ng t tri giỏc (verbs of perception) CAN cho mt ý ngha tng ng vi thỡ Tip din (Continuous Tense) Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea (khụng dng I am hearing) COULD COULD l thỡ quỏ kh n ca CAN She could swim when she was five COULD cũn c dựng cõu iu kin If you tried, you could that work Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Trong cỏch núi thõn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tớnh cht lch s hn CAN Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? COULD c dựng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khỏng nh nhng His story could be true, but I hardly think it is I could the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow COULD - WAS/WERE ABLE TO a) Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dựng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match The door was locked, and I couldnt open it b) Nu cõu núi hm ý mt s thnh cụng vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) thỡ WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khụng phi COULD I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends MAY - MIGHT MAY v dng quỏ kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission) May I take this book? - Yes, you may She asked if she might go to the party MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng cú th xy hay khụng th xy It may rain He admitted that the news might be true Dng cõu cm thn MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc May all your dreams come true! Trong cỏch dựng ny cú th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thỏi cah (Subjunctive) MAY/MIGHT dựng mnh theo sau cỏc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng) I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction MAY/MIGHT dựng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession) He may be poor, but he is honest (Though he is poor) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination (Though he tries hard) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination (Though he tried hard) MAY/MIGHT thng c dựng mnh trng ng ch mc ớch (adverb clauses of purpose) Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng dựng CAN/COULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT She was studying so that she might read English books MIGHT (khụng dựng MAY) ụi c dựng cõu din t mt li trỏch mng cú tớnh hn di (petulant reproach) You might listen when I am talking to you (Lm n rỏng m lng nghe tụi núi) You might try to be a little more helpful (Lm n rỏng m t cú ớch mt chỳt) Trong trng hp cn thit ngi ta dựng be allowed to, permit tựy theo ý ngha cn din t thay cho MAY v MIGHT I shall be allowed to go to the party MUST MUST l mt ng t khuyt thiu v ch cú hỡnh thc hin ti MUST cú ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc You must drive on the left in London MUST bao hm mt kt lun ng nhiờn, mt cỏch gii thớch nht hp lý theo ý ngh ca ngi núi Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm You mustnt walk on the grass Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ý ngha khụng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT) Must I it now? - No, you neednt Tomorrow will be soon enough CANNOT (CANT) c dựng lm ph nh ca MUST MUST din t ý ngha kt lun ng nhiờn, mt cỏch gii thớch nht hp lý theo ý ngh ca ngi núi nh ú cp im trờn õy If he said that, he must be mistaken If he said that, he cant be telling the truth MUST v HAVE TO a) HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST nhng hỡnh thc m MUST khụng cú We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train b) HAVE TO khụng th thay th MUST MUST mang ý ngha kt lun ng nhiờn, mt cỏch gii thớch nht hp lý theo ý ngh ca ngi núi nh ú cp im trờn õy Ngi ta phi din t bng nhng cỏch khỏc He must be mad (I personally thought that he was mad) c) MUST v HAVE TO u cú th dựng din t s cng bỏch, bt buc (compulsion) Tuy nhiờn MUST mang ý ngha s cng bỏch n t ngi núi HAVE TO mang ý ngha s cng bỏch n t hon cnh bờn ngoi (external circumstances) You must what I tell you Passengers must cross the line by the bridge (Lnh ca Cc ng St) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge (V khụng cũn ng no khỏc) MODAL VERBS SHALL - SHOULD SHALL cú th l: Mt tr ng t giỳp hỡnh thnh thỡ Tng lai (Simple Future) ngụi th nht s ớt I shall what I like Mt ng t khuyt thiu Khi l ng t khuyt thiu SHALL din t mt li (promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat) theo ý ngh ca ngi núi If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it (determination) SHOULD c dựng nhng trng hp sau: Lm mt ng t khuyt thiu cú ngha l nờn v tng ng vi ought to You should what the teacher tells you People who live in glass houses should not throw stones (proverb) Dng thay cho must khụng mun din t mt ý ngha quỏ bt buc vi must Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary Dng thay cho thỡ Hin ti Bng thi (present subjunctive) (xem phn Subjunctive) MODAL VERBS WILL - WOULD WILL cú th l: Mt tr ng t Dựng lm tr ng t WILL giỳp hỡnh thnh thỡ Tng lai (simple future) Mt ng t khuyt thiu Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu WILL din t mt s mong mun (willingness), mt li (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination) All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask (willingness) I wont forget little Margarets birthday I will send her a present (promise) Trong cỏch din t s qu quyt (determination) c SHALL ln WILL u cú th s dng nhng mi t mang mt ngha riờng Vi SHALL, s qu quyt l ngi núi Vi WILL, s qu quyt ch t (subject) ca ng t So sỏnh hai thớ d sau: (a) George shall go out without his overcoat (b) George will go out without his overcoat cõu (a), ngi núi nht nh bt George phi i ngoi m khụng c mc ỏo khoỏc cõu (b) George nht nh i ngoi m khụng thốm mc ỏo khoỏc WOULD cú th l: Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Mt tr ng t WOULD giỳp hỡnh thnh mt Tng lai quỏ kh (future in the past) hay cỏc thỡ cõu iu kin He said he would send it to me, but he didnt If she were here, she would help us He would have been very happy if he had known about it Khi dựng nh mt ng t khuyt thiu, WOULD din t mt thúi quen quỏ kh Vi ngha ny, WOULD cú th dng thay cho used to Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO - DARE - NEED ng t khuyt thiu OUGHT TO OUGHT TO l mt ng t khuyt thiu ch cú thỡ Hin ti (simple present) Nỳ cú ngha l nn, gn ging vi should Trong hu ht cỏc trng hp OUGHT TO cú th c thay th bng should They ought to (should) pay the money He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself OUGHT TO dựng din t mt s gn ỳng, rt cú th ỳng (strong probability) If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now OUGHT TO cú th dựng tng lai vi cỏc t xỏc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday Our team ought to win the match tomorrow OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khụng tỏn ng v mt hnh ng ú lm quỏ kh You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing ng t khuyt thiu DARE DARE cú ngha l dỏm, c gan cú th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, nú cú y c tớnh ca loi ng t ny Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu) You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu) He doesnt dare to answer my letter (ng t thng) She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng) Thnh ng I daresay cú ngha l cú th, cú l ng ngha vi cỏc t perhaps, it is probable Thnh ng ny thng khụng dựng vi ch t no khỏc ngoi ngụi th nht He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later ng t khuyt thiu NEEDCú hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch cú hỡnh thc Hin ti v cú y c tớnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu Nú cú ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to V th nú c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must Need he work so hard? You neednt go yet, need you? Cú mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khụng dựng th xỏc nh Nú ch c dựng th ph nh v nghi Khi dựng th xỏc nh nú phi c dựng vi mt t ng ph nh You neednt see him, but I must I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday C chuyờn 3: Comparison Cú ba cp so sỏnh tớnh t v trng t: so sỏnh bng, so sỏnh hn v so sỏnh nht I/ So sỏnh bng (Positive form) Hỡnh thc so sỏnh bng c thnh lp bng cỏch thờm as vo trc v sau tớnh t (adjective) hoc trng t (adverb) S + V + as + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun / clause Ex: My hands were as cold as ice (Tụi lnh nh ỏ) Jane sings as well as her sister (Jance hỏt hay nh ch cụ y) Is the film as interesting as you expected? (Phim cú hay nh bn mong i khụng?) Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Trong cõu ph nh so cú th c dựng thay cho as Not as / s + adj / adv + as Ex: This flat isnt as/so big as uor old one (Cn h ny khụng ln bng cn h cũ ca chỳng tụi) I cant run as/so fast as him (or: As he can) (Tụi chy khụng nhanh bng anh y) Tom isnt as/so intelligent as he looks (Tom khụng thụng minh nh v b ngoi) * So sỏnh bng hoc nh cng cú th c din t bng cu trỳc the same as S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun Ex: My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his Or The height of my house is the same as his (Nh tụi cao bng nha anh y) Tom is as old as Mary = Tom is the same age as Mary Or Toms age is the same as Marys (Tom cựng tui vi Mary) Annes salary is as much as mine = anne gets the same salary as me Or Annes salary is the same as mine (Lng ca Anne bng lng ca tụi) II/ So sỏnh hn (Comparative form) Hỡnh thc so sỏnh hn ca tớnh t v trng t c thnh lp bng cỏch: * Thờm -er vo sau tớnh t hoc trng t cú mt õm tit (short adjective/adverb) v mt s tớnh t cú hai õm tit tn cựng bng -er, -ow, -y, -le Ex: big (to, ln) bigger (to hn, ln hn) fast (nhanh) faster (nhanh hn) quiet (yờn lng ) quieter (yờn lng hn) happy (hnh phỳc) happier (hnh phỳc hn) clever (thụng minh) cleverer (thụng minh hn) narrow (hp) narrower (hp hn) simple (n gin) simpler (n gin hn) * Thờm vo trc tớnh t hoc trngt cú hai õm tit (tr cỏc tớnh t tn cựng bng -er, -ow, -y, -le) hoc cú t ba õm tit tr lờn (long adjective / adverb) Ex: useful (hu ớch) more useful (hu ớch hn) boring (t nht) more boring (t nht hn) tired (mt) more tired (mt hn) quitckly (nhanh) more quitckly (nhanh hn) quitetly (yờn tnh) more quitetly (yờn tnh hn) beautiful (p) more beautiful (p hn) interestinh (thỳ v) more interestinh (thỳ v hn) S + V + short adj/adv+ +than er more + long adj/adv + noun / pronoun / clause Ex: The giraffe is taller than the man (Hu cao c cao hn ngi) The exam was more difficult than we expected (Bi kim tra khú hn chỳng tụi ngh) Weve been waiting longer than we expected (Chỳng tụi ó i lõu hn h) Jane speaks Spanish more fluently than Martin (Jane núi ting Tõy Ban Nha lu loỏt hn Martin) - So sỏnh hn cú th c nhn mnh bng cỏch thờm much hoc far trc hỡnh thc so sỏnh Ex: Harrys watch is much / far more expensive than mine (ng h ca Harry t tiờn hn so vi ng h ca tụi) Her boyfriend is much / far older than her (Bn trai ca cụ ta ln tui hn cụ ta nhiu) - A lot, a bit, a little, rather, slightly cú th c dựng trc dng so sỏnh Ex: I got up a little later than usual (Tụi thc dy tr hn thng ngy) Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Im feeling a lot better today (Hụm tụi thy kho hn nhiu) III/ So sỏnh nht (Superlative form) Hỡnh thc so sỏnh nht ca tớnh t hoc trng t c thnh lp bng cỏch: * Thờm -est vo sau tớnh t hoc trng t ngn (short adj/adv) hoc tớnh t cú hai õm tit tn cựng bng -er, -ow, -ly, -le Ex: hot (núng) hottest (núng nht) cheap (r) cheapest (r nht) clever (thụng minh) cleverest (thụng minh nht) early (sm) earliest (sm nht) shallow (nụng) shallowest (nụng nht) * Thờm most vo trc tớnh t hoc trng t di (long adj/adv) Ex: expensive (t) most expensive (t nht) boring (t nht) most boring (t nht nht) famous (ni ting) most famous (ni ting nht) slowly (chm) most slowly (chm nht) fortunately (may mn) most fortunately (may mn nht) S + V + the short(+ adj/adv noun) + er most + long adj/adv Ex: Im the happiest man in the world (Tụi l ngi hnh phỳc nht trờn i) Love is the most important thing (Tỡnh yờu l iu quan trng nht) He worked the hardest of the three workers (Trong ba cụng nhõn lm vic chm ch nht) Jane speaks Spanish the most fluently in her class (Trong lp, Jane núi ting TõyBan Nha lu loỏt nht) * Hỡnh thc so sỏnh bt quy tc (Irrgular comparision) Mt s tớnh t v trng t cú hỡnh thc so sỏnh hn v so sỏnh nht bt quy tc (khụng theo quy lut -er/est; more/most) good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest / furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest - C farther/farthest v further/furthest u cú th c dựng ch khong cỏch Khụng cú s khỏc v ngha Ex: The way from here to the subway station is farther/further than to the bus stop (T õy n trm xe in ngm xa hn n trm xe buýt) York is the farthest/furthest town of the three (York l th trn xa nht ba th trn) + Further cũn cú ngha thờm na; hn na (farther khụng cú ngha ny) Ex: Let me know if you have any further news (Nu bn cú thờm tin tc gỡ thỡ hóy cho tụi bit nhộ) [=any more news) - Elder, eldesr cú th c dựng lm tớnh t (ng trc danh t) hoc i t (khụng cú danh t theo sau) thay cho older/oldest ch s nhiu tui hn Chỳng ch yu c dựng so sỏnh cỏc thnh viờn cựng mt gia ỡnh Ex: My elder/older brother is a pilot (Anh tụi l phi cụng) Hes the elder (son) ofn her two sons (Anh ta l trai ln hai trai ca b ta) His eldest/oldest daughter got married last year (Con gỏi u ca ụng ta ó lp gia ỡnh nm ngoỏi) Are you the eldest/oldest (person) in your family? Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm (Anh cú phi l u nh khụng?) + Elder khụng c dựng vi than cu trỳc so sỏnh hn, vỡ vy ch dựng older Ex: Hes two years older than me (Anh y ln hn tụi hai tui) [NOT elder than me] * Mt s im cn ghi nh: a) More v most c dựng thnh lp hỡnh thc so sỏnh ca cỏc trng t m tn cựng bng -ly Ex: more slowly, more quietly, more easily, more seriously, more carefully Nhng vi trng t early, ta khụng dựng more early/most early m phi dựng earlier/earliest Ex: This morning I got up earlier than usual (Sỏng tụi thc dy sm hn thng ngy) b) Mt s tớnh t cú hai õm tit cú th co c hai hỡnh thc so sỏnh (-er/more v -est/most): clever, common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, stupid Ex: Its too noisy here Can we go somewhere quieter/more quiet ( õy n quỏ Chỳng ta i ni no ú yờn tnh hn nhộ?) He is the cleverest/the most clever in class (Anh y thụng minh nht lp) c) More v most c dựng cho tớnh t cú ba õm tit tr lờn, ngoi tr nhng t phn ngha ca nhng tớnh t cú tn cựng bng -y Ex: unhappy unhappier unhappiest untidy untidier untidiest d) Less v least l cỏc t phn ngha ca more v most, c dựng din t s khụng bng mc ớt hn, hoc ớt nht Ex: Hes got less enthusiastic than he used to have (Anh ta kộm nhit tỡnh hn trc) The least expensive holidays are often the most interesting (Nhng kỡ ngh ớt tn kộm nht thng thỳ v nht) e) Tớnh t hoc trng t so sỏnh nht cú th c dựng m khụng cú danh t theo sau danh t hoc s c cp n Ex: This room is the warmest in the house (Cn phũng ny l cn phũng m nht nh) Its the warmest of three rooms (ú l cn phũng m nht ba cn phũng) f) Sau hỡnh thc so sỏnh nht, chỳng ta thng dựng cỏc gii t in hoc of In c dựng vi danh t m c s ớt ch mt ni chn (country, city, town, building, ect ), mt t chc hoc mt nhúm ngi (class, team, family, company, ect.); of c dựng ch khong thi gian hoc dựng trc danh t m c s nhiu ch mt s lng xỏc nh ngi hoc vt Ex: Who is the best player in the team? (Ai l cu th chi hay nht i?) Its the most expensive hotel in Oxford (ú l khỏch sn t nht Oxford) August is the wettest of the year (Thỏng Tỏm l thỏng cú ma nhiu nht nm) She is the most beautiful of the three sisters (Cụ y xinh nht ba ch em) g) Trong li thõn mt, i t lm tõn ng (me, him, us, them ) thng c dựng sau than v as i t lm ch ng (I, he, we, they ) v ng t c dựng li sang trng hn Ex: Shes older than me (Cụ y ln tui hn tụi) informal Or : Shes older than I am formal h) Mo t the ng trc tớnh t v trớ v ng (predicative adjective) v trc trng t (adverbs) hỡnh thc so sỏnh nht ụi c b i li thõn mt Ex: Which of the boys is (the) strongest? (Trong cỏc cu ú a no mnh nht?) He can run (the) fastest (Anh ta chy nhanh nht) Tuy nhiờn dng so sỏnh nht v trớ v ng c dựng vi mt nhúm t xỏc nh thỡ khụgn c b the Ex: This dictionary is the best I could find (Cun t in ny l cun hay nht m tụi tỡm c) [NOT This dictionary is best I could find] Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm She was the quickest of all the staff (Cụ y l ngi nhanh nhn nht tt c cỏc nhõn viờn) [NOT She was quickest ] Khụng dựng the so sỏnh cựng mt ngi hay mt vt nhng tỡnh khỏc Ex: Hes nicest when hes had a few drinks (Anh y t t nht ó ung vi ly) [NOT Hes the nicest when ] She works hardest when shes doing something for her family (Cụ y lm vic tớch cc nht cụ y lm vic gỡ ú cho gia ỡnh) [NOT She works the hardest when ] i) Most + adjective ụi c dựng vi ngha very Ex: The book you lent me was most interesting (Cun sỏch bn cho tụi mn rt hay) [=very interesting] IV/ Cỏch thờm uụi -er v -est (Spelling rules for the -er and -esr ending) * Tớnh t hoc trng t tn cựng bng e: thờm -r v -st Ex: large (rng) larger largest late (tr) later latest * Tớnh t hoc trng t cú hai õm tit tn cựng bng ph õm +y: i y thnh i v thờm -er hoc -est Ex: happy (hnh phỳc) happier happiest pretty (p) prettier prettiest * Tớnh t hoc trng t cú mt õm tit tn cựng bng nguyờn õm + ph õm (tr w): gp ụi ph õm Ex: big (to) bigger biggest thin (mng) thinner thinnest new (mi) newer newest V/ Hỡnh thc so sỏnh c bit (Special comparison) So sỏnh kộp (Double comparatives) a) So sỏnh ng tin (cng cng) Dng so sỏnh ng tin vi the the c dựng din t s cựng thay i tng thờm hoc gim bt v s lng hoc mc ca s vic The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V Ex: The older I get, the happier I am (Cng ln tui tụi cng thy hnh phỳc) The more dangerous it is, the more I like it (Vic cng nguy him tụi cng thớch) The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel (Tri cng núng, tụi cng cm thy khú chu) The more I known him, the less I like him (Cng bit rõ anh ta, tụi cng khụng thớch anh ta) - More cú th c dựng vi dan t Ex: The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be (Dựng in cng nhiu, hoỏ n in cng cao) - Dng ngn ca cu trỳc ny c dựng thnh ng The more the merrier (cng ụng cng vui) v cu trỳc The + comparative + the better Ex: What time shall we leave? The sooner the better (My gi chỳng ta i? Cng sm cng tt) How you like your coffee? The stronger the better (Anh thớch c phờ nh th no? Cng m cng tt) The less luggage you have to carry the better (Mang cng ớt hnh lớ cng tt) b) So sỏnh lu tin (cng ngy cng) Dng so sỏnh lu tin c dựng din t s vic ang tng dn hoc gim dn mt cỏch liờn tc - er and er v more and more c dựng din t s tng dn short adj /adv + er + and + short adj/adv + er more and more + long adj/adv Ex: Betty is younger and younger (Betty cng ngy cỏng tr ra) Its becoming harder and harder to find a job (Cng ngy cng khú tỡm vic) Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Her story was more and more attractive (Cõu chuyn ca b ta ngy cng hp dn) Were going more and more slowly (Chỳng tụi i cng lỳc cng chm) [NOT more slowly and more slowly] - Less and less c dựng din t s gim dn Ex: He became less and less interested in politics (Cng ngy cng ớt quan tõm n chớnh tr) He played the piano less and less as he grew older (Cng ln nú cng ớt chi dng cm) So sỏnh hnh ng (Comparison of actions) Danh ng t (gerund) hoc ng t nguyờn mu (to-infinitive) theo sau t so sỏnh Ex: Riding a house is not as easy as riding a motorcycle (Ci nga thỡ khụng d nh chy xe mỏy) Its sometimes cheaper to buy a new one than to repair the old one (ụi mua cỏi mi li r hn sa li cỏi cũ) D Chuyờn 4: Adjectives and adverbs I/ Tớnh t Tớnh t l t ch tớnh cht, mc , phm vi, ca mt ngi hoc vt Nú b ngha cho danh t, i t hoc liờn t (linking verb) Nú tr li cho cõu hi What kind? Tớnh t luụn ng trc danh t c b ngha: That is my new red car Tr trng hp galore (nhiu, phong ph, di do) v general tờn cỏc c quan, cỏc chc v ln l hai tớnh t ng sau danh t c b ngha: There were errors galore in your final test; UN Secretary General (Tng th ký Liờn hp quc) Tớnh t ng sau cỏc i t phim ch (something, anything, anybody ) Its something strange He is somebody quite unknown Tớnh t c chia lm loi l tớnh t mụ t (descriptive adjective) v tớnh t gii hn (limiting adjective) Tớnh t mụ t l cỏc tớnh t ch mu sc, kớch c, cht lng ca mt vt hay ngi Tớnh t gii hn l tớnh t ch s lng, khong cỏch, tớnh cht s hu, Tớnh t khụng thay i theo ngụi v s ca danh t m nú b ngha, tr trng hp ca these v those TNH T M T TNH T GII HN beautiful one, two s m large first, second s th t red my, your, his tớnh cht s hu interesting this, that, these, those i t ch nh important few, many, much s lng colorful Khi tớnh t m t b ngha cho mt danh t m c s ớt, nú thng cú mo t a, an hoc the ng trc a pretty girl, an interesting book, the red dress Tớnh t i trc danh t nhng i sau liờn t (linking verb xem phn sau) Tớnh t ch b ngha cho danh t, i t v liờn t Nu mt cm t cú nhiu tớnh t cng b ngha cho mt danh t thỡ th t ca tớnh t s nh sau: tớnh t s hu hoc mo t, opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose Ch ý rng tớnh t s hu (my, your, our ) hoc mo t (a, an, the) nu cú thỡ lun i trc cỏc tớnh t khỏc Nu ú dng mo t thỡ khụng dng tớnh t s hu v ngc li V d v th t sp xp ca tớnh t: a silly young English man the huge round metal bowl my small red sleeping bag art/poss opinion size age shape color origin material purpose noun a silly Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà young English man 10 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm the huge round metal bowl my small red sleeping bag Compound Adjective (Tớnh t kp) a Danh t dng lm tớnh t Trong ting Anh cú nhiu trng hp mt danh t ng trc mt danh t khỏc lm nhim v ca mt tớnh t (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher) Danh t i trc cú vai trũ ca mt tớnh t, b ngha cho danh t i sau Cỏc danh t úng vai trũ ca tớnh t lun lun dng s t, cho d danh t c chỳng b ngha cú th dng s nhiu (tr mt vi trng hp cỏ bit: a sports car, small-claims court, a no-frills store ) Cỏc liờn kt s m danh t (number-noun) luụn c ngn cỏch bi du gch ni We took a five-week tour (We took a tour that lasted five weeks) He has a two-year subscription to that magazine (His subscription to that magazine is for two years) These are twenty-dollar shoes (These shoes cost twenty dollars.) b Khi no dng danh t lm tớnh t, no dng tớnh t ca danh t ú? Trong mt s trng hp nu dựng danh t lm tớnh t thỡ nỳ mang ngha en: A gold watch = a watch made of gold Nhng nu dựng tớnh t thỡ nỳ mang ngha bỳng: A golden opportunity = a chance that it is very rare and precious (qu gi) Khụng c dựng tớnh t b ngha cho danh t nú ch tớnh cht ngh nghip hoc ni dung, ú phi dựng danh t úng vai trũ tớnh t: a mathematics teacher, a biology book Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns (Tớnh t ch nh v i t ch nh) a i t ch nh THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE cú thờm cụng c t cõu, ta cn bit v nhng t ny * Ngha: THIS = ny, cỏi ny, õy THESE = s nhiu ca THIS THAT =ú, cỏi ú, iu ú THOSE = s nhiu ca THAT * Cah dng: - i t ch nh luụn ng trc danh t - i t ch nh cú th khụng cn danh t, t thõn nú cú th lm ch ng * V d: + THIS CAR IS VERY FAST = Chic xe hi ny rt nhanh.(chy rt nhanh) + THIS IS A BASIC LESSON = õy l mt bi hc c bn + THESE LESSONS ARE EASY TO UNDERSTAND = Nhng bi hc ny d hiu + THESE ARE BASIC LESSONS = Nhng cỏi ny l nhng bi hc c bn + THAT DOG IS VICIOUS = Con ú d lm + THAT IS MY DAUGHTER = ú l gỏi tụi + THOSE PILLS ARE ASPIRINS = My viờn thuc ú l aspirin + THOSE ARE MY CHILDREN = My a ú l ca tụi b Hn nh t: Much, many, a lot of v lots of mt s trng hp khỏc b.1 Much & many Many hoc much thng ng trc danh t Many i vi danh t m c v much i vi danh t khụng m c: She didnt eat much breakfast (Cụ ta khụng n sỏng nhiu) There arent many large glasses left (Khụng cũn li nhiu cc ln) Tuy nhin much of cú th i vi tờn ngi v tờn a danh: Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 11 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm I have seen too much of Howard recently (Gn õy tụi hay gp Howard) Not much of Denmark is hilly (an mch khụng cú my i nỳi) Many/much of + determiner (a, the, this, my ) + noun You cant see much of a country in a week (Anh khụng th bit nhiu v mt nc vũng mt tun õu.) I wont pass the exam I have missed many of my lessons (Tụi s khụng thoỏt c k thi ny mt, tụi b quỏ nhiu bi.) Many v much dựng nhiu cõu ph nh v cõu nghi vn, cõu khng nh cú th dựng cỏc loi t khỏc nh plenty of, a lot, lots of thay th How much money have you got? Ive got plenty He got lots of men friends, but he doesnt know many women Tuy vy ting Anh, much v many c dựng bnh thng cõu khng nh Much has been written about the causes of unemployment in the opinion of many economists Much dựng nh mt phú t (much ng trc ng t nhng ng sau very v sau cu trỳc ph nh ca cõu): I dont travel much these days (much = very often) I much appreciate your help (much=highly) We very much prefer the country to the town Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family Much too much / many so many ( nhn mnh) dựng c lp sau mnh chớnh, trc danh t m nú b ng The cost of a thirty-second commercial advertisement on a television show is $300,000, much too much for most business Many a + singular noun + singular verb: Bit bao nhiu Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge (Bit bao chng trai kin ú nn lũng trc mt th thỏch nh vy) I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a time Manys the + {smt that / sbody who} + singular verb Manys the student who couldnt follow the post-graduate courses at universities and colleges under the pressure of money (Bit bao nhiờu sinh viờn ú khụng th theo hc cỏc trng H v C thiu tin) Manys the promise that has been broken (Bit bao nhiờu li ú b phn bi) b.2 Phõn bit alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal vi many/ much Cỏc thnh ng trờn u cú ngha tng ng vi much/ many (nhiu) v most (a phn) A lot of/ lots of (informal) = a great deal/ a large number of/ much/ many (formal) Khụng cú khc g my gia a lot of v lots of Ch ng chớnh sau hai thnh ng ny s quyt nh vic chia ng t a lot of | uncountable noun + singular verb lots of | plural noun + plural verb A lot of time is needed to learn a language Lots of us think its time for an election Plenty of c dựng ph bin informal English Dont rush, theres plenty of time Plenty of shops take checks A large a mount of = a great deal of + non-count noun (formal English) I have thrown a large amount of old clothing Mr Lucas has spent a great deal of time in the Far East A lot v a great deal cú th c dựng lm phú t v v trớ ca nú l cui cõu On holiday we walk and swim a lot The gorvernment seems to change its mind a great deal b.3 More & most Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 12 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm More + noun/noun phrase: dựng nh mt nh ng We need more time More university students are having to borrow money these day More + of + personal/geographic names It would be nice to see more of Ray and Barbara (Rt hay c gp Ray v Barbara thng xuyờn hn.) Five hundred years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees (500 nm trc õy, a phn nc Anh ph nhiu rng hn ca gi nhiu) More of + determiner/pronoun (a/ the/ my/ this/ him/ them ) He is more of a fool than I thought (Nú l mt thng ngu hn tụi tng nhiu) Three more of the missing climbers have been found Could I have some more of that smoked fish I dont think any more of them want to come One more/ two more + noun/ noun phrase There is just one more river to cross Nhng phi dựng cardinal number (s m) + noun + more (Five dollars more) nu more mang ngha thm na He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute $50 more Most + noun = a phn, a s Most cheese is made from cows milk Most Swiss people understand French Most + determiner/ pronoun (a, the, this, my, him ) = Hu ht He has eaten pizzas and most of a cold chicken Most of my friends live abroad She has eaten most of that cake Most of us thought he was wrong Most c dựng thay cho mt danh t, nu trờn, danh t hoc ch ng ú ú c nhc n Some people had difficulty with the lecture, but most understood Ann and Robby found a lot of blackberries, but Susan found the most Most + adjective mang ngha very (khụng ph bin) That is most kind of you Thank you for a most interesting afternoon b.4 Long & (for) a long time Long c dựng cõu hi v cõu ph nh Have you been waiting long? It does not take long to get to her house She seldom stays long (for) a long time dng cõu khng nh I waited for a long time, but she didnt arrive It takes a long time to get to her house Long c dựng cõu khng nh i vi: too, enough, as, so The meeting went on much too long I have been working here long enough Its time to get a new job You can stay as long as you want Sorry! I took so long Long before (lõu trc khi)/ long after (múi sau khi)/ long ago (cỏch õy ú lõu) We used to live in Paris, but that was long before you were born Long after the accident he used to dream that he was dying Long ago, in a distant country, there lived a beautiful princess Long mang vai trũ phỳ t phi t sau tr ng t, trc ng t chớnh: This is a problem that has long been recognized Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 13 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm All (day/ night/ week/ year) long = sut c She sits dreaming all day long (Cụ ta ngi m mng sut c ngy) Before + long = Ngay bõy gi, chng bao lõu na I will be back before long (Ti s quay li bõy gi) Trong cõu ph nh for a long time (ú lõu, mt thi gian di) khỏc vi for long (ngn, khụng di, chc lỏt) She didnt speak for long (She only spoke for a short time) She didnt speak for a long time (She was silent for a long time) II/ Phỳ t Phú t b ngha cho ng t, cho mt tớnh t hoc cho mt phú t khỏc Nú tr li cho cõu hi How? Rita drank too much (How much did Rita drink?) I don't play tenis very well (How well I play?) He was driving carelessly (How was he driving?) John is reading carefully (How is John reading?) She speaks Spanish fluently (How does she speak Spanish?) Thụng thng, cỏc tớnh t mụ t cú th bin i thnh phú t bng cỏch thờm ui -ly vo tớnh t He is a careful driver He always drives carefully TNH T PH T (Trng t) bright brightly careful carefully quiet quietly Tuy nhin, cú mt s tớnh t khụng theo quy tc trờn: 1) Mt s tớnh t c bit: good => well; hard => hard; fast => fast; She is a good singer She sings very well 2) Mt s tớnh t cú tn cựng l uụi ly (lovely, friendly) nờn thay th cho phú t ca cỏc tớnh t ny, ngi ta dựng: in a + Adj + way/ manner He is a friendly man He behaved me in a friendly way Ca t sau l phỳ t: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too Cỏc phú t c chia lm loi sau: ADVERB OF EXAMPLE TELL US manner happily, bitterly how something happens degree totally, completely how much ST happens, often go with an adjective frequency never, often how often ST happens time recently, just when things happen place here, there where things happen disjunctive hopefully, frankly opinion about things happen Cỏc phú t thng úng vai trũ trng ng (modifier xem phn 1) cõu Ngoi ca ng gii t cng úng vai trũ trng ng nh phú t, chỳng bao gm mt gii t m u v danh t i sau ch: a im (at home), thi gian (at pm), phng tin (by train), tnh hung, hnh ng (in a very difficult situation) Cỏc cm t ny u cú chc nng v cỏch s dng nh phú t, cng cú th coi l phú t V th t, cỏc phú t cựng b ngha cho mt ng t thng xut hin theo th t: manner, palce, time Núi chung, phú t ch cỏch thc ca hnh ng (manner - cho bit hnh ng din nh th no) thng liờn h cht ch hn vi ng t so vi phú t ch a im (place) v phú t ch a im li liờn kt vi ng t cht ch hn phú t ch thi gian (time) The old woman sits quietly by the fire for hours Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 14 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm V v trớ, cỏc phú t hu nh cú th xut hin bt c ch no cõu, nhng v th, nỳ l khỏ phc V trớ ca phú t cú th lm thay i phn no ý ngha ca cõu Chng ta s xem xt tng loi phỳ t: II Adverb of manner: Cỏc phú t v cm phú t ch phng thc ca hnh ng cú th ng u cõu, cui cõu hoc gia cõu (thụng dng hn) Vớ d: He angrily slammed the door He slammed the door angrily Angrily he slammed the door Khi ng gia cõu, phú t ng gia ch ng v ng t chớnh, nhng ng sau tr ng t hoc ng t be nu cú Ina had carefully placed the vase on the table Ina had been carefully arranging the flowers V tr ca phỳ t cú th lm thay i ý ngha ca cõu Xột cỏc cõu sau: She answered the question immediately She immediately answered the question She answered the question foolishly She foolishly answered the question Trong hai cõu u, ý ngha ca cõu khụng b nh hng bi v trớ ca phú t, nhng hai cõu sau thỡ cú s khc Cõu cho bit cõu tr li ca c ta l ngc ngch, cũn cõu cú ngha C y tht ngc ngch tr li cõu hi Phỳ t foolishly ng cui cõu thỡ ch b ngha cho ng t answered the question, nhng c t gia cõu li cú liờn h vi ch ng nhiu hn l vi ng t Hin tng ny xy vi cỏc loi phú t khỏc Nghiờn cu thờm cỏc vớ d sau: John was able to solve this problem without any help (John cú th gii c bi toỏn ny m khụng cn s tr gip no) Even John was able to solve this problem without any help (Ngay c John cú th gii c bi toỏn ny m ) John was even able to solve this problem without any help (John cú th thm gii c bi toỏn ny m ) John was able to solve even this problem without any help (John cú th gii c c bi toỏn ny m khụng cn ) John was able to solve this problem even without any help (John cú th gii c bi toỏn ny m thm khụng cn ti s tr gip no) He completely failed to agree with me (Anh ta hon ton khụng ng ý vi ti) He failed to agree completely with me (Anh ta khụng ng ý hon ton vi ti) Phú t ch cỏch thc ca hnh ng thng ch ng gia cõu nú l t n (vi uụi ly) Phn ln cỏc phú t thuc dng ny Nhng cú mt s phú t l mt cm t, thng bt u bng with Khi ú phi t nú cui cõu: She was looking through the notes with great interest Tng t nh vy, hai phú t ghộp song song vi nhau, chỳng phi cui cõu She angrily called him an idiot She called him an idiot angrily and loudly II.2 Adverb of place: Phú t ch ni chn l loi d nh nht Nú luụn xut hin cui cõu I had lunch in the canteen Trong mt s mu cõu o v trớ ca ch ng v ng t, nú cú th ng u cõu: Here is your homework II.3 Adverb of time: Phú t ch thi gian li c phõn lm loi Loi ch thi gian tuyt i (yesterday, tonight, on Sunday, in December ) v loi ch thi gian tng i (recently, already, ) i vi loi ch thi gian tng i, v trớ ca chỳng ging nh i vi phú t ch cỏch thc ca hnh ng Ta ch núi n õy loi ch thi gian tuyt i Nú cú liờn kt yu nht vi ng t cõu nờn cú th xut hin bt c v trớ no cõu, khụng ng gia ng t v cỏc tr ng t Tuy nhiờn, nú thng ng u cõu hoc cui cõu Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 15 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm I didn't go cycling yesterday In 1987 she was working for a bank in Manchester II.4 Adverb of frequency: Phỳ t ch tn xut phõn lm loi: tn sut tuyt i (once a week, twice a month, ) v tn xut tng i (always, nearly always, usually, often, quite often, sometimes, occasionally, hardly ever, never) Tn xut tuyt i c dựng ging nh phú t ch thi gian, thng ng u cõu hoc cui cõu Tn xut tng i li thng ng gia cõu, sau ch ng v trc ng t chớnh (nhng sau ng t be) Sally always gets here on time Fred is sometimes late for class Cỏc phú t ch tn xut nh: occasionally, sometimes, often cú th ng u cõu hoc cui cõu: Things get complicated sometimes Often I forget where I put things II.5 Adverb of degree: TOO/SO v EITHER/NEITHER Hai cp t TOO/SO v EITHER/NEITHER rt thng c dựng núi Tuy nhiờn, nhiu ngi hc cm thy khú phõn bit cỏch dựng mi t cho ỳng Bi ny chỳng ta s hc v t c bit ny TOO/SO, EITHER/NEITHER tt c u cú chung ngha l "cũng", nhng EITHER/NEITHER mang ngha ph nh, tc l "cũng khụng" * TOO/SO: cp ny ch dng cho cõu mang ngha khng nh - TOO: dng cui cõu Nam: I LOVE YOU (anh yu em) Hoa: I LOVE YOU, TOO (em yờu anh) - SO: luụn ng u cõu v nú phi mn tr ng t phự hp i lin sau nú v ng lin trc ch ng VD 1: Nam: I LOVE ENGLISH (ti yu thch ting Anh) Hoa: SO DO I.(tụi vy) (do cõu A núi dựng hin ti n phi ng t thng, ú tr ng t l DO cho ch ng l I) VD 2: Nam: I AM A STUDENT (ti l sinh vin) Hoa: SO IS MY YOUNGER BROTHER (em trai ti vy) (do cõu ngi núi trc dựng AM, nờn phi mng IS ng SO cho hp vi MY YOUNGER BROTHER, l danh t s ớt) VD 3: Nam: I WENT TO LE HONG PHONG HIGH SCHOOL (tụi ú hc trng Lờ Hng Phong) Hoa: SO DID I (ti vy) (v cõu ngi núi trc dng thỡ quỏ kh n, nờn tr ng t tng ng t sau SO phi l DID) VD 4: Nam: I HAVE BEEN TO THAILAND (tụi ú c i Thỏi Lan) Hoa: SO HAVE I (tụi vy) (Do cõu ngi núi trc dựng thỡ hin ti hon thnh nn tr ng t cn mn t sau SO phi l HAVE) * EITHER/NEITHER: cp ny ch dựng cõu mang ngha ph nh - EITHER: ng cui cõu Nam: I DON'T LIKE FISH (ti khụng thch c) Hoa: I DON'T, EITHER (tụi khụng) - NEITHER ng u cõu, mn tr ng t, tr ng t ng lin sau NEITHER v ng lin trc Ch ng Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 16 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Nam: I DON'T LIKE FISH (ti khụng thch c) Hoa: NEITHER DO I (ti khụng) II.6 Disjunctive adverbs: Phú t ch quan im, tnh cm ca ngi núi thng xut hin u cõu hoc cui cõu sau du phy Thankfully we still had some time to spare Clearly we will have to think about this again Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn We still had some time to spare, thankfully E Chuyờn 5: Sentences ( Cõu) Cõu mnh lnh Cõu mnh lnh l cõu cú tớnh cht sai khin nn cũn gi l cõu cu khin Mt ngi lnh hoc yờu cu cho mt ngi khỏc lm mt vic g ú Nú thng theo sau bi t please Ch ng ca cõu mnh lnh c ngm hiu l you Lun dng dng thc nguyn th (khụng cú to) ca ng t cõu mnh lnh Cõu mnh lnh chia lm loi: Trc tip v giỏn tip 1.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip Close the door Please turn off the light Open the window Be quiet Sau õy l li thoi mt on qung cỏo bia trờn TV: Tờn cp xụng vo mt quỏn bia, rỳt sỳng cha vo mi ngi v quỏt: - Give me your jewelry! Dont move! Mt nin t t tin li t pha sau, g mt chai bia Laser lnh vo gy hn: - Drop your weapon! Tờn cp tng sau gỏy hn l mt hng sỳng lin buụng vũ khớ u hng 1.2 Mnh lnh gin tip Dng thc giỏn tip thng c dựng vi: to order/ ask/ say/ tell sb to smt John asked Jill to turn off the light Please tell Jaime to leave the room I ordered him to open the book 1.3 Dng ph nh ca cõu mnh lnh dng ph nh, thờm Dont vo trc ng t cõu trc tip (k c ng t be) hoc thm not vo trc ng t nguyờn th cõu giỏn tip Dont move! Or Ill shoot (ng im, khụng tao bn) Dont turn off the light when you go out Dont be silly Ill come back (ng cú ngc th, ri anh s v m) John asked Jill not to turn off the light Please tell Jame not to leave the room I ordered him not to open his book Ch ý: let's khc let us let's go: mnh i no let us go: húy chỳng tụi i Cõu hi cú uụi ca let's l shall we Let's go out for dinner, shall we Cõu cm thn Cõu cm thỏn (exclamator sentence): l cõu din t mt cm giỏc (feeling) hay mt xỳc ng (emotion) Hỡnh thc cm thn thng c cu to vi HOW, WHAT, SO, SUCH + Cõu cm thỏn vi WHAT theo nhng cu trỳc nh sau: WHAT + a/ an + adj + danh t m c What a lazy student! (Cu hc trũ li quỏ!) What an interesting novel! (Quyn tiu thuyt hay quỏ!) Ghi chỳ: i vi cu trỳc ny, danh t m c s nhiu, ta khụng dựng a/an V lỳc ú cu trỳc cõu s l: Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 17 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm WHAT + adj + danh t m c s nhiu What tight shoes are! (Giy cht quỏ!) What beautiful flowers are! (Bụng hoa p quỏ!) i vi danh t khụng m c, ta theo cu trỳc: WHAT + adj + danh t khụng m c What beautiful weather! (Thi tit p quỏ! ) i vi cu trỳc va k, ngi ta cú th thờm vo phớa sau mt ch t v mt ng t V lỳc ú, cu trỳc vi What s l: What + a/ an + adj + noun + S + V What lazy students! (Tụi ú xem mt phim hay quỏ) What a good picture they saw! (Chng nỳ l nhng hc sinh li bing bit bao nhiờu) + Cõu cm thỏn vi HOW cú cu trỳc nh sau: HOW + adjective/ adverb + S + V How cold (adj) it is! How interesting (adj) this film is! How well (adv) she sings! Cõu hi Ting Anh cú nhiu loi cõu hi cú nhng chc nng v mc ớch khỏc Trong cõu hi, tr ng t hoc ng t be bao gi ng trc ch ng Nu khụng cú tr ng t hoc ng t be, ta phi dng dng thc do, does, did nh mt tr ng t thay th Sau cỏc ng t hoc tr ng t ú, phi dựng ng chớnh t dng nguyờn th khụng cú to Thi v th ca cõu hi ch c chia bi tr ng t, ch khụng phi ng t chớnh a Cõu hi Yes/ No S d ta gi l nh vy v tr li, dng Yes/No Nh rng tr li: - Yes + Positive verb - No + Negative verb (khụng c tr li theo kiu cõu ting Vit) Isn't Mary going to school today? Was Mark sick yesterday? Have you seen this movie before? Will the committe decide on the proposal today? Don't you still want to use the telephone? Did you go to class yesterday? Doesn't Ted like this picture? b Cõu hi ly thng tin (information question) -Trong Ting Anh ta cú nhng t dung hi l: who, whom, which, what, where, when, why, how, how often, how many, how much, how long, how far - Khi nhng t dựng hi who, whom, which, what, where, when, why, how how often, how many, how much, how long, how far úng vai trũ ch ng cõu ta cú cu trc sau: Question word + verb +object? EX: - Who teach you English? - Which is better? Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 18 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm -Khi nhng t hi úng vai trũ tõn ng hay trng t, ta cú cng thc sau: Question word + Auxiliary + subject + verb + (object)? EX: - Where did he meet her? - When did he come here? - How long does/did it take you to walk to school? It takes/took me minutes to walk to school - How far is it from your house to school? Its about kilometers - How much is/are this/these book(s)? It is/ They are - How much do/does this/these book(s) cost? It costs/ They cost - What does/do this/these book(s) cost? - What is the price of this/these book(s)? i vi loi cõu hi ny, cõu tr li khụng th n gin l yes hay no m phi cú thờm thụng tin Chỳng thng dựng cỏc t nghi vn, chia lm loi sau: c Who hoc What: cõu hi ch ng õy l cõu hi mun bit ch ng hay ch th ca hnh ng Something happened lastnight => What happened last night? Someone opened the door => Who opened the door? Chỳ ý cỏc cõu sau õy l sai ng php: Who did open the door? (SAI) What did happen lastnight? (SAI) d Whom hoc What: cõu hi tõn ng õy l cỏc cõu hi dựng mun bit tõn ng hay i tng tỏc ng ca hnh ng Nh rng ting Anh vit chnh tc bt buc phi dng whom mc d ting Anh nỳi cú th dng who thay cho whom mu cõu trn George bought something at the store => What did George buy at the store? Ana knows someone from UK => Whom does Ana know from UK? e When, Where, How v Why: Cõu hi b ng Dng mun bit ni chn, thi gian, lý do, cah thc ca hnh ng How did Maria get to school today? When did he move to London? Why did she leave so early? Where has Ted gone? When will she come back? F chuyờn 6: Gerunds or Infinitives I.To infinitive ( Nguyờn th cú to ) S dng cỏc trng hp sau: 1.Sau cỏc ng t: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, claim, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, forget, happen, hope, learn, manage,mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, remind, seem, swear, tend, volunteer Eg: She pretended not to have seen him 2.Sau tõn ng ca cỏc ng t : advise,allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, Eg: My friend invited me to join them 3.Sau cỏc ng t c theo sau bi mt t hi : ask, decide, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, show, tell, understand, wonder, Eg: + Have you decided where to go for the Christmas ? 4.Sau ca tớnh t: afraid, amazed, anxious, astonished, careful, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, ready, relieved, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, upset, Eg: Jack was relieved to hear his son was out of danger 5.Sau ca phỳ t: enough, too (-) too + adj/adv + (for smb) + to-inf Din t ý ngha tiờu cc (-) enough + N + to-inf Din t ý ngha tớch cc Adj/adv + enough + (for smb) to-inf Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 19 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Eg: + This shirt is too large for me to wear + This shirt is large enough for me to wear 6.Sau cỏc cm t: would like, would love, would prefer Eg: I would prefer to be on holiday instead of working Sau cỏc cu trỳc sau: (-) It + be + adj + of + O + to-inf Generous, good, kind, + of Nice, polite, stupid, Eg: It was very kind of her to call (-) It + be + adj + for + O + to-inf Difficult, easy, essential Important, (un)necessary + for (un)usual, Eg: It is necessary for him to have a rest II.Bare infinitive ( Nguyờn th khụng to ) S dng cỏc trng hp sau: Sau Model Verbs nh: can,could, may, must, will, shall, would, should, have to,might Eg: You should wake up early in the morning Sau cỏc cm t nh: would rather, would sooner, had better Eg: Jane would rather go to Salonica by plane Sau cỏc ng t nh: make, let, hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, Eg: + Will you let me go to the party tonight ? + She heard him come in * Chỳ ý: Nhng ng t trờn ( loi tr ng t let ) i sau chỳng l mt to-inf cõu b ng Eg: + He was seen to open the door + They were made to some extra work III Verb- ing S dng cỏc trng hp sau: Sau mt s ng t nh: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, keep(on), mention, mind,miss, postpone,practise, prefer, quit, recall, recommend, resent,risk resist, suggest, tolerate, Eg: + Tony dislikes driving small car + Would you mind waiting for a moment ? + Have you finished reading that book ? Sau cỏc cm t nh : be/get accustomed to, be/get used to, object to, look forward to, take to, in addition to, be busy, be worth, have a good time/difficulty in Eg: + The children were not used to living in the country + They are looking forward to traveling abroad Sau gii t hoc ng t + gii t.( about, of, without, with, in, on, after, before ) Eg: + Touch your toes without bending your knees + Helen is excited about studying abroad IV Cỏc ng t cú c dng to-inf v V - ing i sau chỳng m ngha khụng thay i Like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, cant bear, cú th cú c dng to-inf v dng V-ing m v mt ch cú mt ớt hoc khụng cú s khỏc no c Eg: Tim loves to play / playing tennis G chuyờn 6: Suggestions, Invitations (Cõu ngh, Li mi) suggest( ngh lm vic gỡ) S + susgest + V-ing + O Eg: I suggest learning English S + susgest + that + S + should + V(bare-inf) Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 20 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm Eg: I suggest that we should save energy * Trong núi cũn cú nhiu cỏch din t li ngh khỏc - Why dont you / we + V(bare-inf) ? Eg: Why dont we go out for a walk ? - Let us + V(bare-inf)= Lets + V(bare-inf) Eg: Lets go out for a walk - What about + V-ing.? Eg: What about going out for a walk ? - How about + V-ing ? Eg: How about going out for a walk ? - Shall we + V ? Eg: Shall we go by taxi? Invitation( Li mi) -Would you like + Noun/to infinitive? Eg: -Would you like a cup of tea? - Would you like to have some coffee? H chuyờn 8: Prepositions (Gii t) nh ngha: Gii t l t loi ch s lin quan gia ca t loi cm t, cõu Nhng t thng i sau gii t l tõn ng (Object), Verb + ing, Cm danh t V d: a I went into the room b I was sitting in the room at that time Ta thy r, v d a., "the room" l tõn ng ca gii t "into" v d b., "the room" l tõn ng ca gii t "in" Ch ý: Ca bn phi lun phõn bit trng t v gii t, v thng mt t cú hai chc nng ú (va l trng t v gii t) iu khỏc c bn l Trng t thỡ khụng cú tõn ng theo sau Húy xt ca cõu sau õy: V d: Please, come in It's raining (Trng t) We are in the small room (Gii t); v tõn ng ca "In" l "The room" He ran down quickly (Trng t) - v "quickly" khụng phi l tõn ng ca "down"; nỳ ch l trng t ch cah thc m thi My dictionary is on the desk (Gii t) - v nỳ lin kt vi tõn ng: (the desk) Cah s dng gii t ting Anh: Cú th nỳi vic dng ca gii t khụng phi d, v mi nc cú cỏch dựng gii t c bit; vy ta phi rt chỳ ý n nú t lỳc mi hc mụn ngoi ng ú núi chung v ting Anh núi riờng Trong ting Anh, ngi ta khụng th t cỏc quy lut v cỏc phộp dựng gii t mang tớnh c nh cho mi gii t ú - cựng mt gii t, i vi t loi khỏc thỡ to ngha khc Vy chỳng ta nờn hc thuc mi gp phi v hc t lỳc ban u V d: depend on wait for independent of think of look after make up look for look up look up to live on Ca loi gii t ting Anh Ca gii t ting Anh cú th c phõn thnh my loi sau: 3.1 Gii t ch Thi gian after during since at for throughout before from foreward behind in until by on within Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 21 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm 3.2 Gii t ch a im/Ni chn about beneath over above beside through across beyond to at by toward before in under behind off within below on without 3.3 Gii t ch Lý do, nguyn nhõn at on for over from through of with 3.4 Gii t ch Mc ớch after on at to for 3.5 Gii t thng: after by on against for to among from with between of V tr gii t Thụng thng, gii t ting Anh c t nh ting Vit; nhiờn, nú cú th t trc T nghi hay i t V d: What is this medal made of? Of what is this medal made? hay The man whom we listened to is our new teacher The man to whom we listened is our new teacher Cỏch t t ng cú gii t: V trớ ca gii t cõu cú th lm thay i ngha ca cõu ú V d: 1- A letter was read from his friend in the class room A letter from his friend was read in the class room (Hai cõu trn cú ngha khc bi v gii t "from" cú v tr khc nhau) 2- With his gun towards the forest he started in the morning With his gun, he started towards the forest in the morning (Hai cõu trn cú ngha khc bi v gii t "from" cú v tr khc nhau) Mt s gii t thụng thng: AT, IN, ON AT : dựng trc thi gian ngn: gi, phỳt giõy At 10 o'clock; at this moment; at 10 a.m ON : dựng trc thi gian ch: ngy, th ngy (trong lch ) On Sunday; on this day IN : dựng trc thi gian di: thỏng, mựa, nm, In June; in July; in Spring; in 2005 IN, INTO, OUT OF IN: dựng ch v trớ (a im - khụng chuyn hng) In the classroom; in the concert hal; in the box Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 22 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm INTO: dựng ch s chuyn ng t ngoi vo I go into the classroom OUT OF: dựng ch s chuyn ng t ngoi I go out of the classroom FOR, DURING, SINCE: FOR : dựng o khong thi gian For two months For four weeks For the last few years DURING : dựng ch hnh ng xy sut thi gian ca s vt, s kin: During christman time; During the film; During the play SINCE : dựng ỏnh du thi gian Since last Saturday, since Yesterday AT, TO AT: dựng ch s c nh mt v trớ no ú tng i nh, v nu din tch ni ú ln hn ta dựng "in" At the door; At home; At school In Ha Noi; In the world TO: dựng ch s chuyn ng ti mt ni no ú Go to the window; Go to the market ON, OVER, ABOVE ( trn) ON: dựng ch v trớ ng lin trờn On the table; on the desk OVER: dng ch ca lp/th t ln trn (o, qun) I usually wear a shirt over my singlet ABOVE: Vi ngha l trờn nhng ch s cao hn so vi vt khỏc thp hn The ceiling fans are above the pupils The planes fly above our heads TILL, UNTIL (ti, cho ti khi) TILL: dng cho thi gian v khụng gian Wait for me till next Friday (thi gian) They walked till the end of the road (khụng gian) UNTIL: dng vi thi gian He did not come back until 11.pm yesterday (thi gian) Gv: Đỗ Xuân Hà 23 ... BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm the huge round metal bowl my small red sleeping bag Compound Adjective (Tớnh t kp) a Danh t dng lm tớnh t Trong ting Anh cú nhiu trng hp mt danh... Xuân Hà 17 Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm WHAT + adj + danh t m c s nhiu What tight shoes are! (Giy cht quỏ!) What beautiful flowers are! (Bụng hoa p quỏ!) i vi danh t... Chuyên đề BDHSG anh 7- Phần ngữ pháp Trờng THCS Hơng Lâm (Anh cú phi l u nh khụng?) + Elder khụng c dựng vi than cu trỳc so sỏnh hn, vỡ vy ch dựng older Ex: Hes two years older than me (Anh y ln