OntapNguphap HKI 11

tài liệu là tổng hợp một số cấu trúc và ví dụ về ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh, cần thiết cho các bạn ôn tập để làm các bài tập Tiếng Anh phổ thông nói chung. Tặng các bạn một đoạn Tiếng Anh tham khảo không có trong file này: Rice is closely connected to the culture of many societies. (2) ________________ and Buddhist religions use rice as a religious offering. Burmese folklore uses rice as a central part of their creation story; the gods gave the first people of Burma rice seeds and directed them to (3) ________________, where the rice would grow well. A Chinese proverb says that ‘precious things are not pearls and jade but the five grains, of which rice is the finest.’ Chinese (4) ________________ tells how, after severe floods, there was nothing to eat and the people were starving. One day they saw a dog coming across the fields, and hanging onto the dog’s tail were bunches of long yellow seeds. The seeds grew into rice and the people (5) ________________. The origins of rice are uncertain, because rice has been grown for so many thousands of years. In several Asian languages, the words for food and rice, or for rice and (6) ________________, are the same, one of the facts that points to Asia as the origin of rice. It is certain, however, that rice cultivation is one of the most important developments in history, for rice has fed more people over a longer period of time than any other (7) ________________.

Ôn tập Ngữ pháp – học kì I lớp 11 I INFINITIVE WITH TO AND INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO Infinitives with “to” a Form Present/simple infinitive Active: to + v Ex: to study, to work… Passive: to + be + past participle Ex: to be seen, to be helped… Continuous infinitive Active: to be + present participle (V-ing) Ex: to be studying, to be working… Perfect infinitive Active: to have + past participle Ex: to have worked, to have done… Passive: to have + been + pp Ex: to have been done, to have been spoken… Negative infinitive: not to infinitive Ex: Not to go, not to have gone, not to be told… b Usage Subject Ex: To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world Object Ex: He wants to buy a new car Subject complement Ex: Her dream is to become a doctor Purpose Ex: He borrowed the money from the bank to buy a new house After adjectives Ex: We are very happy to see you again After nouns or indefinite pronouns Ex: I have nothing to now After certain verbs (afford, agree, arrange, learn, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, promise, refuse, manage, need, offer, want, wish, would like….) Ex: They promised to come back soon Verb + O + infinitive (advise, allow, ask, encourage, invite, order, permit, remind, tell, want, warn, persuade, request ) Ex: He advised me to learn English c Sentence patterns V + infinitive Ex: They are planning to widen a number of streets in the city V + O + infinitive Ex: She forbade her daughter to wear short jeans S + be + adj + infinitve Ex: The problem is not easy to solve It + be + adj + infinitive Ex: It is dangerous to drive on slippery roads N + infinitive (reduced relatives) or after the first/ the second/ the last/ the only (+N) Ex: John is the only student to find out the answer Too + adj/ adv + (for s.o.) + infinitive Adj/ adv enough + (for s.o.) + infinitive Ex: He spoke too quickly for me to understand He is strong enough to carry that can Question words + infinitive Ex: I don’t know what to I don’t know where to go Infinitive without “to” After modal verbs, auxilary verbs Ex: She doesn’t know where to go She can swim very well V + O + bare infinitive (verbs of perception: see, hear, watch, notice, feel ) when we see, hear the whole action from beginning to end Ex: I saw the man take my bike The man was seen to take my bike I saw him climb through the window yesterday (We hear or see the whole of an action or event.) I see smoke flying from the chimney (We hear an action or event in progress.) Make, let, help, have + O + bare infinitive Ex: I will let you borrow my car if you promise to take good care of it His sister helped him (to) his homework Note: Active: make + O + V(bare) Passive: be made + infinitive with “to” Ex: The robber made the cashier hand over the money The cashier was made to hand over the money by the robber After the expressions: had better, would rather, would sooner, rather than, why not, why should we (not) Ex: I would rather watch TV than read a newspaper Commands and requests Ex: Sit down, please Don’t make so noise After except, but, than Ex: He did nothing but complain II Past Simple Form a Verb “to be” Affirmative We/ You/ They + were I/ He/ She/ It + was Negative We/ You/ They + were not (weren’t) I/ He/ She/ It + was not (wasn’t) Interrogative Were + we/ you/ they…? Was + I/ he/ she/ it…? b Ordinary verbs Affirmative Subject + V2/ V-ed Negative Subject + did not (didn’t) + Vbare Interrogative Did + subject + Vbare? Usage a The simple past tense is used to express an action that started and finished at a specific time in the past Example: Matthew Webb was the first person who swam cross the English Channel b The simple past tense is used to express repeated or habitual actions in the past Example: When I was a high school student, I usually took the bus to school c The simple past tense is used to express general truths about the past Example: World War II broke out in 1939 and ended in 1945 d The simple past tense is used to express permanent situations and states in the past Example: Many people became homeless and fatherless during the war III Past Progressive Form Subject + was/were + V-ing Affirmative We/ You/ They + were + V-ing I/ He/ She/ It + was + V-ing Negative We/ You/ They + were not (weren’t) + V-ing I/ He/ She/ It + was not (wasn’t) + V-ing Interrogative Were + we/ you/ they + V-ing? Was + I/ he/ she/ it + V-ing? Usage a Actions in progress at a particular moment in the past Example: At pm last night, he was doing his English homework b Actions in progress over a period of time in the past Example: He was working on the assignment all night c Two actions in progress at the same time in the past Example: While he was doing his homework, his sister was reading a book d The past progressive is used to describe an action in progress which was interrupted by a sudden past action Example: While he was doing his homework, his friend called him on the phone to discuss a difficult question IV Past Perfect Form Subject + had + V3/ V-ed (Động từ bất quy tắc: V3 Động từ có quy tắc: V-ed) Affirmative I/ We/ You/ They + have + V3/ Ved He/ She/ It + has + V3/ Ved Negative I/ We/ You/ They + have not (haven’t) + V3/ Ved He/ She/ It + has not (hasn’t) + V3/ Ved Interrogative Have + I/ we/ you/ they + V3/ Ved? Has + he/ she/ it + V3/ Ved? Usage a The present perfect tense expresses actions completed recently Example: I have just finished reading Harry Potter series b The present perfect tense expresses completed actions at an unknown time in the past We use Simple Past tense if we want to mention when the action Example: I have read that novel twice I read it when it was first published, and the other time was some minutes ago c The present perfect tense expresses a series of actions began in the past, continuing up to now or in the future Example: J.K Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, has written many other books besides Harry Potter Time expressions Frequently used time phrases expression just, already, yet, ever, never, before, still, recently, up to now, until now, so far It’s the first/ second/ etc time It is the first time I have ever heard of Matthew Webb For I haven’t seen him for ages (for ages = for a long time) Since I haven’t seen him since 2008 I haven’t seen him since he left the city V INFINITIVE AND GERUND Infinitives with to can be used after the first/the last/the next adjectives: happy, glad, nice… question words : how, when, what… some verbs: want , ask, expect… Gerunds can be used after Prepositions: in, on , from … Some phrases: be busy, feel like … Some verbs: avoid, delay, enjoy Verbs of perceptions: see, hear… Infinitives and gerunds a With difference structures advise recommend allow permit encourage require + V –ing Examples: They advise walking to town They not allow smoking here They encourage doing the test They not permit smoking here They recommend walking to town advise recommend allow + Object permit + to infinitive encourage require Examples: They advise us to walk to town They not allow us to smoke here They encourage us to the test They recommend us to walk to town b No difference in meaning After the following verbs Verbs Begin Continue Examples He began talking He began to talk They continue smoking They continue to smoke Hate Do you hate working on Saturdays? Do you hate to work on Saturdays? Like I like swimming I like to swim Love She loves painting She loves to paint Prefer Start Pat prefers walking home Pat prefers to walk home They start singing They start to sing c With difference in meaning Verbs Forget/ remember Stop + to infinitive + gerunds Meaning Meaning việc phải làm, bổn phận, nhiệm vụ việc xảy khứ, kỷ niệm Sorry, I forgot to post your letter Remember to take your key He has never forgotten having a good holiday in the USA I remember calling him yesterday ngừng … để làm việc khác (mục đích) ngưng, từ bỏ (một thói quen xấu…) He stopped to buy some cigarettes He stopped smoking two months ago cần Need cần You need to have a good schedule for your study The room needs cleaning It hasn’t been used for a long time dự định Mean có nghĩa Mary meant to watch the programme but she forgot Tiếc (để thông báo tin xấu) Susan regretted saying that secret to him Regret Keeping fit means taking exercise regularly tiếc… (cho chuyện xảy khứ) I regret to inform you that your application has not been approved d Hướng dẫn Một số động từ dùng với to infinitive afford We cannot afford to hesitate agree The professors agreed to disagree appear The results appear to support your theory arrange They had arranged to meet at noon beg I beg to differ with you care Would you care to respond? claim She claims to have new data consent Will you consent to run for office? decide When did he decide to withdraw? demand I demand to see the results of the survey deserve She deserves to have a fair hearing expect The committee expects to decide by tomorrow fail The trial failed to confirm his hypothesis hesitate I hesitate to try the experiment again hope What you hope to accomplish? learn We have learned to proceed with caution manage How did she manage to find the solution? neglect The author neglected to provide an index need Do we need to find new subjects? offer We could offer to change the time of the meeting plan They had planned to attend the conference prepare He was not prepared to give a lecture pretend I not pretend to know the answer promise They promise to demonstrate the new equipment refuse She refused to cooperate any longer seem Something seems to be wrong with your design struggle We struggled to understand her point of view swear He swears to tell the truth threaten The team threatened to stop their research volunteer Will you volunteer to lead the group? wait We could not wait to hear the outcome want She did not want to go first wish Do you wish to participate? Một số động từ dùng với Object + to infinitive ask I must ask you to reconsider your statement beg They begged her to stay for another term cause His findings caused him to investigate further challenge Wilkins challenged Watson to continue the research convince Can we convince them to fund our study? encourage She encouraged him to look beyond the obvious expect They did not expect us to win an award forbid The author forbade me to change his wording force They cannot force her to reveal her sources hire Did the department hire him to teach the new course? instruct I will instruct her to prepare a handout invite We invite you to attend the ceremony need They need her to show the slides order He ordered the group to leave the building persuade Can we persuade you to contribute again? remind Please remind him to check the references require They will require you to submit an outline teach We should teach them to follow standard procedures tell Did she tell him to make three copies? urge I urge you to read the instructions before you begin want I not want you to have an accident warn Why didn't they warn me to turn down the heat? Một số động từ dùng với Gerunds admit They admitted falsifying the data advise The author advises undertaking further study anticipate He anticipates having trouble with his supervisor appreciate I appreciated having a chance to read your draft avoid He avoided answering my question complete I finally completed writing my thesis consider They will consider granting you money defer She deferred writing her report delay We delayed reporting the results until we were sure deny They denied copying the information discuss They discussed running the experiments again entail This review procedure entails repeating the test involve This procedure involves testing each sample twice justify My results justify taking drastic action mention The author mentions seeing this event postpone The committee has postponed writing the report recall I cannot recall getting those results before resent He resented spending so much time on the project recommend She recommends reading Marx resist The writer resists giving any easy answers risk She risks losing her viewing time sanction They will not sanction copying without permission suggest I suggest repeating the experiment VI PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND Passive Infinitives to be + past participle/ V3 Examples: She always willing to help but she doesn’t want to be called at home unless there is an emergency Jane is going to fill out an application She wants to be considered for the job I expected to be met at the airport buy my uncle Passive Gerunds being + past participle/ V3 Examples: I don’t appreciate being interrupted when I am speaking The mountain climber are danger of being killed an avalanched Does Dr Johnson mind being called at home if his patients need his help? VII GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE GERUNDS a Gerund: V-ing dùng danh từ, làm subject (chủ từ), object (túc từ) câu Examples: Recycling is important for our environment  V-ing  subject I am reading about recycling  V-ing  object of a verb It means collecting things and using things again  V-ing  object of a verb b Gerund: V-ing dùng sau nhóm Spend/ waste + time + V-ing Examples: He usually spends two hours doing his homework every day She wasted a lot of time going out every night Find + object + V-ing Example: They found him lying on the floor Go + V-ing Examples: Going fishing is his favorite activity It’s illegal to go hunting in some countries Going camping is fun to every student Verb + giới từ (in, on, at , from…) + V-ing Examples: He’s looking forward to meeting his girlfriend next Sunday In spite of getting up late, he managed to go to school on time Can you touch your toes without bending your knees? Verbs of perceptions (động từ giác quan) + V-ing: hành động diễn Examples: She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising When she saw him passing my house, she said “Hi” to him PRESENT PARTICIPLES V-ing: dùng kết hợp câu a V-ing dùng kết hợp câu; hành động diễn song song Examples: Tom went into the room He smiled at Susan  Going into the room, Tom smiled at Susan She walked down the street, she ran into an old friend  Walking down the street, she ran into an old friend b V-ing dùng kết hợp câu; nguyên nhân kết Example: Because she lacked the necessary qualifications, she was not considered for the job  Lacking the necessary qualifications, she was not considered for the job VIII PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE Perfect gerund having + past participle/ V3 Examples: I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the Prime Minister He was accused of having deserted his ship two months ago She enjoyed having done everything she planned Đứng sau động từ: enjoy, appreciate, avoid, suggest giới từ on, of, in…  việc, hành động khứ Perfect participle having + past participle/ V3 Dùng kết hợp câu hành động xảy trước hành động khác  Lưu ý: Hai câu mệnh đề phải đối tượng Examples: After Tom had a cup of hot chocolate, he went to class  Having had a cup of hot chocolate, I went to class After Susan finished her shopping, her husband took her home by car  kết hợp hai chủ từ khác Susan her husband IX REPORTED SPEECH Reporting verbs followed by infinitives V + to V ĐỘNG TỪ Ý NGHĨA VÍ DỤ Agree Đồng ý “OK I’ll work with him.”  She agreed to work with him Decide Quyết định “I think I won’t go to the party.”  She decided not to go to the party Demand Yêu cầu “I want to see the manager.”  She demanded to see the manager Offer Đề nghị “Shall I wash the dishes?”  She offered to wash the dishes Promise Hứa “I’ll try harder next semester.”  She promised to try harder the next semester Refuse Từ chối “I won’t forgive him.”  She refused to forgive him “I’ll fire you if you that again.” Threaten Đe dọa  The boss threatened to fire him if he did that again Want/wish Mong muốn Encourage Khuyến khích Forbid – forbade - Cấm forbidden Invite Mời Order Ra lệnh “I wish I had a beautiful house.”  He wished/wanted to have a beautiful house “Just what you want.”  She encouraged him to what he wanted “You mustn’t watch TV tonight.”  She forbade the kids to watch TV that night “Would you like to go to the movies with us?”  She invited me to go to the movies “Bring me two cups of tea.”  She ordered me to bring her two cups of tea V + Obj + to V ĐỘNG TỪ Ý NGHĨA Advise Khuyên Allow Cho phép VÍ DỤ “If I were you, I would tell him the truth.”  She advised me to tell him the truth “You can use my bike today.”  She allowed me to use her bike that day “Can you come back tomorrow?” Ask Yêu cầu  The secretary asked me to come back the following day Beg Van xin command Ra lệnh “Please don’t tell my mom about this”  She begged me not to tell her mom about that “Drop your weapons.”  She commanded them to drop their weapons Permit “You can use the computer until 9.” Cho phép  She permitted me to use the computer until “Please help me the housework.” Persuade Thuyết phục  She persuaded me to help her the housework Recommend Đề nghị Remind Nhắc nhở “You should ask a lawyer.”  She recommended me to ask a lawyer “Remember to review for your test.”  She reminded me to review for my test “Show me your passport.” Request Yêu cầu  The officer requested me to show him my passport Tell Yêu cầu Urge Nài nỉ Warn Cảnh báo “Don’t walk on the grass.”  The guard asked me not to walk on the grass “Please stay with us.”  They urged me to stay with them “You had better not litter in the park.”  She warned me not to litter in the park Reported speech with gerund To report apology, accusation, suggestion, admittance, thanks Tenses and expressions of time used in the reported speech Present simple/ continuous > Past simple/ continuous Past simple/ continuous > Past perfect simple/ Past perfect continuous Present/ Past perfect > Past perfect Will + V (bare inf.) > Would + V (bare inf.) Modal verbs (Can, may…) > Modal verbs (could, might…) This These Today Yesterday > > > > That Those That day The previous day/ The day before Tomorrow Now Reported Speech with Gerund A.V + O +prepositon +V-ing accuse blame criticize warn praise thank prevent Stop congratulate sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb > > The following day/ The next day Then of for for against for for from from on Examples: Thank sb for doing sth: “Thank you very much for telling me the truth,” he said He thanked me for telling him the truth blame sb for doing sth: It was your fault You gave us unclear instructions He blamed me for giving them unclear instructions B.S + V + preposition + V-ing apologize complain insist dream think for about on/upon of of doing sth sth doing sth sth sb/ sth Examples: Insist on doing sth “I’ll take you home tonight”, my boyfriend said  My boyfriend insisted on taking me home that night dream of doing sth “I ‘ve always wanted to be famous and rich”, John said  John has always dreamed of being famous and rich C S +V + V-ing admit deny suggest doing doing doing sth sth sth doing doing doing doing doing doing doing doing doing sth sth sth sth sth sth sth sth sth Examples: suggest doing sth “Why don’t go out for a change?”, she said  She suggested going out for a change admit doing sth “I didn’t study for my exam”, he said  He admitted not studying for his exam X CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Conditional type If + S + V (Simple Present), S + will + V (bare infinitive) (real condition in the present or in the future) Examples: I see her quite often If I see her tomorrow, I will speak to her Examples: They are always late I will not let them in if they are late again If + S + V (Simple Present), S + V (Simple Present) (General truths, Facts, Common events or Habits) Example: If we heat ice, it smelts If + S + V (Simple Present), V/Don’t V Commands, instructions (main clause) Examples: If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me If the wind is strong, don’t go swimming If + S + am/is/are + v-ing (Present cont), S + V(Simple Present)/(simple future) (Continuous actions (if clause)) Examples: If he is not studying now, we will turn on television If she is working now, she probably has no time for me If + S + V (Present perfect), S + will + V (bare infinitive) (Completed actions (if clause)) Example: If he has had breakfast, he won’t be hungry If + S +SHOULD+ V, S + will + V (bare infinitive) SHOULD+ S + V, S + will + V (bare infinitive) (Uncertainty or doubt) Examples: If anyone calls, please take a message If anyone should call, please take a message Should anyone call, please take a message Unless = if… not… Examples: Unless you go now, you will be late If you don’t go now, you will be late If + S + V (Simple Present), S + may/might/can + V (bare infinitive) Examples: Ability/permission If you ask me, I can help you Possibility If he starts now, he may/might be in time Conditional type If + S + V (Simple Past), S + would + V (bare infinitive) (Unreal condition in the present) Examples: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend He would tell you about it if he were here If + S + V (Simple Past), S + might + V (bare infinitive) (Possibility (main clause)) Example: He might have a good salary if he got this job If + S + (was/were + V-ing), S + Would+ be +V-ing (Continuous actions) Example: If he were living in New York, he would be working at the bank  If + S + WERE…, S + would + V (bare infinitive)  WERE + S + …, S + would + V (bare infinitive) Examples: If I were interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it Were I interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it    But for+ N/ Phrase, Without + N/Phrase, If it weren’t for+ N/Phrase, Main clause(would/ could/might+ V) Examples: But for your help, we couldn’t know what to Without air, food and water, we couldn’t survive If it weren’t for my father’s advice, I couldn’t that Conditional type If S+ had (not) + V (ed/3), S+ would + (not) + have + V3/ed could might a Note 1: Using progressive verb forms in conditional sentences Examples: I was not living in Chile last year I was not working at a bank  If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been working at a bank If clause: S + had been V-ing Main clause: S + would have been V-ing b Note 2: Omitting IF Example: If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy might have been saved  Had the doctor arrived sooner, the boy might have been saved If S +had V(ed/3)  Had + S + V(ed/3) c Note 3: Implied condition Example: Thanks to his help, we finished our project (fact)  If he hadn’t helped us, we wouldn’t have finished our project  If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have finished our project  But for his help, we wouldn’t have finished our project  Without his help, we wouldn’t have finished our project If S+ hadn’t + v(ed/3) = But for Without + noun/noun phrase It hadn’t been for XI PRONOUNS: ONE, ONES, SOMEONE, ANYONE… One/ ones One: singular noun: a/an (+ Adj.), the, this, that, each, another, which Ones: plural noun: some (+ Adj.), the (+ Superlative), these, those, which Note: We can leave out one/ones after the blue words Example: The last question is the most difficult (one) Examples: Ann's wedding party was a long and happy party  Ann's wedding party was a long and happy one Most of the questions are difficult, so find the easier questions and those first  Most of the questions are difficult so find the easier ones and those first Q: Which shoes you like best? A: The red shoes  The red ones Someone, anyone, no one, everyone We use some to make an Offer/Request E.g Can I ask someone to follow me? In a (+) sentence, any means “it doesn’t matter …” E.g Anyone can attend the event Indefinite Pronoun + Singular Verb Indefinite Pronoun + Plural Pronoun E.g Everyone knows who stole it, but they’re all afraid to tell the police Trường học Trực tuyến Sài Gòn (iss.edu.vn) có 800 giảng trực tuyến thể đầy đủ nội dung chương trình THPT Bộ Giáo dục - Đào tạo qui định cho môn học Toán - Lý Hóa - Sinh -Văn - Sử - Địa -Tiếng Anh ba lớp 10 - 11 - 12 Các giảng chuẩn kiến thức trình bày sinh động lĩnh vực kiến thức mẻ đầy màu sắc hút tìm tòi, khám phá học sinh Bên cạnh đó, mức học phí thấp: 50.000VND/1 môn/học kì, dễ dàng truy cập tạo điều kiện tốt để em đến với giảng Trường Trường học Trực tuyến Sài Gòn - "Học dễ hơn, hiểu hơn"! [...]... (iss.edu.vn) có hơn 800 bài giảng trực tuyến thể hiện đầy đủ nội dung chương trình THPT do Bộ Giáo dục - Đào tạo qui định cho 8 môn học Toán - Lý Hóa - Sinh -Văn - Sử - Địa -Tiếng Anh của ba lớp 10 - 11 - 12 Các bài giảng chuẩn kiến thức được trình bày sinh động sẽ là những lĩnh vực kiến thức mới mẻ và đầy màu sắc cuốn hút sự tìm tòi, khám phá của học sinh Bên cạnh đó, mức học phí thấp: 50.000VND/1