Modeling construction operations using component state based criteria simulation method

MODELING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS USING COMPONENT STATE BASED CRITERIA SIMULATION METHOD TAN BO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2005 MODELING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS USING COMPONENT STATE BASED CRITERIA SIMULATION METHOD Tan Bo (B.Eng., Tongji University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2005 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Looking back on the last a couple of years, the very first person I feel the need to acknowledge is my supervisor Dr David K H Chua, for without his encouragement and support this thesis would have simply never seen the light: among all the rest, I’m especially grateful for his confidence in me, that has been so important in the rough days Along with them, I’m indebted to all the people that I had the priviledge to call “collegues”, those are: Zeng Zhen, Song Yuanbin, Zhao Ying, Chen Qian, Goh Yang Miang, Song Hongbin, Ismail Ibrahim, Sheng Lijun, Chen Chuan, Shen Lin, Li Lian, Ma Wenteng, Wang Ying, Shen Qing, Qi Hongtu, Wang Wei, Qi Zhi, Zhao Lan, apart from their direct contributions to this thesis, I am grateful for the friendship that they all showed me during the highs and the lows of my master studies Last but not least, special apprecition is given to my parents for their understanding of my absence from the family and supports for my adventure to Singapore for my master studies ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SUMMARY v LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RESEARCH INTRODUCTION 1.2 GOAL 1.3 OBJECTIVES 1.4 SCOPE OF RESEARCH 1.5 READER’S GUIDE CHAPTER BACKGROUND: CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING SIMULATION 2.1 SIMULATION MODELING SCOPE 6 2.1.1 General-Purpose Simulation 2.1.2 Project-Specific Simulation 2.2 SIMULATION MODELING STRATEGY 2.2.1 Process-Oriented Simulation 2.2.2 Object-Oriented Simulation 2.2.2.1 COOPS 2.2.2.2 Inter-Component and Intra-Component Simulation 10 2.2.2.3 Library-based Simulation 11 iii 2.2.3 Summary 2.3 INTERACTION AMONG THE COMPONENTS 11 12 2.3.1 RBS 12 2.3.2 RISim 13 2.3.3 CYCLONE 14 2.3.4 Summary 15 2.4 SIMULATION MODELING HIERARCHY 15 2.5 USING SIMULATION IN LEAN CONSTRUCTION 16 2.5.1 JIT in Construction 16 2.5.2 Lean Construction in Precast Industry 17 2.5.3 Push-driven and Pull-driven Scheduling 18 2.5.4 Role of Buffers for Managing Production 19 2.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER COMPONENT-STATE-BASED CRITERIA SIMULATION MODELING 3.1 MODEL ARCHITECTURE 19 20 20 3.1.1 Component State Based Modeling 20 3.1.2 Criteria Controlled Resource Interaction 21 3.1.3 Two Level Presentations 22 3.2 THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF CS2 MODELING 23 3.2.1 The Component Structure 24 3.2.2 Criteria Object 29 3.2.3 The Arrow Object 32 3.3 MODELING DEVELOPMENT 33 iv 3.3.1 Component Identification 33 3.3.2 Building the Component Inherent Cycle 34 3.3.3 Criteria Identification 36 3.3.4 Component Specification 37 3.4 EXAMPLE APPLICATION 39 3.5 SUMMARY 44 CHAPTER EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS 45 4.1 INTRODUCTION 45 4.2 MODELING: PRECAST CONCRETE FABRICATION AND ERECTION 48 4.3 CS2 MODEL AND DATABASE 51 4.3.1 Database in CS2 51 4.3.2 Process Flow Diagram of the Components 54 4.4 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES 56 4.4.1 Push vs Pull Scheduling 56 4.4.2 Discussion 62 4.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER CS2 MODEL TEMPLATE AND ITS APPLICATION 5.1 INTRODUCTION 62 64 64 5.1.1 CS2 Template 64 5.1.2 Graphical User Interface 66 5.2 TEMPLATE STRUCTURE 5.2.1 Component Object Template 67 67 v 5.2.2 Criteria Object Template 5.3 GUI OUTLINE 71 73 5.3.1 Data Transfer in GUI 74 5.3.2 Two Level Modeling and Diagram 74 5.3.3 Component Library and it Reusability 75 5.4 TEMPLATE VALIDATION 76 5.4.1 Project Description 76 5.4.2 Process Flow Diagram 77 5.4.3 Component Relation Diagram 78 5.4.4 Input and Results Analysis 80 5.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 83 84 6.1 RESEARCH SUMMARIES 86 6.2 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS 86 6.3 RESEARCH LIMITATION 87 6.4 FUTURE RESEARCH 88 6.4.1 Comprehensive CS2 method Modeling 88 6.4.2 Visual Simulation Animation 89 6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCE 89 91 vi SUMMARY Construction managers are facing the increasing pressure from the owner to finish a project safely, on time, with the desirable quality and within the budget These pressures make construction managers put effort on project management, including the efforts on construction operations planning and resource balancing To provide an accurate and quick evaluation of “what if” scenarios, for decades, researchers in construction have used discrete-event simulation in modeling and analyzing construction operations Construction Simulation technology contributes in modeling and evaluating the predefined alternatives for construction operation in a controlled environment of simulation systems However, the complexity of comparing construction operation alternatives in simulation systems and the lack of a user-friendly interface have prevented this technology from being widely adopted in the construction industry The goal of this research was to develop a simulation modeling method which enables construction managers to build up a construction simulation model visually and compare and evaluate different construction operation scenarios rapidly This research proposed a Component-State based Criteria Simulation (CS2) method specifically designed for construction operations This approach integrates component-state based concept, criteria based mechanism for internal control idea and two-level representation modeling A detailed template for major modeling elements that includes key attribute of the component and a graphical user interface based on the template were also developed to facilitate building the simulation model visually A detail case study based on a S$450M construction project in Singapore along with several demonstrating cases were modeled and analyzed using on CS2 method For each case, the visual simulation diagram was built and simulation model was constructed and vii executed The case study results indicated the effectiveness of the methodology in modeling and analyzing construction operations Through managing the simulation model with the Criteria Object in the method, the CS2 method helped construction managers to compare and evaluate construction operation alternatives visually without rebuilding the whole simulation modeling viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Modeling objects in COOPS (Liu, 1992) 10 Figure 2-2: RISim’s Interaction with Common Process 13 Figure 2-3: A Scraper loading diagram in CYCLONE 14 Figure 2-4: RISim’s two level modeling strategy (Chua and Li 2001), Ri refers to the resource involved, while Pi refers to the process involved 16 Figure 3-1: The relation of the Component Relation level and the Process Flow level Figure 3-2: Basic Modeling Element 23 Figure 3-3: Information of Integrated Component 25 Figure 3-4: Cycle State Chain for the Truck Component 27 Figure 3-5: Linear State Chain for the Trench Component 27 Figure 3-6: Truck States Chain with Branch Method 28 Figure 3-7: The layout of Criteria Objects 29 Figure 3-8: Figure 3-8: Criteria Object “Offload” linkage and Criteria Specification Figure 3-9: Diagram for classic earth moving (Halpin and Woodhead, 1976) Figure 3-10: Process Flow Diagram of the Truck and Dozer 31 Figure 3-11: Modeling diagram for earth moving program: an approach following process-oriented (left) vs the proposed CS2 model Figure 3-12: Process oriented Simulation diagram (above) vs CS2 method diagram Figure 3-13: Branch Dialog Box for “Truck” 37 39 Figure 3-14: Input from the screen 41 Figure 4-1: Overview of the Punggol LRT project in Singapore 48 Figure 4-2: Tooth matching mechanism of the segment casting 50 Figure 4-3: Entity-Relation Chart for Beam-Component 52 Figure 4-4: Entity Relation of the whole project 53 Figure 4-5: Process flow diagrams for Mould Component and Beam Component Figure 4-6: Process flow diagrams for Launcher Component 54 Figure 4-7: Component relation level (above) and process flow level diagram of precast concrete beams fabrication and erection model Figure 4-8 Simulation Output of Launcher A of Push-driven scheduling 55 Figure 4-9 Simulation Output of Launcher A of Pull-driven Scheduling 59 Figure 4-10: Inventory comparison of Push-Driven and Pull-Driven scheduling 61 24 34 36 40 54 59 78 Figure 5-13: The input form for the Branch method of Truck Component 5.4.2 Process Flow Diagram Each of the components involved, Truck, Dozer and Spotter, owns an inherent cycle of states that describes the states flow Truck has a states chain as: ‘Load’, ‘Haul’, ‘Offload’, ‘Branch’ and ‘Inspection’, related as in Figure 5-12 The attributes of each state are set by the modeler through forms associated with each state object Similarly, the Branch method is set using the forms as well, which indicates the linkage of succeeding states and the probability of each possible state transition paths, as in Fig 5-13 Dozer and Spotter resources both own their inherent cycle, as modeled in Figure 5-14 79 (a) (b) Figure 5-14: States Chain for (a) Spotter, (b) Dozer Resources 5.4.3 Component Relation Diagram Process flow diagrams for the Complex Component objects are built with the ‘Component Builder’, together with their created databases While a component relation interaction diagram is constructed with ‘Criteria Builder’, as in Figure 5-15 In this diagram, two Criteria objects are employed to represent the ‘Load’ and ‘Offload’ interaction activities 80 Figure 5-15: Component Relation diagram for Earth Moving The ‘Load’ Criteria object indicates that a minimum of Truck, a minimum Dozer and an amount of Earth have to be ready before loading initiates, referring to Figure 5-16 Similarly, the ‘Offload’ Criteria object contains a precondition for the offload activity that requires at least one entity of Truck and Spotter components to be ready before the interaction takes place The Criteria also indicates that the Earth is the controlling component for the simulation initiating and end With each loading, an amount of units of Earth will be deducted from the off-site stockpile Once all the earth is moved to the site, the simulation ends 81 Figure 5-16: Displayed Criteria Object Form for Activity 'Load' 5.4.4 Input and Results Analysis The two level diagrams are produced through stencils With the transformation mechanism built on the template, the source code for the simulation engine is generated at the click of the ‘Write’ icon The input attribute values are listed as in Table 5-1 Table 5-1 Input values for the attribute Attributes Capacity Component Cycle time(mins) Truck 18(T) Dozer 5(T) Normal(5.0, 2.0) Spotter 3(T) Normal(3.0, 1.0) State Method Duration(mins) Load Haul Offload Return Inspection Load Inspection Offload Set by Criteria Normal ( 25.0, 5.0 ) Set by Criteria Normal ( 20.0, 5.0 ) UniformReal ( 10.0, 90.0 ) Set by Criteria UniformReal(20.0,100.0) Set by Criteria 82 120% 300.00 100% 250.00 80% 200.00 60% 150.00 40% 100.00 20% 50.00 0% 10 Truck Percentage Time Busy 100.00% 94.97% 87.54% 77.95% 72.89% 63.79% 55.76% 48.47% 44.73% 40.32% Dozer Percentage Time Busy 21.58% 41.75% 59.93% 73.69% 88.72% 93.54% 96.09% 97.68% 97.87% 98.65% Spotter Percentage Time Busy 15.22% 37.55% 55.47% 69.74% 79.30% 84.66% 85.49% 89.40% 92.28% 88.06% Project Duration 282.44 149.57 102.76 84.13 71.22 65.51 64.43 64.48 61.98 61.15 Number of Trucks Truck Percentage Time Busy Dozer Percentage Time Busy Spotter Percentage Time Busy Project Duration Figure 5-17: Single run for the combination of one dozer and one spotter The combination of the one dozer, one spotter and a number of trucks are tested as in Figure 5-17 As indicted in the figure, when the number of truck increases, the duration of the whole project decreases The project duration is cut by nearly two third (198.34/282.44) when four trucks are employed From four to ten trucks, the decrease in duration is not as significant as that from one truck to four trucks The average and maximum waiting time for each entity in four truck, one dozer and one spotter combination is shown in Figure 5-18 This Figure shows that each entity has a utilization factor around 80% with an acceptable mean queuing time of 10 minutes The similar conclusion could be made based on the queuing time of the components (as in Figure 5-19) As shown in this figure, queuing time for loading of the truck increases dramatically when the number of the truck exceeds 4; while the queuing time for offloading of the truck does not have such a significant increase One possible explanation is that, when the system has four trucks or more, the shortage of 0.00 Time (Hours) Percentage Project Duraton and Component Utility 83 the dozers becomes the bottleneck of the operation To increase the number of dozer used is one of the solutions to improve the total performance of the system Q Time and Utility of each entity 120 100% 90% 100 80% 70% 60% 50% 60 40% 40 30% 20% 20 10% 0% Truck1 Truck2 Truck3 Truck4 Longest Q Time Mean Q Time Dozer Spotter Unility Figure 5-18: Single run for Trucks Dozer and Spotter Q Time for Combination of Dozer and Spotter 2.00 1.80 1.60 Time (Hours) 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 10 Truch Load Q Time 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.24 0.39 0.55 0.96 1.26 1.41 1.87 Truck Offload Q Time 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.19 0.15 0.27 0.21 0.26 0.37 0.23 Dozer Load Q Time 1.32 0.52 0.24 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Spotter Offload Q Time 1.43 0.56 0.27 0.15 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 Number of Trucks Truch Load Q Time Truck Offload Q Time Dozer Load Q Time Spotter Offload Q Time Figure 5-19: Single run for the combination of one dozer and one spotter Percentage Time (minutes) 80 84 5.5 SUMMARY This chapter presented the template of the CS2 method and the Graphic user interface The template and GUI simplify the process of model generation mainly through graphical display, component library, and two abstract level presentations The template summarized the attributes and states that should be included and the method to arrange these attributes and states The transformation mechanism defined structure of translating the key information with the template into simulation source code Based on the template and the transformation mechanism, the GUI was developed for complex component template and criteria object template The approach was validated through modeling and analyzing an earthmoving example 85 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS This chapter provides a summary of the research results from CS2 modeling and applications The contributions and limitations of the research are presented along with a discussion of the future research areas in the construction simulation modeling methodology 6.1 RESEARCH SUMMARIES This research introduced and evaluated a Component-State based Criteria Simulation (CS2) method specifically designed for construction operations The CS2 method was presented in three aspects: the structure of the CS2 method, the case application in evaluating different operational scenarios and the CS2 template and graphic user interface After evaluating scope, strategy and hierarchy of different construction simulation approaches, the CS2 method was proposed in Chapter The CS2 method is a general-purpose simulation modeling methodology, employing a component-state modeling strategy presented in an object-oriented modeling aspect The criteria object was designed to facilitate managing the interaction between component objects First, the basic modeling elements, the component and criteria object, were described with examples, including the visual representation and attribute of each modeling elements Two types of the components, the simple and complex component, were illustrated and compared in terms of component attributes and the component state-changing method Then, criteria objects were defined through elaborating the three major parts: the interaction linkage, the criteria specification and update methods At last, with an 86 earth moving example, the structure of the CS2 method was reviewed and the modeling process was presented through a step by step demonstration The comparative advantage of the method with tradition process-oriented modeling was discussed and the architecture and the modeling process of CS2 method were evaluated To better illustration the CS2 method’s capacity in evaluating different managerial scenarios, an in-depth case study was presented using CS2 method in modeling and analyzing the precast concrete fabrication and installation operations The Punggol LRT project, an S$ 450 Million project, was used as the case study In this case study, the traditional CPM production scheduling and the pull-driven planning concept were reviewed and compared After stating the scope of the case study, two scheduling scenarios were modeled respectively using CS2 method integrated with the database concept The simulation models were executed and the results of the two approaches were compared and discussed The modeling process and the simulation results provided an explicated example that how the CS2 method facilitated the quick modeling different operation scenarios without changing the modeling main frame CS2 method also included the simulation sources code auto-generation program: the template and the graphical user interface The template format of CS2 method summarized the key attributes for each function of the modeling element in a tabular format The transformation mechanism presented the structure that how the key attributes information in the template could be transformed into the simulation programming source code As a part of the CS2 method, the graphical user interfaced was developed using the Microsoft Visio and Visual Basic for Applications followed 87 the CS2 template The template and the GUI was tested and validated thought a modified earth-moving example 6.2 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS The contributions of the study are: • Clear definition of the structure of the CS2 method and modeling process, including component-state concept, the criteria controlled inter-component relation and two-level hierarchy modeling This structure simplifies the modeling process through component-state modeling element and enhances the model reusability by using criteria object to manage the interaction among the simulation components • Detailed example with step by step demonstration to assist in industry implementation The detailed CS2 method with database was introduced with precast concrete fabrication and instillation case study • Innovative template approach to bridge the visual programming and the construction simulation modeling The template format of CS2 method and the graphical user interface were developed and validated though modeling examples 6.3 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS The limitations of the research are described as follows: • The integration of the CS2 method: The Component state based criteria simulation method includes the modeling methodology, the database approach and the template based GUI The modeling methodology defines the core of the CS2 method and the layout the modeling process, including the modeling 88 elements, graphical representation and the two-level presentation The database approach in Chapter provided a detail process how to model and compare different operation scenarios and a solution to modeling and tracking the simulation entities during the simulation process for a large-scale project The template based GUI provides an automated-source generation approach to simplify the simulation modeling process From the modeling strategy points of view, it is desirable to provide a more integrated structure to embrace all the aspect of CS2 method within a single software package In this way, all the major part of the CS2 method can be performed in a single software platform, instead of switching between MS Visio MODSIM III simulation engines and other software packages to debug and finalize the simulation program • Limited case study application: One real case project and two case studies were performed to validate the Component State Criteria Simulation method The major construction operation modeled in case studies were infrastructure construction related operations It is desirable to perform more case studies focusing on complex building construction activities and operations 6.4 FUTURE RESEARCH The suggestions for the future research are discussed in the following section 6.4.1 Comprehensive CS2 method Modeling The CS2 method Modeling includes two unique parts: the component-state concept and the Criteria object The goal of the Component state concept arms at modeling all elements in construction activities, e.g labor, equipment or building elements The 89 Criteria object should group and manage the preconditions for the interaction among the simulation component, including but not limited to resources availability, physical relations, functional dependency, construction space occupation, safety issue, and weather In this research, only a few combinations of component object and criteria object were modeled and simulated at the modeling level and simulation programming level To provide a more comprehensive modeling structure, it is desirable to build a component and criteria object library to demonstrate a wide range of modeling element 6.4.2 Visual Simulation Animation Visualizing simulated construction operations can significantly facilitate establishing the credibility of simulation models Visualization can also provide valuable insight into the subtleties of construction operations that are otherwise nonquantifiable and presentable Future research could focus on a visual simulation animation function to track and demonstrate the simulation entities At the simulation program level, CS2 method can track each entity in the component object during the simulation process Based on this function, a visual simulation animation could be further developed to demonstrate the movement of each entity in the simulation programming 6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS The Component-State based Criteria Simulation (CS2) method in construction introduces an innovative view of construction operations modeling The CS2 method provides a means to provide a one to one correspondence between modeling and physical components In this method, the interaction among this modeling component is grouped and managed by the criteria object to facilitate further modification With 90 the advances in the information technology and construction modeling concepts, a more interactive and reusable construction simulation modeling can help the general contractor, construction managers and subcontractors to accomplish projects more safely, on time, with less cost and better quality 91 REFERENCES Ballard, G and Howell, G 1995 “Toward construction JIT”, Proceedings of the 1995 ARCOM Conference, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Sheffield, England Chan, W.T and Hu, H 2002 “Production scheduling 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Computing in Civil Engineering, pp.198-205 Ohno, T 1987 “Toyota production system”, Productivity Press Oloufa, A.A., and Ikeda, M 1997 “Library-based simulation modeling in construction”, Computing in Civil Engineering, pp.198-205 Tommelein, I.D and Li, A 1999 “Just-In-Time concrete delivery: mapping alternatives for vertical supply chain integration” Proceedings Seventh Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC-7, Berkeley, CA, July 26-28, pp 97-108 Tommelein, I D 1998 “Pull-driven scheduling for pipe-spool installation: simulation of lean construction technique” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol 124, No 4, pp 279 – 288 [...]... parameters efficiently This research aims at developing a Component- State based Criteria Simulation (CS2) method specifically designed for construction operations This approach integrates component- state based concept, criteria based mechanism for internal control idea and two-level representation modeling First, CS2 employs a component- state modeling strategy based on the object-oriented programming In this... in Construction Engineering Simulation The literatures were grouped by the simulation modeling scope, simulation modeling strategy, the interaction among modeling components and simulation modeling hierarchy At the last, the Lean Construction concept was introduced and reviewed The next Chapter introduces the CS2 modeling with a case study 20 CHAPTER 3 COMPONENT- STATE- BASED CRITERIA SIMULATION MODELING. .. current construction simulation research, as well as the related managerial principles, such as Lean construction and Just In Time Based on the literature review, a component- state based and criteria simulation method is proposed in Chapter 3 A detail description of this methodology is provided, including a component and state concept, the criteria object, and two level modeling representations A case modeling. .. component- state based, criteria controlled and two-level representation modeling 1.3 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this research include: 1 Develop a Component- State based Criteria Simulation method: Define the basic modeling elements of the simulation method Identify the visual representation and attribute of each modeling elements Evaluate the effect of modeling elements in representing the construction operations. .. Simulation or Project-Specific Simulation Second, the Simulation tools are reviewed and evaluated based on the simulation modeling strategy Last, the approaches of using Construction Simulation in presenting Lean Construction principles are reviewed and discussed 2.1 SIMULATION MODELING SCOPE Discrete-event simulation is used by many researches in modeling and analyzing construction operations These intensive... the construction operations as modeling component and emphasizes the interaction of these components To track the simulation process of components, the components in CS2 have a set of states to record all the possible status of component objects in the construction operations Then, to represent the inter -component relationship, a Criteria object is designed for managing the interaction of the components... the major concept and modeling elements of Component- Statebased Criteria Simulation (CS2) model First, the architecture of the CS2 model is introduced based on the simulation modeling characteristics summarized in Chapter 2 Then, the major modeling elements and their visual presentations (component object and criteria object) are elaborated using examples Finally, the modeling methodology is demonstrated... namely components-relation level and the process-flow level, is employed to facilitate the model development The CS2 method consists of the 3 CS2 model (the modeling methodology) and the model template (the implementation of the model) 1.2 GOAL The goal of this research is to develop and evaluate a Component- State based Criteria Simulation (CS2) method for construction operations integrating component- state. .. method 6 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND: CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING SIMULATION This chapter introduces the concept and the related research about Construction Engineering Simulation, as well as provides an overview of using Construction Simulation in demonstrating Lean Construction principles First, based on the simulation scope of the tools, the Simulation approaches are grouped into either General-Purpose Simulation. .. named Construction Simulation Systems” (Martinez and Ioannoa, 1999) According to the capacity and flexibility of the construction simulation system, the tools can be grouped into two groups, General-Purpose Simulation and Project-Specific Simulation 2.1.1 General-Purpose Simulation The General-Purpose Simulation refers to a construction simulation tool targeting at modeling any construction operations ... and evaluate a Component- State based Criteria Simulation (CS2) method for construction operations integrating component- state based, criteria controlled and two-level representation modeling 1.3.. .MODELING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS USING COMPONENT STATE BASED CRITERIA SIMULATION METHOD Tan Bo (B.Eng., Tongji University) A THESIS SUBMITTED... include: Develop a Component- State based Criteria Simulation method: Define the basic modeling elements of the simulation method Identify the visual representation and attribute of each modeling elements