Lịch sử di dân từ Anh sang Bắc Mỹ thế kỷ XVII - XVIII

Tai Viet Nam, cho den nay, chua cd tac pham hay bai viet nao nao nghien ciJu mot each he ihdng ve lich su di dan va ddng gdp ciia dan nhap cu trong viec xay dung da'l nude va gdp phdn la

TRAN THIEN THANH

LICH SLT DI DAN TlJ ANH SANG BAG MY

THE KY XVII - XVIII

Chuyen nganh : Ljch su The giol

Ma so : 50801

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LjCH SU

Nguoi hUOTig dan khoa hoc:

TS N G U Y I N N G O C D A O

V -_

HA NOI - 2002

DANH MUC CAC BANG BIEU

- 1 PHAN MO DAU

Chuoiig L TIEN DE T H O C DAY NL/6C ANH TRONG QUA TRINH 8

V H U Q C OjAHOABACMY

1 L Sir \dn manh v6 cong, thuong nghiep va chfnh tri doi ngoai ^

1.2 Cach mang ruong dat va yeu cau giai quyet luc luung lao dong 18

du ihi^a

! 3 Chii nghla trgng ihuang va nhu cau tim kiem Ihi truong 23

1.4 Cai each ton giao va nhu cau llm noi nuong nau cua nhCrng nguoi 27

chong doi giao hoi Anh

Chuong 2 QUA TRINH DI DAN T C / A N H SANG B A C MY THE KY XVII-XVIII 33

2.1 Nhung cong dong cu dan dau lien ' ^^

2.LL Hocit dong kinh teva cdc wo hinh qudn ly \dhoi 34

2.1.2 Van hoa tinh than 3^

2.2 Qua Irinh thuoc dia hc5a Bac My 42

2.2.1 NhUng CO gang ddu ficn ciia ngU()'i Anh nhdni \chn nhap 42

Bac My 2.2.2 Thuoc dia hoa nguiri ban dia 46

2.2.3 Cgnh tranh vol ccic qiidc gia chdii Au 49

2.3 Qua Irinh di dan lu Anh sang Bdc My the ky XVII - XVIII -"^4

2.3.1 Nhilng nguyen nhdn di cw - 36

2.3.2 Quy mo, loc do nhap cU va dac diem xd hoi cua dan nhap cU 39

3.2 Chuyen bien ve kinh te - van hoa - xa hoi 81

3.2J.Vekinhte ^^

3.2.2 Ve van hoa- xd hoi 9 [

3.2.2.1 Tren phi/dng dien ngon ngU 9 [

3.2.2.2 Tren phUdng dien ton giao 96

3.3 Tac dong cua qua trinh nhap cu den suhinh Ihiinh che do chfnh lii My 109

3.3.1 Tren phuang dien tutudng chinh tri 109

3.3.1.1 Tutudngphaply 109

3.3.1.2 TUtUdng ve quyen cong dan va ve che do cong hoa ' *^

3.3.1.3 TLrtUdng"phaplytu'nhien" ' ' ^

3.3.1.4 TU tudng kinh te chinh tri hoc va tutudng ve siitien bo ^ ' 6

3.3.2 Sura ddi cua chinh quyen vd phdp luqt thuoc dia I 18

KETLUAN 125 PHU LUC

Phu luc 1 Cac vijng di dAn cua Anh a Bric My 128

Phu luc 2 Khe u6c Mayfiower (ngay 11/11/1620) 130

Phu luc 3 Nhung sac lenh can ban cua Ticu bang Connecticut (ngay i 32

14/01/1639) Phu luc 4 Lien minh cac ticu bang New England (ngay 19/5/1643) 1 38

Phu luc 5 S k luat khoan dung Maryland (21/4/1649) '48

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

Bang 2.L Thong ke nghe nghiep ngudi hSu nam di cu sang B^c My tir 67

Bristol (1654- 1686)

Bang 2.2: Thong ke ngh^ nghiep ciia 3553 nguoi dang ky di cu dudi 67

dang ngudi hau iheo giao keo 1773 - 1776

Bang 2.3: So luong nguoi hSu nam trong tung nganh nghe di cu tir 71

London 1683 - 1684, 1718 - 1759, 1773 - 1775

Bang 3.1: Thanh phan chiing toe trong dan cu My nam 1790 81 Bang 3.2: Hang xuat khau cija cac ihuoc dia Anh tai Bfic My nam 89

1770va 1768- 1772

Bang 3.3: Thu nhap ciia 13 bang thuoc dia B^c My tu 1650 den 1774 90

Bang 3.4: So luong ifn do cua cac Ion giao 6 13 thuoc dia B^ic My 108

nam 1775 (u6c tmh)

Di dan quoc te la hien luong mang tmh ph6 bien trtMig ljch sir phat Irien

cua xa hoi loai ngu5i Qua Irlnh nay diSn ra lhu5ng xuyen giua quoc gia nay v6i mot hay nhieu quoc gia khac dudi tac dong ciia nhung nguyen nhan kinh

te, chfnh tri, xa hoi Dan di cu v6i nhung trinh do khac nhau ve van hoa, truyen thong, kinh nghiem san xu^'t la mot trong nhOng nhAn to anh huong

\dn den qua trinh bien doi co cA'u kinh te - xa hoi, dong th^^fi cung anh huong

den ca c^'u dan so neu ngudi di cu c6 dac di^m khac so v6i ngudi dSn noi cU trtJ Duong nhien, anh hudng nay tac dong den m6i viing, quoc gia, khu virc a

nhirng miic do, hieu qua khac nhau

Hien tuong di c\x von c6 i\jf rat xua trong lich sir loai ngudi, nhUng c6 the

noi, chua bao gid quy mo ciia no lai Idn nhu ngay nay Hien c6 tr6n 120 trieu ngudi dang song ngoai xiir sO ctja ho Nhirng cuoc di cu quoc tc da vuot qua pham vi cac vii viec ricng le va noi ket v6i nhau mang tinh he thong voi dac

diem da dang, da chi^u va da thanh ph^n Tning tdm quoc tevi su phat Irien

cdc chiidi sdch di cU dir bao Ian song di cu se con Icfn hon trong cac thSp ky

tdi Trong boi canh toan cau hoa kinh le dang trd thanh mot tat yeu khach quan, v6i quy mo rong 16n va tinh chat phiJc tap khac hAn tiir6c d^y, di cu da

trd thanh mot thach thii'c 16n doi v6\ sir phat trien ciia tirng quoc gia cung nhu

loan the gidi vao the ky XXI Vi vSy, viec nghien ciiu qua Irinh di dan quoc te,

tu do xac djnh anh hudng cua qua Irlnh ^'y doi v6i cac quoc gia c6 lien ([uan la mot viec lam c^n thiet, c6 y nghla ly luan va thirc tifin

D& lam sang to van de neu tren, c6 the lim mot minh churng dien hlnh

-minh chiJng c6 lien quan chat che tdi lich sir Lien bang My duong dai

ngU&i nhap cU va con chau ho Thii' hai, hien nay, nude My van tiep luc nhan

dan nhap cU nhieu hon ba't cu* quo'c gia nao tren the gi6i Nhieu truyen thong van hoa, nguon goc chung loc va cac ton giao khac nhau cung nhu sir hoa

dong, cam thong hoan canh hop nhau lai tao nen mot cum lir ph6 bien:

"Chiing toi la nhan dan nu6c My"

Trong so nhi6u nhom dan toe va bo toe hoa nhap voi nhau tao nen nu6c

My thdi ky ihuoc dia, nhUng di dan Anh dong vai tro dac biet quan trong Vcfi

tu each la cong dan cua "chinh quoc", lai c6 uu the troi hon ve dan so, do vay kliong CO gi ngac nhien ve sir thong tri cua ngon ngU, luat phap, kinh te, ton giao CLia di dan Anh lai day Mac dii hien nay, "ngudi My noi chung" kliong con la mot WASP (While Anglo-Saxon Protestant) (Da trSng, goc Anh, theo dao Tin Lanh) tha'm nhuan cac gia tri ciia Thanh giao thl cung khong the phii nhan "nhung di san Anh" tren da'l nude nay Ho da mang den nhiing phong tuc, tap quan va niem tin cua que hucfng, nhung hoc thuyet ve xa hoi, chfnh tri, ton giao, nhOng truyen thong ve giao diic, 1§ hoi, the ihao, nghe Ihuai, so ihfch, mon an va cuf the ho lam phong phu them va gop phan tao lap nen van hoa My (Hiinh ho, vdi nhung n6 luc dinh cu lau dai, da gop phan tao lap nhiJng co sd kinh te, chfnh tri ma nude My sau nay thira hudng

Tuy nhien, viec nghien cuu va'n de nay vSn con ra't mdi me d Viet Nam

Vi vay, de chirng minh anh hudng cua hien iuang di cu ddi vdi ddi song chfnh

tri - kinh te - van hoa cua nude My thdi ky thuoc dia, lich su di dan lir Anh sang Bac My the ky XVII - XVIII dudc chon lam de tai cho ban luan van nay

2 LjCH SLT NGHIEN CQU VAN OE

Lich sir di dan sang My la mot de tai thu hiil duc^c kha nhieu sir quan tarn ciia cac hoc gia tren the gidi Trong sd ra't nhieu cong irinh nghien ciiu do,

David W.Noble (Penguin Books Ltd, 1977); "American history - A Survey"

cua Richard N.Cunent, T.Hairy Williams, Frank Freidel, Alan Brinkley

(Alfred A.Knoff, New York, 1983); "Voyagers to the West - A Passage in the

Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution" cua Bernard Bailyn

(Vintage Books, New York, 1988); "Population - An Introduction to Concepts

and Issues" cua John R Weeks (Wadsworth Publishing Company, Califomia,

1989); "Coming to America - A history of Immigration & Ethnicity in

American Life" cm Roger Daniels (Harper Perennial, New York, 1991); "A Nation of Strangers, Prejudice, Politics, & the Populating of America" cua

Ellis Cose ( William MOITOW & Company, Inc, New York, 1992); "The Age of

Migration - International population movements in the Modern World" cua

Stephen Castles, Mark J.Miller (Macmillan, 1993); "Immigrants and the

American city" cua Thomas Muller (New York University Press, New York &

London, 1993); "Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies" do Jacob

Ernest Cook & Lafayette College chu bien (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993)

Nhung tac pham nay hoac chi gidi han d viec tim hieu mot Ihdi ky di

dan ngdn (1773 - 1776 - "Voyagers to the West - A Passage in the Peopling of

America on the Eve of the Revolution") hoac de cap so luoc qua trinh nhap cu

cua liing thanh phan dan loc trong thdi ky thuoc dia ("Coming to America - A

history of Immigration & Ethnicity in American Life"), Viec dua ra nhung

net khai quat ve qua trinh di dan tir Anh sang Bile My the ky XVII - XVIII, cung nhu lac dong cua qua Irlnh nay ddi vdi sir hlnh thanh dan loc Bac My chua duoc lien hanh mot each he thong va day du

speaking peoples" (Bon tap) cua Winston S.Churchill: xua't ban nam 1957;

"England in the 18th cetuury (1714 - 1815)" xua't ban nam 1969 ciia

J.H.Plumb; "The Queen's Government" viet nam 1972 cua Ivor Jennings; "The

Tudor Age and Beyond (England from the Black Death to the End of the Age

of Elizabeth)" cua Arthur J.Salvin do Cong ty In E.Krieger phat hanh nam

1987; "Reformation to Revolution (Politics and Religion in Early Modem

England)" cua Margo Todd, 1995; 'The London Encyclopedia" ciia Ben Weinreb,

Christopher Hibbert 1993; "Britain" ciia James O'Driscoll xuat ban nam 1999

Tai Viet Nam, cho den nay, chua cd tac pham hay bai viet nao nao nghien ciJu mot each he ihdng ve lich su di dan va ddng gdp ciia dan nhap cu trong viec xay dung da'l nude va gdp phdn lao nen nhung budc lien hoa mdi trong cuoc song cua ngudi My,

Tuy nguon tu lieu con rat han che, nhung chiing toi da tim duoc sir hd

trd lir nhieu cong trinh nghien ciJu khac nhu: "Hap chung quoc Hoa Ky" do Dao Huy Ngoc chu bien (Nxb CTQG, H, 1994); "H6 sa van hoa My" cua Huu Ngoc (Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 1995); "Van minh Hoa Ky" cua Jaen Pierae Fichou (Nxb TG, H, 1998); "Hoa Ky - Tien trinh van Iwa-chinh tri" cua D6 Loc Diep (Nxb KHXH, H, 1999); "Cuoc song va cdc die che a My' ciia Douglas K.Stevenson (Nxb CTQG, H, 2000); "Khai quat ve lich sit nude My" cua Howard Cincolta (Nxb CTQG, H, 2000); "Su giau vd ngheo cua cdc dan

toe" ciia David S Landers (Nxb Thong ke, H, 2001); "Lich su the' gidi can dai" ciia Giao su Vu Duong Ninh va Phd Giao sU Nguyen Van Hong; "Lich sU kinh te cdc nude (ngoai Lien Xd)", 3 tap, Nxb KHXH, H, 1978 (Ban djch ciia

Giao su TrUdng Huu Quynh va Giao su Ludng Ninh)

Pham vi nghien cu*u cua d(§ tai dudc xac dinh tren mot sd phuong dien nhu sau:

Vi khong gian, de tai nghien ciiu qua trinh di dan {\i Anh sang Bac My

Tir Anh dudc sir dung trong luan van duoc hieu la nudc Anh (England)

Do dac thij cua de tai la nghien ciiu qua trinh di dan va anh hudng cua qua trinh nay ddi vdi ddi song chfnh tri - kinh te - van hoa cua nudc My thdi

ky thuoc dja, nen cum tir Bac My ducfc sir dung trong luan van dung de chi khu vuc dia ly sau nay trd thanh lanh Ihd Lien bang My (tiic la 13 bang thuoc dia cua Anh tai Bac My)

Ve thdi gian, viec xac dinh pham vi nghien ciiu ve mat thdi gian ciia de

tai tir nam 1607 va diem ket thiic la nam 1776 boi nhirng ly do sau: Nam 1607

la thdi di^m khu djnh cU lau dai dau lien cua Anh lai Bac My 6ugc thanh lap,

md d^u cho Ian sdng di cu ti^ Anh sang Bac My Nam 1776, ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap cua nudc My ra ddi Mudi ba vijng di dan ban dau Ird thanh 13 bang

ca sd ciia Lien bang My Chua phai la diem ket thiic, nhung lii day qua Irinh di

dan sang My da mang nhGng dac diem khac trudc - di dan tdi mot quoc gia doc lap Vi ly do tien, chiing toi gidi han mdc cudi cua de tai vao nam 1776

4 PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN CQU

Cac phuong phap nghien ciJu duoc su dung d day chu yeu dua tren cd

sd chu nghla duy vat bien chiifng va duy vat lich su cua hoc thuyet Mac-Lenin,

"Lich su di dan lii' Anh sang Bac My the ky XVII - XVIII" la mot de lai lich su, mac nhien phuong phap lich dai, ddng dai luon la phuong phap chfnh trong qua trinh thuc hien luan van Tuy nhien, qua Irlnh nay chiu lac dong khong nhd ciia cac su kien, chfnh sach ciia Chfnh phu Anh, vi vay, trong mot chiing mUc nha't djnh phuang phap phan tfch, t6ng hop cung duc^c van dung

5 DONG GOP CUA LUAN VAN

Qua trinh di dan tir Anh sang Bac My the ky XVII - XVIII gan lien vdi cong cuoc ihuoc dja hoa Bac My cua nudc Anh do dd tat yeu chiu lac dong ciia cac chfnh sach cua Chfnh phu Anh Hon the nua, cd ra't nhieu nguyen nhan - d ca'p dd qudc gia, viing, dia phuOng vS ca nhan - dang sau nhiJng dot

di cu vao the ky XVII, XVIII Va, ciing chfnh nhung ngudi dan di cu vdi qua trinh dinh cu lau dai da lac dong manh me tdi viing dat mdi tren moi phuong dien Ta'l ca nhOng dieu dd da tao ra sir phiic tap cua ddi tUOng nghien cufu va dat ra cho ban luan van nay nhOng nhicm vu cy th^ sau:

- Tap hgfp, xir ly va he thong hda tu lieu nham lai hien mot each khach quan qua trinh di dan tir Anli sang 13 bang thuoc dia Bac My the ky XVII-XVIII

- Tim hi^u va phan tfch nhCJng tien de thiic d^y qua Irinh thuoc dja hda Bac My ciia nudc Anh; nhiJng nhan to cd anh hudng, chi phdi qua trinh di dan

- Riit ra nhiJtig nhan xel ve lac dong cua qua trinh nhap cu va dinh cu cua

di dan Anh trong viec xay dung mot nen van minh mdi d vung da'l Bac

My-6 CAU TRIJC CUA LUAN V A N

Ngoai phSn md dau va ket luan, phu luc va lai lieu iham khao, luan van bao gdm 3 chuong duac bd cue nhu sau:

Chuang 1 : TIEN DE THGC DAY Nl/dC ANH TRONG QUA TRJNH THUOC DIA HOA

BACM?

1.1 Su Idn manh ve cong, Ihuong nghiep va chfnh Iri ddi ngoai

1.2 Cach mang laipng da'l va yeu cau giai quyet luc luong lao dong du ihiia 1.3 Chu nghla trong ihuong va nhu cau llm kiem Ihi imdng

1.4 Cai each Ion giao va nhu cau llm noi nudng nau cua nhiing ngudi chdng ddi giao hoi Anh

Chirang 2: QUA TRiNH DI DAN TIT ANH SANG BAC MY THE' KY XVII - XVill 2.1 NhiJng cong ddng cu dan ddu lien

3.1 NhOng thay d6i ve thanh phan dan cu

3.2 Chuydn bien ve kinh te - van hda - xa hoi

3.3 Tac ddng cua qua trinh nhap cu den sir hlnh thanh che do chfnh tri My

*

Tdi xin chan thanh cam on TS NguySn Ngoc Dao, ngudi da nhiel llnh hudng dan va giiip dd tdi hoan thanh ban luan van nay Xin duoc bay id Idng biet On sau sac tdi Giao su Vu Duong Ninh, ngudi IhSy da giiip dd tdi tren con dudng nghien ciJu khoa hoc Tdi cung xin dudc gui Idi cam on tdi cac Thay Cd giao trong khoa Lich sir, Bd mdn Lich su The gidi - Tiordng Dai hoc Khoa hoc

Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi vi ta't ca sir giiip dd nhiel thanh

va chi dan quy bau

Ngudi viet

Trdn Thien Thanh

CHUONG 1

TI^N D £ THOC DAY NUOC A N H T R O N G Q U A TRlNH THUOC OjA HOA BAC M ?

Nam 1607, thuoc dja dSu tien trong sd cac thuoc dia cua Anh d Bac My duoc thanh lap Tir dd, da'l Bac My da chiing kien su md dau con sdng nhap cu tir Anh Keo dai sud'l hai the ky, ddng nhap cU nay lir nhd giot chiing vai tram ngudi lap nghiep den hang van ngudi mdi Idi Bj thiic ep, bj bat budc bdi nhieu ddng CO, ly do manh me va khac nhau, ho tdi Tan The gidi va gdp phdn xay dung mot nen van minh mdi d phSn phia Bac cua luc dia nay

Nhung, nhOng tien de thiic day qua trinh thuoc dia hda Bac My thuc su

da hlnh thanh d Anh hon mot the ky imdc dd Giai doan chuan bi nay cung se giiip giai Ihfch lai sao cac thuoc dja Anh d Bac My lai khong phai la ban sao

dan thuSn nhu thuoc dia cua Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Phap, ma

con mang nhieu diem khac biet

1.1 SU L 6 N MANH VE CONG IHUONG NGHIEP VA CHINH TRj DO! NGOAI

Cho tdi d^u the ky XVI, nen kinh tc ciia Anh hau nhu khong cd budc phat iri^'n nao dang k^' Nhung den giii'a the ky XVI, Anh da cd nhiing budc lien vuot bac ve nhieu mat, dac biet ve kinh te Budc chuyen minh dd duac danh da'u bang nen san xua't cong xudng ihu cong rong Idn, mot nen mau djch hang hai thjnh vuong, mot sir chuydn bien sau sac trong ndng ihdn va sir bien ddi han bo mat ndng ihdn gan lien vdi san xuat cong ihuong nghiep Sd dT cd dUdc nhu vay la do:

Thu nha't, lire ludng quy loc phong kien Anh da suy yeu sau cuoc chicn

Hai hoa hong (1453 - 1485); quan he ndng no bi pha vo (vao cudi the ky XIV)

md dudng cho quan he lU ban chu nghla phai trien

Thu hai, sang dau the ky XVI, sau nhung phat kien Idn ve dja ly va vice

di chuyen nhung con dudng budn ban sang Dai Tay Duong, nudc Anh vdi vi Irf la mot hon dao d phfa tay chau Au da trd thanh mot irong nhirng dau mdi

Thii ba, nudc Anh thdi ky nay khdng phai chju su tan pha ciia nhiing

cudc chi^'n tranh Idn diin ra trong nhi^u nam ciia luc dia chau Au

Thiitu, chmh sdch kinh te cua cac vua trieu Tudor, ve cd ban, phii hcfp vdi loi

fch giai ca'p ciia tang Idp quy toe tu san hda, mot tdng Idp dang hudng ve viec lam giau theo ki^u tU san

Nhd dd, nen cong thuang nghiep nudc Anh da lien bo nhanh chdng

theo hudng tu ban chu nghia Dac trimg lieu bi^u nha't cua sir phat Iridn nay la

su xua't hien cong trudng thii cong

Cdng Irudng thii edng ra ddi trudc tien d nhGng nganh cd truyen va gan

lien vdi nhiing nhu cdu sinh hoat cua dan chiing Cho nen, cd ihi ndi nganh

det len da la nganh cdng nghiep d^u tien, md dudng cho chu nghla lu ban

Nhd cd nguon nguyen lieu va nhan cdng gia re (do cuoc each mang ve

ruong da'l diln ra tii cudi the ky XIV tao ra), nganh del len da dd truang thanh

nhanh chdng Nghe thu cdng truyen thong cua Aoih nay da ha thanh nganh

"cdng nghiep dan toe" cd gia til tren thj liirdng Ngdnh cong nghiep nay vao the'ky

Wl khdng nhiTng quy mo san xuat tang len chua tiiiig thay, md con budc vao giai doan cong trudng thii cdng tubdn chii nghia

Trong thdi ky nay, hinh thiic cdng tmdng thii cdng phan tan l6 chiic theo ho gia dinh chiem vj trf chu dao Nguyen lieu duoc cac chi!i cong tmdng ihii cdng (kiem chu bao th^u) ban cho nhiing ngudi san xua't nhd hoac phan phdi cho cac gia dinh rdi thu mua lai lirng ph^n hoac mua ca san pham Nhu vay, hlnh thiic kinh le - xa hoi cua viec td chiic del da da thay ddi Tiardc day, sai vai, len thd deu nam trong tay mdi gia dinh, duoc ho keo va del chii yeu dung cho ban than thl nay da bien thanh hang hda ciia cdng Irudng thu cdng

Vo sd khach hang phan lan liirdc kia nay tap Irung lai thanh mol ihi Irudng Idn

do tu ban cdng nghidp cung ca'p Ngh^ phu gia dinh, d nhieu noi, cha'm diil sir ton tai theo Idi san xua't ca th^ tu phuc vu va trd thanh mot mat xfch quan trong cho sU tdn tai cua cdng tmdng thu cdng tu ban chu nghla

Den the ky XVI, ben canh hlnh Ihiic cdng Irudng thu cdng phan tan cung da xua't hidn nhiing cdng Irudng thu cdng dai quy md Trong dd, khdng

ihi khdng nhac tdi ten lu6i cua mot nha lam da n6i danh: John Winchcombe d

Newberry^

Trong nghe del da, ngudi ta da dung may keo soi tu ddng cd ban dap,

may chai long di lam da sach, va khung det ta'l do William Lee sang che Khung may nay cd ihi dat duac lis 1000 - 1500 mat ludi trong mot phtil, liic la

tang ga'p 1 0 - 1 5 Ifo so vdi imdc day Nhd cd chuyen mdn hda va ting dung nhiing cai tien ky thuat, nang sua'l cac mat hang del da tang len ga'p boi va san ph^m lam ra cung hoan hao hOn so vdi cac phuong phap del truyen Ihdng Vdi sir vuon len khang dinh uu the cua hang len se thl lan dau lien, mot sd mat hang mdi nhu vai bong, lua, lanh da xua't hien tren ihi trudng nudc Anh Tlianh phd Manchester, Boston, Newberry, Norwich nhd dd dat duoc budc

phat trien dang ki

Cling vdi nganh del, mot so nganh cong nghiep mdi, dp dung ky thuat

hien dai cung duac thiet lap a Anh Trong dd, cac nganh khai md, luyen kim

' M6t b^i dan ca Anh clio ta hinh dung \i c6ng xuang tliu c6ng do:

"Mot can phong l&n rong va dai

CO 200 may det, voi the/200 ngirdi

Ta hay nhin xcni, ho tao dong tCrngay nay sang ngay khac

Canh mdi ngirdi, lai mot dt'/a Ire lang le ngoi sap san nhCfng con thai

Va ngUc/i doc cong tin noi gian

O phong ben, WO ngirdi phu nu trdi len;

Ngirdi ta da de ho add, Irong khong khi hni inii,

Phong tiep nCra ta hay xem di

200 ngirdi thcf - phu nCr, Ire em

Ho keo sai hion tay, khong dirge nghi

Vd niieng cat len nhi'rng bdi ca do nao

U gan do, tren san ban th\u

50 di'Ca tre song Irong dia ngnc ay

de kiem I hdo mdi ngay

Chiing phdi nhd nhCrng sg'i len thd

Vd giCr (ay nhi'rng sgi len tot niiii "

deu cho tha'y bi^u hidn phat Iri^n ro ret Thd md, tho luyen quang tii Diic va mot sd nudc khac da sang Anh Thiiy tinh, sat, thep, ddng da dudc san xua't tai chfnh cac cong xudng ciia Anh Trong khi d Bi, cac md than vSn nam im dudi cac bai chien Irudng, thi nganh khai md Anh da lien ra't xa va trd thanh nudc san xua't than da Idn nha't chau Au Trong vdng hOn 1 the ky tii 1560 den

1700, san luong khai thac than da tang trung blnh 1400% d ta'l ca cac vung, rieng Ddng Bac nudc Anh tang tren 2000% Than da trd thanh nguon nguyen lieu chfnh cho cac nganh cdng nghidp mdi nhu san xua't gia'y, san xua't vu khf, tinh luyen dudng va cac ky thuat mdi ling dung trong cac nganh san xual cu nhu gach, thuy tinh, mudi, na'u bia

Ben canh dd, viec lien hanh san xua't tren quy md Idn cung xua't hien trong nganh luyen sat Vdi cac loai Id Cao cao 30 phfl (khoang 9 m) ciing nhiing dng be da dai 20 phfl dudc cho tii luc dia sang, mdi nam da cd 100 den

500 la'n kim loai duofc san xua't - mot nang sua't vuoi xa ra't nhieu con sd Iren

20 la'n neu viec nay duoc tien hanh theo phuOng phap truyen thdng Do vay, Anh da trd thanh nudc san xua't ihiec Idn d chau Au thdi ba'y gid

Mdi nganh nay, IrSn thuc te, chi ddng gdp mol phfo nhd vao hieu nang san xuat cua nudc Anh, nhung hcfp nha't lai thi da Ird thanh mol sir tfch tu dang

ki Sir phat trien nhanh chdng a'y ciia cac nganh san xuat thu cdng nghiep va

sir Idn manh khdng ngirng cua luc ludng hai quan, ddi ihuong Ihuyen da chuan bi cho mol sir banh Irudng manh me cua ihuong nghiep xua't cang Tat nhien viec xua't cang len da van chiem dia vj hang dau Bieu hien rd rel nha't cua su phat tri^n nay la sd thue nha nudc thu duoc Trong 10 nam dau dudi Ihdi vua Henry VII, nha nudc thu dudc 32.951 bang, dau thdi Henry VIII mdi nam thu dudc 42.643 bang, trong nhiing nam dau thdi Elizabeth la 82.797 bang va cudi the ky XVI (1595) la 120.593 bang Cac chii cdng trudng thii cdng va ihudng nhan giau len nhanh chdng Tliuong nhan Anh ngay cang

ddng va nam la'y ngoai ihuong va dieu nay bieu hien rd sir phat trien kinh le' ciia nudc Anh Neu nhu vao giua the ky XIV, d Anh chi cd 169 phii thuong, thi den the ky XVI da cd 3000 ngudi Den cudi thdi Elizabeth, va ca thdi

James I sau dd, mot he qua yi mat xa hoi cua qua trinh nay da di^n ra Mot giai tang mdi - hay ndi diing han mot t^ng Idp da timg ton lai trong mot thdi gian dai nhung ludn d trong dien "did dpi" duoc "tuyen" vao hang ngii quy

loc, thi nay qua trinh a'y di^n ra nhanh hon va hieu qua hon - da dan vuo^n Idi quyen luc Mot so thuong nhan giau cd da gia nhap vao hang ngij quy toe Tfnh Cling nhac trong ihang bac xa hoi da cd mot so thay ddi

Cung trong thdi gian nay, che'dp qudn chii chuyen che' Anh duac ciing

covd phat trien manh me

Thuc ra, ngay tir trung ky trung dai, so vdi mot sd nudc chau Au, vuong quyen d Anh da tuong ddi lap Irung Tren cd sd dd, che do quan chu chuyen che tiep luc dUdc tang cudng dudi thdi cai Irj ciia cac vi vua trieu dai Tudor

Bang each dua vao giai ca'p quy loc mdi va giai ca'p tu san, Irong khi the luc cua t^ng Idp phong kien quy loc da suy yeu sau cuoc chien tranh Hai hoa Hong, Vuong trieu Anh, khdi dau tir Henry VII (1485 - 1509) da dat duoc mot miic do lu chu nao dd va dat nen mdng cho su Ion lai cua che do quan chu chuyen che Anh

Den ihdi vua Tudor thii hai, Henry VIII, vdi cuoc "cdi each ton giao"

tach Giao hoi Anh ra khdi Rome, ddng thdi ihuc thi nhiing bien phap cai each cua Thomas Wolsey va Thomas CromwelP, nha vua da nam trong lay ca vuOng quyen lan than quy^n Vdi cd che hanh chfnh diing dau la Hoi ddng Co mat d trung Udng; hoi ddng hat, hoi ddng thj Iran, cac hoi ddng d vising Marches xii Wales, d mien Bac nudc Anh va he thdng cac Ida an (Tda an idi cao, Tda an Star Chamber, Tda dai phap quan, Tda an Request d Trung uong

^ Ihonias Wolsey (1473 - 1530): long iiircrng diicfi trieu Heniy Vill tu I3I4 - 1529,

Thomas Oonnvell (1485- 1540): Tong tnrong duc'yi iriCu Ilcnry VUI (ir 1529 - 1540

va cac tda an hoa giai) d dja phudng, chfnh quyen nha vua cd the quan ly tUdng ddi chat che den tvmg quan, tiing viing

Song, vai trd ciia nha vua khdng chi dirng lai d viec nam quyen hanh

phap, kiim tra cac hoat ddng lu phap va cac cdng vice cua nha thd ma cdn

tham gia vao hoat ddng lap phap cua Nghj vien Nghj vien thdi Elizabeth d mot vai khia canh tuong tu nghj vien thdi Trung cd Mai khac, Nghj vien da trai qua nhihig chuyen ddi manh me trong giai doan 1484 - 1540, trong dd hai vien - Vien Nguyen lao va Vien Dan bi^u - chuyen tir the manh/yeu sang the quan blnh , trieu dinh lir chd la ngUdi diing dSu Tda an tdi cao lai Nghj vien sang la mot thanh vien cua Nghj vien bo ba (Trieu dinh, Vien Nguyen lao, Vien Dan bi^u) Thu tuc lap phap djnh id cac dao luat chi cd hieu lire sau khi

da dude vua phe chuan Nam 1539, Nghj vien iham chf chfnh thiic luyen bd: c^n phai xem nhung Idi bd cao cua Nha vua la nhiing dieu luat, gidng nhu nhiing quyet dinh cua Nghj vien Do dd, khi kliai mac nghj vien dau lien cua minh vao nam 1559, Elizabeth I da cd the nha'n manh rang, ba trieu lap cudc hop hoan loan theo y mudn rieng cua minh d^' tham dd y kien cua ca hai vien Cung trong thdi ky nay, vdi cuoc cai each tdn giao thiet lap Nha thd Anh mang tfnh cha'l Ion giao qudc gia va nhiing ddi sach ngoai giao thanh cdng vdi Scotland, Ireland, Elizabeth I khdng nhiing thiet lap duoc sir thdng nha't va on djnh tUdng ddi d trong nudc, ma cdn gat bd ke ihti ben ngoai nhd eo bien La Manche va nen hoa blnh tai bien gidi phfa bac

Tren co sd vudng quyen dudc cung cd va phat Irien manh me, chfnh phu ciia Nii hoang Elizabelh da tit:'n hanh mol chfnh sach het siic nha'l quan - de

cao lai ich qudc gia - tai cac trieu dinh vua chua chau Au Tfnh nha't quan nay

chiing td giai ca'p thdng Iri nhan thiic rat rd nhiing muc tieu cua minh, dieu ma chi cd mot giai ca'p thdng Irj manh, dang d the di len mdi cd duoc

De hieu dUdc dieu nay, nha't thiet phai xem xel chfnh phii Anh phai duong dau vdi dieu gl

Tai Ha Lan va Bi, sau dd sap nhap va dudc goi la Netherlands, vua Philip II cua Tay ban Nha (1556 - 1598) - ngudi ludn tin tudng vao tfnh ben viing khdng th^ lay chuyen ciia quyen luc ciia minh ciing nhiing cd sd cua nd

la che do chuyen che va giao hoi Thien chiia giao - dang muu toan ap dat Thien chiia giao cung nhiing loai thud' nang ne Ngoai viec ung ho nhiing dac quyen cua nha thd v^ ruong dat va dja vj xa hoi, bien phap bao ve tdn giao hang hai nha't cua Philip II la lap nhiing "Toa an tdn giao" Tda an nay duoc lap nen khap moi noi, bat va xu lir ta'l ca nhiing ai cd xu hudng hoac da theo tdn giao cai each Chfnh sach ciing nhac va cudng tin dd da gieo mdm thiic day nhirng cuoc khdi nghla le te d day dudi su lanh dao cua William Orange NhCtng cudc khdi nghla nay ihudng khdng thanh cdng, nhung vdi tai nang va quyet tam, William Orange vSn duy tri nhiJng dot danh tra va ddn d^n tap trung loan bd quyen lanh dao vao tay Nhitng quy toe ndi loan, nhihig nha

cdng thuong nghiep Flander, Ha Lan, nhiing ten "mia cu'dp bien" (semipirales)

lieu mang din tap hop lai dudi su chi huy ciia William Orange Trong khi dd, vdi nudc Anh dang chuy^'n bien theo con dudng lu ban chu nghla va ft nhieu dung hda vdi nhiing xu hudng cai each tdn giao, rd rang Tay Ban Nha la ke

thii nguy hi^m La mol chfnh Irj gia khdn ngoan, Elizabelh da id thai do "dong

cam" vdi ngudi Ha Lan, cho ho Idi khuyen, kliuyen khfch, va ca mot chiil giiip

dd cu ihi Ban ron ddi phd vdi nhirng cudc ndi loan d Ha Lan, Phillip II se ft

hoac khdng cd cd hdi can thiep vao nUdc Anh, va nhirng gi nudc Anh cdn liic

dd chfnh la su yen dn

Vdi Phap, tinh hinh lai khac, Ndi day, tdn lai 3 phe canh Phe trung lam gdm Francis II - chdng Nii hoang Mary ciia Scotland - va hai ngudi anh cm Charles IX va Henry III Ho d^u cai trj nhan danh ngudi me ciia ho la

Catherine de Medicis Ben canh dd la Lien minh Thien chiia giao {Catholic

League) diing ddu la nhiing cdng tudc vting Loraine va mot gia toe hiding manh

viing Guise - thuoc quyen ciia me Nii hoang Scotland va Cdng ludc viing

Calais Phai nay dude sir ung ho ciia thj dan Paris Phe phai cdn lai la nhirng ngudi Tin lanh Huguenots, chu yeu gdm cac nha quy toe va thj dan, dii^ng ddu

la nha quy toe La Rochelle, ngudi ludn hy vong khi cac vi vua ddng Valois ma't ma khdng cd ngudi ke vj thi vi vua Tin lanh viing Navarre se ke vj ngai vang Ca hai phe: Lien minh Tliien chiia giao va Lien hop Tan giao deu lang cudng luc ludng quan doi, ciing cd id chii'c Phe Lien hop cdu ciiu Nii hoang Elizabeth cua nudc Anh NgUofc lai, phe Lien minh cdu vien Tay Ban Nha, dinh luy cua thien chiia giao Trong tinh hlnh dd, Nii hoang Anh dua ra Idi khuyen va d^ nhGng ngudi Huguenots gian liep phuc vu loi fch vuong trieu Anh Hai am muu bao loan cua ngudi Huguenots chdng lai Catherine de Medicis d Norfolk nam 1569 va Ridolfi 1570 cd ddng gdp Idn ciia nudc Anh la vi vay

Nhd nhitng chfnh sach ngoai giao dd, NiJ hoang Anh da duy tri dudc su

yen dn da'l nudc - mdi viec khdng he di dang va vudt qua nhieu khiing hoang

Nhung, nam 1572, vua Tay Ban Nha tao ap luc budc Anh phai true xua't

nhirng "ke dn xin tren bien" (Sea Beggars) Ha lan - ten lu goi cua nhifng ngUdi

"mh cudp bien" iing ho William Orange - khdi nUdc Anh Elizabeth da giiip

dd nhiing ngudi nay quay trd lai viing cang hiin Brill ciia Ha Lan va duy tri

vung nay nhu mol viing da'l doc lap dau lien cua Ha Lan Ciing nam dd, Catherine de Medicis tan sal nhu"ng ngudi Huguenots Elizabeth khdng can thiep nhung cung khdng tir bd hy vong ve mot ngay phuc hdi ciia phai nay

Vdi Tay Ban Nha, ke thii dang gi^m nhat ciia nudc Anh, cudc dau tranh quye't liet lai true tiep do nhu"ng ten cudp bien gay ra Nhung hai lac lirng danh sau nay trd thanh nhiing dd ddc ham ddi ciia Nir hoang nhu Francis Drake, John Hawkins da danh cudp nhirng hai doan Tay Ban Nha chd nang kim loai quy tir chau My trd ve, dot kfch cac hai cang Tay Ban Nha va due pha lau thuyen Tay Ban Nha ngay trudc mat dan chiing Khi Francis Drake trd ve nudc Anh mang theo vd sd cua cai cudp dudc, Elizabeth da phong cho dng ta

tudc hiep si d^ ddi lai viec ciing chia se chien Igfi phdm; ddng thdi cung xoa

diu vua Tay Ban Nha bang each khiin trach nghiem khac dng ta

Khi nhan ra rang Tay Ban nha thuc su cd mot luc ludng quan sir hiing manh, ma nhiing ngudi Anh vdn chua qua dao tao dii dung cam d6^n ma'y ciing

khdng Ihi danh bai duoc mot doi quan nhu vay, Elizabeth chua thanh lap va

huan luyen quan ddi nhung cung khdng bd Id thdi gian Bang each giri lien Idi

Ha Lan, d^ Ba tudc viing Leicester tham gia chi huy luc luong quan ddi Ha Lan, lao di^u kien cho nhiing ngudi Anh tinh nguyen sang day hoe tap nudc Anh da cd budc chudn bj cho viec chien da'u va lam suy yeu Tay Ban Nha trong tuong lai

Cudi cung, vu xu tir Mary Stuart^ da loai bd mol ddng minh ciia Tay Ban Nha Mdi hiem khfch Tay Ban Nha - Anh ngay cang sau sac Sau khi iha'y Elizabelh cdng kliai ung ho cudc chien tranh giai phdng ciia Ha Lan, Philip II quyet dinh luyen bd chien tranh, nhung nude Anh da sSn sang

Vdi luc ludng quan ddi ma ndng cot la nhiing ngirdi tinh nguyen sang

Ha Lan thdi gian trUdc dd, ngudi Anh cd the tu tin hon vao kha nang danh dudi quan doi Tay Ban Nha ra khdi bd coi neu bj xam chiem Nhung Iren lai

ca, ham doi cua nudc Anh - vdn dUdc thanh lap tir thdi vua Hery VIII - da Idn manh, trong lai ciia nd ciing ngay cang tang len Nam 1545, Anh mdi cd 35 thuyen budm Irong lai tren 100 ta'n, den nam 1588 da cd 183 chiec John Hawkins dude giao nhiem vu to chiic viec ddng lau Ciing gidng nhu cac con

•' Mary Stuart, sau klii bi than dAn (rue xua't khoi Scotland da chay sang nu"dng nlicf su bao IrO ciia Nu hoang niizabeth Tai day Mary Stuart nhanh chong ti6 thanh irung tAm cho nhung Am mUii va toan tinh cfia T^y Ban Nha ch(5ng lai EUzabeth v^ dao Tin lanh nirdc Anh Lo so truofc nhhung Am mini ciia phe Thien chua giao,

ngudi Anh cung Nghi vifin nlii^u l;1ii ra nhung nghi quyS't ma theo do Elizabeth co the ihu ti6u d6\ thu cua ba, Nhung, Elizabeth chi han chS' d muc quan ch6' Maiy dai han Elizabeth chi quye't dinh dua Mary ra truy t(5

nHni 1587 sau khi co bang chung cho thiVy Mary la inOt ke muu mO kh6ng niCi moi nham lAt (lo Nu hoAiig

nUcrc Anh NhiSm vu phai chung minh dudc rang Mary co tham gia vno Am mini st\p icVi nham am s^t

Elizabeth duOc giao cho su thAn Anh tai Phap dam nliAn 'llm c^ch tiling d6ng vdi vifin si quan chi huy dOi li'nh canh gac lAu dhi Sac ti liic do dang giam giu Mary Stuaii, vien sir ihAn nay da gai m6t nguoi cua minh

mang ruou vang v5 bia vao lAu dai cho ba ta Dong gia la niOt thi d^'I'hifen chua giao nhiCl thi^nh vh bnn huu

ciia Mary, 6ng nhy nliAn chuyen h6 thU thi ciia bA ta cho nhung nguc/i dang tin cay Rue thu nay sau do da lio thanh bang chiing ch6ng lai Mary Ca hai vi^n khAn cAu Nu hoang sao cho "lot tuyen an c6ng minh phai co sU trung phat cOng minh" Kfi't qua Mary SiuaH bi xu ur

tau thdi vua Henry VIII, ham ddi hai quan hoang gia bao gdm nhung lau iha'p

va cd bd tri phao hai ben man tau Chinh sach ve hai quan ciing dUdc dua ra

Chinh sach nay cd ddng gdp Idn cua Francis Drake Ong mudn "lam clidy xem

ran ciia vua Tay Ban Nha" - liic la ta'n cdng ham ddi vd dich Armada trudc

klii ham doi nay cd mat tai bd bidn nUdc Anh Nhung vl nhieu ly do, Iran Ihiiy chien nay cudi ciing xay ra Iren eo bien La Manche Ket qua, ham ddi Armada dai bai Trong sd 130 lau khi xua't phat chi cdn 60 lau Irong tmh trang tham bai nha't quay ve

Cudc xung dot Anh - Tay Ban Nha phan anh mau IhuSn gay gat ve nhieu mat giita hai nudc, dac biel la phan anh su kmh djch the lire tren mat bien Sau Iran nay, uy ifn va dia vi ba chii cua Tay Ban Nha da "chim" theo ham ddi Aimada Tijf day, Tay Ban Nha bd han ke hoach xam nhap nudc Anh

Chfnh sach quan su dac biet cua luc lUdng hai quan Anh, iham chi da dUdc Liddell Hart tdng ket thanh "phuong phap chien tranh cua ngudi Anh", gdm hai budc: thii nhal, lam rdi loan ham ddi ddi phUdng, sau dd cho mol ddi quan nhd nhung ihiCn chien tdi ddng d mol vi trf chien luoc irong khi vAn liep luc sir dung cac lien minh, hoac ham doi thii 5 hoac lire luong bi" mat quay pha ddi phuong Vi vay, cd th^ ndi, tdm quan trong cua Irieu dai Elizabelh trong lich su nudc Anh khdng chi d chd da giai quyc'l van de tdn giao - thiet lap dudc Giao hoi Anh theo dao Tin lanh - giup tranh duoc cudc ndi chien va danh bai Tay Ban Nha ma cdn d chd da vach ra mot hinh mSu chfnh sach quan sir ke't hdp vdi chfnh sach ngoai giao

Tat nhien, dieu dd khdng cd ngliTa la su yen on da dudc xac lap lien dat Anh Nudc Anh, mot qudc gia ludn cd nhung xao ddng trong qua khii, lai khdng cd quan doi ihudng liirc, ludn nam ben le cua sir mat 6n dinh Nhung, nen hoa blnh dudc tao lap Irong ihdi gian nay cung lao dieu kien cho con ngudi phat huy nang luc ca nhan

^A/'

Nc

Bang each tranh cho nudc Anh nhiing cudc chien tranh vd nghla, Elizabeth da giiip cho mot the he ngudi dan Anh phat trien qua dd lam giau

cho qudc gia Cd ihi ki tdi mol sd quan nhan tieu bi^'u nhu Walter Raleigh;

nha klioa hoc Idn nhu Francis Bacon; nha lanh dao tdn giao nhu Bernard Gilpin, Robert Browne; thuong nhan Idn nhu gia dinh Tliomas Smith, gia dinh Smythes

Dudi thdi Elizabeth, cac mat van hoc, nghe thuat deu cd nhirng budc phat tri^n, vdi t^n tudi ciia mot sd ngudi nhu William Shakespeare, Thomas More, Marlowe, Johnson, Elyot, Slarkley, Crammer, Tliomas Wyalt, Henry

Howard Ht thdng giao due dUdc md rong cho nhieu ddi tuong hon Nganh

"cdng nghiep gidi tri" lan dau tien xua't hien d Anh Ba hoac bdn nha hat da

dude thanh lap trong thdi gian nay

Cd the ndi, su phai trien kinh te cdng thudng nghiep, sU ton lai mot nen hoa binh, giao hoi qudc gia thdng nha't dat dudi quyen kiem soat cua nha nudc, lire ludng hai quan, cac nganh dan chfnh bao gdm ca ngoai giao va linh bao dudi thdi Elizabeth, ta't ca nhirng dieu dd da gdp phrin nang cao vi the cua

nude Anh ddng thdi tao lien di quan trong cho cdng cudc banh tmdng sau nay

1.2 CACH MANG RUONG DAT VA YEU CAU GIAI QUYET LL/C Ll/ONG LAO DONG DaTHlTA

La mot nudc ma da phan dan cU tham gia hoat dong ndng nghiep, Irong tien trinh phat trien cua nUdc Anh hau ky Trung dai, ruong da'l va quyen sd hiru ruong dat bao gid ciing la mol va'n de kinh le cd't yeu nha'l cua moi chinh quyen Hon niia, kliac vdi cac nude Tay Au, ruong da'l d Anh khdng chi dirge khai Ihac vao muc dfch ihuan tuy ndng nghiep ma cdn gan bd chat vdi sU phai trien cua nganh cdng nghiep chfnh va la nganh lien bo nhal liic duong thdi -cdng nghiep del da - nhan id hang dau trong sU lien len cua loan bd nen kinh

le qudc dan

Dac di^m cd ban cua nen ndng nghidp d Anh la: tii lau nghe nudi ciru

da ddng vai trd dac biet quan Irong Khf hau phii hdp, vi trf giap ranh vdi cac viing lam da ciia chau Au, nhu clu ve da, va ca Ifnh cha'l cdng xa trong viec sir dung rudng da'l d Anh da tao dieu kien thuan loi cho sir phat tridn nghe nudi cinj Hon niia, san phdm ciia nghe nudi ciru chi duoc su dung trong cdng nghiep nen ta't yeu phai trd thanh mdt ddi tUdng mua ban Vi vay, sU thudng mai hoa ndng nghidp nudc Anh da diSn ra sdm va sau sac ngay tii th6' ky XIV

- XV Nhii'ng khoan Idi nhuan rat cao do viec kinh doanh eCru dem lai ciing yeu c^u ky thuat het siic nguyen thuy cua nghe nay da thiic d^y qua trinh

"chqy theo len citu" ciia cac chii da'l Anh

Trudc tien, de cd them bai nudi ciiu, gidi chu da'l rdo cudp dat cong

Dac diem quan trong ciia hlnh thiic sii dung ruong da'l cdng xa la luan canh cudng biic Theo che do nay, ndng dan chi dudc rao dat vao miia xuan va phai

bd rao sau khi gat xong liia Khi dd, da'l cay bi bien thanh bai chan sue vat cua cdng xa Che do su dung ruong da'l cdng vdn cd loi cho ndng dan, dac biet la ban ndng- NhUng, khi nghe nudi ciru thuong mai phat trien, he thdng nay trd nen ngay cang chat hep vdi cac chu dat Mudn nudi dan ciru Idn can phai cd bai chan rong va biet lap D^ lam viec nay, cac chu dat da Idi dung che do ndng nd va doc quyen ruong da'l ciia minh bang each ndi lien ranh gidi bai chan ciia cdng xa vdi viing da'l rieng ciia minh Bat d^u lir the ky XIII, den the

ky XIV - XV, cac chiia da'l Anh da bao chiem mot each trang Iron nhirng bai

cd, bai chan va da'l lirng cua cdng xa Ve mat kinh le, rd rang sir chiem doal nay giiip nghe nudi ciiu phat Iridn manh me, nhung lai khdng dam bao cho cac ban ndng mol chiil quyen chan gia siic nao Nhu vay, ddi vdi ndng Ihdn Anh the ky XVI, viec rao da'l cdng xa hoan loan khdng phai la hien lUdng mdi, nhung miic do pho cap lai Idn hOn nhieu va da ddng cham den ddng dao ndng dan Qua Irinh rao dat dat den quy md Idn nhal d cac ap ba ludc mien Trung

va mien Nam nudc Anh Vice md rong pham vi rao da'l lii cac ddng cd, rtrng,

bai chan ciia cdng xa sang rao ludn ca da'l cay va sau dd bien da'l cay thanh bai

chan, ddng thdi giai tan nen kinh l€ lanh dia cii chuyen trdng liia my, bien

thanh dat nudi ciru hay cho cac trai chii, cac nha kinh doanh nghe nudi ciru thue da dong cham den cd sd chii yeu nha't ciia su tdn lai ciia ndng dan Do dd, viec rao da'l trd thanh mdt bien cd cd y nghla thdi dai, mol cudc "each mang thuc su" vl nd lam lung lay ban than cudc sdng cua ndng dan

Cudc Cai each tdn giao va su thii tieu che' dp chiem hull ruong dat ciia

nhd thd - che dp vdn dd tra thanh yeu to bdn chat ciia che dp phong kien - tiep

sau dd da dem lai sir thiic day manh me qua trinh ludc doal rudng dat ciia ndng dan bang bao luc Trong nhiing dieu kien cua the ky XVI, cudc da'u tranh giira quy toe the tuc va quy toe tang lir mang mdt y nghla hoan loan mdi

va trd ihanh nhan id quan trong thiic day sir phat trien ciia chu nghla lu ban trong ndng nghiep

Chfnh su ket hdp chat che va ca'p thiet ca ddng co chfnh tri (han che anh hudng ciia quy toe lang lir, da'u tranh gianh quyen tu Irj cho Nha thd Anh) va dong cd kinh le (che do chuyen che can cac khoan Ihu nhap cua nha thd; giai ca'p tu san, tang Idp quy toe mdi them khai ruong da'l cua tu vien) Irong viec thuc hien nhiing chfnh sach ve Iinh vuc nay cua Henry VIII va Edward II da thu lieu che' do chiem hiiu ruong da'l cua tu vien va trd thanh mot mat xfch quan trong cua cudc each mang rudng dat Ke'l qua la, dat dai, cua cai cua 645

tu vidn, 90 chiing vien va 110 benh xa cua nha thd bi lich ihu dudi thdi Henry VIII va 46.249 bang la tdng gia tri tai san ljch thu dudc cua 3000 nha thd nhd trong nam 1548 dudi thdi Edward II Ngoai viec dem lai mol nguon thu nhap dang ke cho ngan khd qudc gia, lao kha nang sir dung da'l dai Iheo kieu TBCN, ihi viec chuyen da'l dai lu vien sang tay nhiing ke ddu cO la mot trong nhung yeu td quye't dinh so phan cua ndng ihdn Anh the ky XVI Cac vi chii mdi nay, kliong bi rang budc bdi nhiing "luc le" va vl muc dfch kiem Idi, da cmtng quyet hanh ddng - duoi ndng dan, tudc la'y rudng dat ma ho dang llnh canh

biS'n thanh bai chan nudi hay trdng trot Di6u dd rd rang anh hudng ra't Idn tdi ddi sdng ciia nhiing ngudi llnh canh rudng da't nha thd va ngudi ngheo sdng bang nhiing khoan hanh thidn ciia nha thd

Cudc each mang gia ca diSn ra vao dSu the ky XVI liep luc tao cho cac bien cd cua "cuoc each mang rudng da't" mot cd sd kinh te va mol quy md rong Idn hdn Vi6c gia ngii cdc tang 400%, len tang 200%, vat lieu xay dung

tang 300% va cac mat hang det, kim loai tang gin 200% Irong khoang thdi

gian tir 1540 den 1640, trong khi miic dia td dugfc xac dinh tir bao ddi khdng

ihi thay d6i theo sU len xudng ciia gia ca thi trudng da gay tdn thuong nghiem

trong den Idi fch ciia cac chiia dat He qua tat yeu la, cac chu da't quay sang

tim each xod bo che'dp sii dung da't cong xd bang each ndng cao dia to, dudi

ndng dan sdng ke'nghiep tren nliiTng vi)ng da't cd td cd dinh vd md rong viec cho time dat theo kieu TBCN Den giita the ky XVI, ty le dat cay/ dat chan

nudi lir chd la 2 - 4/1 (the ky XV) da chuyen thanh 1/1, 1/2 va cudi ciing la 1/3

Vdi mol nudc cd tdi 88% dan sd tham gia hoat ddng ndng nghiep, viec ma't da't rd rang da anh hudng ra't Idn tdi ddi sdng gia dinh ndng dan Ta'l nhien, ndng ihdn nudc Anh ciing diln ra mdt qua trinh lU dieu chinh vdi viec

tao ra mot giai ca'p iiiu ndng mdi Nhung, tinh trang bdn ciing hoa mot bd

phan cu dan ndng nghiep day ho ra khdi cuoc sdng ndng Ihdn da trd thanh mot hien lugng ph6 bien Vi phai chiu dung ganh nang thue ma va nhii'ng ihii doan ludc doal rudng da'l, nhieu ndng dan tu do da trd nen khanh kiet, bi xua duoi khdi nha ciia vudn luge va lang xdm ciia minh Rudng da't cua ho bj hien thanh trang trai, chuyen hudng san xua't nham cung ca'p nguyen lieu cho cdng trudng thu cdng

Tmdc tinh trang ly le ngUdi ngheo d Anh da lang lir 25% len 33% dan

sd (1524 - 1660), vuong trieu Tudor ciing ban hanh mot sd dao luat chdng lai viec rao dat Hanh ddng nay cd ve di ngugc Igi fch cua ca hai giai ca'p ma vUdng trieu nay dang phai dua vao, nhung lai phan anh nhu cdu thuc le ciia

vudng trieu trong giai doan ddu Vuong trieu Anh lam nhiing viec dd khdng phai vi mudn benh vuc ndng dan ma vi nhirng Igi fch ciia ban than nd Nhung ta't ca nhii'ng cd gang dd deu vd fch Mol phdn vi viec rao da't la mdi Igi Idn ddi vdi cac giai ca'p cd the luc nen ho lim moi each Ihuc hien tham vong ma chfnh quyen nha vua khdng the can trd hoac do ihda man vdi nhirng khoan lien phat thu dugc ma khdng can trd Tham chf khi da cd l^nh ca'm nhirng mdt sd sung thdn van xin dudc nhirng gia'y phep dac biet cho lien hanh rao da't; hoac ngudi rao da'l lai la nhirng nhan vat quyen the ma nhirng vien quan nhd thira hanh sac lenh khdng dam dung den Song, nguyen nhan chii yeu la viec rao dat cudp ruong cua ndng dan va sir bien ddi bo mat ndng ihdn Anh ndi chung la mot hien lUdng khach quan cua sir phai tri^n chu nghla tu ban

Tinh trang cue kh6 ciia ndng dan chfnh la nguon gdc cua mdt sd cudc khdi nghla no ra d Lancaster, Yorkshire nam 1536, d Norfolk nam 1549 Nhung, trong khi chiu thua bgn chu dat, thl chfnh quyen lai td ra khdng khoan nhugng vdi nhiing ndng dan bj bdn ciing hda Nhieu sac luat tiirng tri ndng dan dugc ban hanh Nhirng ngudi cdn khde manh ma di an xin Ihi bat trd ve que quan va "lao dong trd lai" Nhiing ke "ludi bieng" bi bien thanh nd le cho

lu nhan; neu chay trdn se bj ddng dau cd chir S (viet tat cua lir Slave - nd le) vao mat, phai deo xieng xfch de lao ddng; neu Iron Ian nii'a se bi tu hlnh

"Trong sd nhiing ngUdi klidn khd lang ihang ma Thomas More, ngudi sdng ciing thdi vdi ho, ndi la da bi don vao con dudng cau bo cdu bat va Irdm cap, thl cd tdi 72.000 ngudi da bi xir tir dudi Irieu vua Henry VIlI" [27; 248] va ca

"dudi trieu dai vira hien lir, vira trinh bach cua Quyn Bi-do (nir hoang Elizabelh) ngudi ta vira Ireo co nhifng ngudi cau bo cau bat lirng k^al, xep thanh hang dai" [27; 250J Tdm lai, nhu Mac ndi, vao the ky XVI, "llnh hlnh ngudi lao ddng da rat nguy ngap" [27; 254] Khdng cdn con dudng nao khac,

ho phai tham gia vao cac hoat dong kinh le cdng thUdng nghiep, chiu moi dieu kien de dugc sdng Nhung, nhirng cdng trndng Ihii cdng mdi ra ddi khdng the

thu hut dudc h^'t nhiing ndng dan pha san Ciing vdi tac ddng kep cua sir tang tiTJOng dan sd tUdng ddi nhanh trong thdi ky nay ludng ngudi an xin va tdi pham VI the cung tang nen Ddi vdi ho, viec llm kiem co hdi d^ thay ddi cudc sdng la mdt dieu sdng cdn

1.3. C H O N G H I A T R O N G THl/ONG VA NHU CAU TIM KIEM TH\ TRLTONG

He thdng cac quan di^m kinh te la ket qua cua vice phan anh quan hC san xua^t vao 5^ thiic con ngudi trong nhiing giai doan lich su nha't dinh Chii nghla trgng thuong la tu tudng kinh te ciia giai ca'p tu san trong giai doan phUdng thurc san xua't phong kien tan ra va chu nghla tu ban ra ddi

Ve mat lich sii, giai doan nay bao gdm thdi ky tfch liiy nguyen thuy ciia

chu nghla lu ban, tiie la thdi ky tudc doat bang bao luc nen san xua't nhd va tfch luy lien te d ngoai pham vi cac nUdc chau Au bang each an cUdp va trao ddi khdng ngang gia vdi cac nudc thuoc dja thdng qua con dudng ngoai thUdng

Ve mat tu tudng, giai doan nay dugc danh da'u bdi phong trao Phuc

hung chdng tu tudng den tdi thdi Trung cd; su ra ddi ciia nhirng quan didm duy vat chdng lai thuyet giao duy tam cua nha thd; su phat tri^n manh me cua khoa hoc tu nhien; nhirng phat kien dia ly llm ra chau My, di vdng qua chau Phi d^'n chau A lao ra kha nang md rdng thi IrUdng va xam chiem cac ihuoc dia

Nhu vay, chii nghla trong thudng ra ddi trong dieu kien lich sir la thdi

ky lan ra ciia che do phong kien, thdi ky tfch luy nguyen thuy ciia CNTB, khi kinh le hang hoa, ngoai thudng da phat trien va thuong nhan da trd nen rat cdn thiet ddi vdi xa hoi

Chu nghla trgng Ihudng cho rang, tien la noi dung can ban ciia ciia cai,

la tai san that sir cua mot qudc gia Do dd, muc dich chii yeu trong cac chfnh sach kinh le ciia mdi nude la phai gia lang dugc khdi lugng lien le Nhung hoat dong khdng dan den tfch liiy lien le la nhirng hoat ddng lieu cue, khdng

cd Idi Nghe ndng chi dugc coi la nghe trung gian giiia hoat ddng tfch cue va ti^u cue, Vl nghe ndng khdng lam tang them cua cai Hoat ddng cdng nghiep khdng th^ la nguon gdc cua cai (trir cdng nghiep khai thac vang va bac) Chi

cd hoat ddng ngoai thudng mdi la nguon gdc thuc sir ciia cua cai

O Anh, chu nghla trong ihuong ra ddi sdm va chfn mudi nha't o Tay Au (neu khdng k^ Ha Lan) Cudc each mang ve rudng dat bat ddu tir rat sdm d Anh da tao dieu kien xda bd nen san xua't nhd cua ndng dan, Ihay vao dd la nhiing trang trai mang tfnh cha'l tu ban chu nghla - nhirng vung trdng trot hay nhiitig vung ddng cd chan nudi theo quy md Idn - gan chat va phuc vu cho su

ra ddi va phat tri^n cdng tmdng thii cdng Hon nii*a, ngay tir the ky XV, chfnh quyen trung Udng tap quyen da dugc xac lap d nude Anh Le dl nhien, viec thiet lap va cung cd qudc gia - dan toe ddi hdi phai chi rat nhieu lien, dac biet trong vi6e tra'n ap bao loan trong nudc va chdng ke ihii ngoai nUdc Tuy nhien, thuc te lich sir da cho iha'y, tang thue khdng phai la giai phap kJidn ngoan va hiru hieu nha'l VI vay, cung nhu Tay Ban Nha va Phap, nude Anh dac biel chii trgng ngoai ihuong, coi dd la bien phap hd Irg tfch cue cho viec cung cd chfnh phu tap quyen Ca Irong thdi blnh hay nhii'ng thdi diem khan ca'p can huy ddng lai chfnh, ngoai ihuong deu cung cap ngudn tai chfnh day tiem nang cho vuong trieu Trong thdi blnh, thu nhap thudng xuyen ciia vUdng trieu dugc dam bao nhd nhiing khoan thue xua't, nhap kliau Vl vay, mdi budc tien Irong hoat ddng ngoai ihuong deu dSn den he qua la tang lugng tien te trong qudc khd Tai nhiing thdi diem khan cap, dd se la mot trong nhii'ng ngudn vay vdi lai sual Iha'p va d§ dang hon so vdi mot sd ngudn kliac Bdi vl sire manh qudc gia dugc sir dung de bao ve va kliuyen khfch hoat ddng ciia cac ihuong doan, nen ta'l yeu tao ra mdi quan he mang tfnh phu thuoc chat che giua chfnh quyen trung UOng va thuc^ng nghiep, thuOng nhan

Trong ljch sir ciia CNTB Anh, chii nghla trgng thudng ddng vai trd lat quan trgng Tir giai doan hoc thuyet tien le (the ky XV - XVI) vdi dai dien

William Stafford (1554 - 1612) den giai doan hoe thuyet ve bang can ddi thudng mai trong the ky XVII vdi dai bi^u dien hinh Thomas Mun (1571 -

1641), sir nha'n manh ve vai trd cua thudng mai nhu "hdn dd thii vdng ddi vdi

suphon thinh ciia mdt qudc gia" dugc dua ra

Theo tinh thdn ciia hgc thuyet nay, chfnh phu Anh da dieu chinh va thiic ddy kinh doanh nham lam tang ciia cai va quy^n luc ciia Nir hoang Anh tren

cd sd tim kiem va md rong cac co hdi kinh doanh

Cac cd hdi kinh doanh d hai ngoai dugc ngudi Anh tim kiem va xiic tien manh trong sud'l the ky XVI, XVII Thuoc dia trd thanh mot di^m ndng cua cac nha thuoc dja Anh nham khai thac cac ngudn lai nguyen thien nhien d day

Cdn phai nha'n manh rang, ly thuyet trgng thuong chu nghla la mdt trong nhirng nhan to quan trgng khuyen khfch cac cudc tham hi^m cua ngUdi

chau Au tdi Nam Phi, chau My va mot sd vung a chau A trong cac the ky XV

- XVI Ta't nhien, sU phat tri^n cua de qudc Thd Nhl Ky cung la mot nhan to thiic ddy cac cudc tim kiem va tham hi^'m nay vi su banh tiardng cua de qudc Thd Nhl Ky lai Dja Trung Hai, Hac hai, Hdng hai va vinh Ba Tu da lam suy giam cac co hdi kinh doanh ciia ngUdi chau Au theo cac con dudng truyen thdng

Vao giu'a the ky XVI , chfnh phii Anh cung bao lanh cho vide thanh lap cac cdng ly lien doanh chirng khoan (Joint Stock Companies) nham khuyen

khfch cac ca nhan ddu tu vdn di thuc hien kinh doanh d hai ngoai, qua dd giiip

md rong quyen lire cua nudc Anh Trong cac cdng ly lien doanh nay, cac nha ddu tu giO vai trd nhu cac co ddng, d dd hg ciing chia se Igi nhuan va rui ro

Hg cd du cac quyen cua mot nha ddu tu tu nhan ve ddu tu, nil vdn Tlieo cat

cam ket da dugc ihda thuan (tren co sd c6 phdn cua minh), va d^ khuyen khfch

budn ban, Nif hoang Anh ciing da danh cho cac cdng ly lien doanh cac uu dai rieng biel nhu cho phep cdng ly dugc budn ban trong cac khu vuc nha'l dinh

cua the gidi Dieu nay dugc the hien qua viec ten cua tirng cdng ty gdn vdi tirng viing da't khac nhau Chang han: "Cdng ty Maidc", "Cdng ly Ghine" chuyen budn vang, nga voi va nd le da den vdi chau Phi; "Cdng ty Russia"

budn ban doe sdng Volga di di vao Ba Tu va An Do; "Cdng ty phuong Ddng"

chuyen budn bao vdi Ba Lan, ban dao Scandinavia va viing can Ban tfch ndi chung; "Cdng ty Tay Ban Nha", "Cdng ty Levant" hay cdn ggi la cdng ty Thd Nhl Ky; "Cdng ty Barbary" budn ban vdi Bdc Phi, "Cdng ty Senegal" vdi Tay Phi; cdng ty Ddng An Do Dang chii y la cdng ty Ddng An Do dugc Nu hoang iiy quyen nhu la dai dien cho quyen cai trj thude dja d Nam A dudi danh nghla Nu* hoang Anh

Nhd dd, cac mdi giao thudng vdi Moscow, cac nudc ven bi^n Baltic, Na

Uy, Thuy Dien, Ba Lan, An Do dugc thiet lap va bat dau thdi ky budn ban thjnh dat cua thUdng nhan Anh Cac thj trudng hai ngoai thuc sU ddng vai trd dac biet quan trgng ddi vdi sir phat tri^n cdng thuong nghiep Anh Nhung, vao nam 1551 thj trudng len, da Idn nha't cua Anh d liic dja Chau Au, thi trudng Antweip sup do O Moscow, hoat ddng budn ban tu do cua thuong nhan Anh

bi thudng nhan Nga canh tranh, sau dd den nam 1584 bj ca'm Tlrudng nhan Anh phai tra nua thue quan, va chi dugc vao Kazan, Axtrkhan khi nha vua cho phep Ve sau, viec budn ban cua Anh vdi Moscow bj Ha Lan canh Iranh manh liet, vl vao the ky XVII, thuong nhan Ha Lan da tien hanh budn ban nhdn nhip vdi Moscow Vdi he thdng ihuong mai le ihugc vao ngoai thudng nhu vay, nudc Anh bat budc phai llm kiem mol thi trudng mdi - Ihugc dja dudng nhu la cau tra Idi hgp ly nha't

Viec thiet lap thuoc dja se dem lai hai ngudn Igi cd ban ve thuong mai

va ve xa hdi:

- Ve thuang mai: Thuoc dja se cung ca'p cho nudc Anh nhirng chiing

loai hang hoa gia re ma liardc day Anh phai nhap lir chau Au va chau A

- Ve xd hdi: Luc lugng lao ddng du thira Idn cd ih^ duoc bd trf cdng viec

d thude dia phuc vu cho Igi fch qudc gia Vide nhGng ngudi dd tdi thuoc dja se tao nen mot nhu cdu Idn ve hang hoa ciia Anh, do dd se thiic day cdng nghiep tai chfnh nude Anh Ddng thdi, cung se tranh dugc llnh liang qua tai ve dan sd

va cac va'n d^ xa hdi khac

Trong bdi canh dd, cuoc du hanh vdng quanh the gidi ciia Francis Drake nam 1577 la mot su kien het siic quan trgng trong lich sir chfnh sach thuc dan cua Anh Ngudi Anh da di vdng qua miii da't cue nam cua chau My, cudp bde cac thude dja cua Tay Ban Nha d Peru, Chile, rdi vugt qua Thai Blnh Duong, vdng qua miii Hao Vong ve chau Au vdi sd lai khong Id bang 4.700% vdn bd ra Cuoc tham dd dudng bien a'y da giiip nhieu cho muu dd nhay vao llnh vuc cudp bde Ihugc dja cua thuong nhan Anh Chii nghla thUc dan da tuyen bd muc dfch cudi ciing va duy nha't la kiem Idi

14 CAI CACH TON GIAO VA NHU CAU TIM NOI Nl/ONG NAU CUA N H O N G NGl/OI CHONG DO! GIAO HOI ANH

Nhiing bat ddng tdn giao ciing la mot tac nhan quan trgng trong viec thuc day qua trinh thude dia hoa Nhiing bat ddng nay nay sinh trong va sau cudc cai each tdn giao d Anh

Nguyen nhan sau xa ciia cudc cai each nay chfnh la lu ludng chdng giao hoi Tliien chiia giao Nhan dan Anh lir lau da ra't phdn no vdi viec phai nop thue ihap phan va nhirng khoan ddng gdp khac cho nha ihd Den ddu the ky XVI, su chdng ddi va chi trfch nhirng giao ly gia ddi ciia giao hdi va gidi lang lu* phat tri^n gay gat Hdng y giao chii Thomas Wolsey vdi cudc sdng xa hoa trd thanh bi^u lugng ciia sir suy ddi dao diic Gidi tang lir la ddi tugng bj nhao bang Mac dii phong Irao chdng giao hoi d nudc Anh khdng dien ra manh me nhu d Diirc, nhung den cudi nhirng nam 1520, Nha thd Cc^ ddc giao ciing da ma't di sir ung hg ciia phdn Idn dan chiing Mau ihudn bj don nen cua cac tdng Idp nhan dan Anh trd thanh lam diem cua cuoc Cai each Vu ly di ciia Henry

VIII vdi Catherine xii Aragon - con gai vua Ferdinand va Nu* hoang Isabella Tay Ban Nha, va la dl ciia Charles I - vua Tay Ban Nha (vdi tu each la Hoang

de Dire thi dng ta la Charles V) - la chat xiic tac day nhanh qua Irlnh dd

Viec tach giao hdi Anh ra khdi Roma dien ra rdi nhanh Tir giira nhCrng nam 1529 den 1536, thdng qua Nghj vien, Nha vua ddn cat dii'l moi sgi day lien he vdi Giao hoang Roma, lich thu da't dai nha thd, giai tan tu vien Thang 5/1534, Nghi vien thdng qua Dao luat ve quyen Tdi thugng (Act of

Supremacy): Vua Anh trd thanh ngudi dirng ddu giao hdi "Bdn Tuyen ngon

ddc lap" nay, nhu each ggi ciia mot sd sir gia, khdng nhirng da ddn tdi sir lap

trung ca vUdng quyen va thdn quyen vao lay nha vua ma cdn danh da'u diem

khdi ddu ciia "chii ngliTa qudc gia Anh" Thanh ngit "Chiia Id ngudi Anh" (God

is English) ra ddi chfnh lai thdi diem nay Nhung, ciing phai luu y rang, nhirng

Ihay ddi ve mat giao ly la khdng dang ki Rat nhieu nghi le Tliien chua giao

vdn dugc duy tri

So dl cudc cai each dd thuc hien dugc la do su" thiic day va ung ho ciia mot nhu cdu xa hdi

Nhan dan lao ddng va giai ca'p tu san Anh mong mudn mot sir cai bien trong xa hoi theo trao luu chung cua chau Au liic dd - mong mudn mol ton giao vdi nghi II don gian va dd dugc nhirng khoan cdng nap tdn kem cho giao hoi Roma Quy toe mdi thl nga'p nghe rudng dat bao la ciia giao hdi Ta'l ca nhung tdng Idp dd da la hau ihuSn manh me cho Henry VIII thuc hien cai each thdng Igi Song, cudc cai each dd, ta'l nhien, khdng ihda man ddy dii yeu cdu ciia nhan dan Vdi sU kien Kinh thanh - trudc day chi dugc in bang lieng Latin, thii' lieng ma hdu nhu chi gidi quy toe cd hgc mdi doc dugc - dugc dich sang tieng Anh vao nam 1539, in va ph6 bien rong khdp, ngirdi dan Anh nhan Iha'y Henry VIII da khdng lien hanh cai each triet de Nha thd Anh

Sau khi Henry VIII qua ddi, nudc Anh rdi vao llnh Irang bai on djnh nghiem irgng ve mat chfnh Iri Edward VI len ngdi khi cdn qua nhd Quyen

luc thuc te rdi vao tay cac thanh vien Hdi ddng Cd mat, dac biet la "Nha Bao hd" - Cdng tudc viing Somerset Vdn la mdt tfn dd Tin lanh, "Nha Bao hg" tu phong da sir dung cdng cu nha nudc nham nang cao vi the cua tdn giao nay Nam 1547, Sau Tfn dieu'' ban hanh dudi thdi Henry VIII bi huy bd, thay vao

dd 42 Tin di^u Tin lanh giao LI Mass, Nude Thanh, Li cdu nguydn cho ngudi

chet, lam da'u thanh deu bi cdm Giao si tham chf khdng dugc phep "didn" ao

\i cu ciia minh Ngoai ra, viec quy trong cac \i ban phude ciing bj ca'm Anh

trd thanh mdt qudc gia theo dao Tin lanh

Ciing trong sau nam cai tri ngdn ngiii ciia Edward VI, d Anh da dien ra nhiing thay ddi xa hdi nhanh chdng va nhiing hau qua chfnh Iri nang ne Tai

thdi d'lim ddy khd khan dd, cac trieu thdn va cac nha hoat ddng chfnh trj ciing

quan sat sU trd ve cua Mary Tudor, ngudi thira ke thiir hai trong di chiic ciia Henry VIII Tudng lai cua nudc Anh, den day, dugc quye't dinh khdng phai mot dng vua ma la mot Nir hoang, kliong phai mot tfn dd Tin lanh ma la mol ngudi siing dao Thien chiia

Nham khdi phuc quyen lire Giao hdi Tliien chiia giao lai Anh, Mary da xoa bd nhii'ng dieu luat Idn giao ban hanh dudi thdi Edward VI, dua cac giam muc trd lai quan ly nha thd Nhung xung quanh vice khdi phuc quyen luc tdi cao ciia Giao hoang lai Anh, giira nu* hoang va Nghj vien da nay sinh nhieu ba'l

ddng Dieu nay cd nguyen nhan ciia nd Thu' nha't, cac nghj vien cd th^ cha'p

nhan viec khdi phuc dao Thien chiia, nhung khdng mudn tir bd da't dai tu vien

ma hg da bd lien ra mua hoac dugc ban lang Thd hai, de cac giam muc quay

trd lai quan ly nha thd, ddi vdi hg khdng anh hudng gl nhieu, nhung vdi linh thdn dan loc dang Idn manh, hg khdng mudn khdi phuc phap quyen ciia Giao

hoang lai Anh Thd ba, hg mong mudn cd ngudi thira ke ngai vang, nhung lai

^ 6 Tin di^u (Six Articles) quy dinh ro ih6' nao la i6i di giao v^ phu nhAn bA't cu quan diem nao tnii v(i\ 6 di6u sau: 1 Sir hoa ihe; 2 Ban thanh the cho ihanh \'\tn ih6'tuc cua Giao liOi; 3 Tmh trang s6'ng d6c ihftn cua cac giao sT; 4, KliOng vi pham \ll\ thd nguySn d6ng trinh; 5 Sir c;1n lhi6'l phai \\€n hanli 1.6 Mass (1.6 ky nicm bfra

an cw6\ cung cua Jesu); 6.Sir c^n thid! phai duy tri cac 1^ xung tdi kin

khdng tin tudng Vua Tay Ban Nha Philip II - ddi thii canh tranh nguy hiem cua nudc Anh

Hdn nii'a, Mary I cho rang "cai chet dau ddn cua mot sd ngudi se la bien phap phuc hdi Thien chiia giao hiru hieu nha'l" Do dd, lenh thieu mdt sd tfn dd Tin lanh dudc dua ra Bat ddu tir John Roger - mdt trong nhirng ngudi cd anh hudng nha't trong viec xac lap dao Tin lanh nude Anh, rdi Latimer, Riddley, rd't cudc 275 ngudi da bj thieu Iren gian liia Chfnh sach "ddm mau" dd da khien nhieu tfn dd Tin lanh phai trdn chay llm ndi nUdng nau

Elizabelh (con Hoang hau Anne Boleyn) len thira ke ngai vang klii trong nudc hang loat cau hdi dugc dat ra: Qudc giao d nudc Anh se la gl? Tin lanh hay Thien chiia giao? Anh se than Phap hay Tay Ban Nha? Trong bdi canh d chau Au dang dien ra hang loat cudc chien tranh Ion giao, trong klii tda

an dj giao - thii vii khf dang sg cua nen chuyen che Tay Ban Nha dang lam mua lam gid khdp noi, Ihi rd rang, quye't sach tdn giao ciia nir hoang khdng chi la cdng vide ndi bd ciia nudc Anh Thien chiia giao va Tin lanh giao da va dang chia cat chau Au cung nhu ngan can sir thdng nha't ciia nude Anh Tiordc tinh hlnh ay, Elizabeth da lira chgn giai phap "an loan": thiet lap Giao hdi Ihda

hiep Anh {Anglican Compromise) Trong dd, vdn duy Irl each thirc quan ly giao hdi va nghi \i Thien chiia giao; nhung ve mat hgc thuyet lai nghieng ve

dao Tin lanh Va Elizabeth ciing lua chgn mot danh vj ft "khieu khfch" hon vdi Giao hdi La ma - la ngudi "Quan ly tdi cao" (Supreme Governor) thay vl

"Dii'ng ddu tdi cao" (Supreme Head) nhu imdc day He qua la, Irong khi d Scotland cai each ton giao ddn Idi viec thiet lap mdt nha nudc lu trj Tin lanh giao; 0 Ireland nhirng xung dot ton giao vdn liep diSn; thl d Anh llnh trang

"liic nghieng ve Roma, liic nghieng ve Geneva" trudc day da dugc kJidc phuc Nhd dd, nude Anh da tranh dugc cudc ndi chien ton giao trong "thdi dai chien tranh tdn giao" dang dien ra khap chau Au

Nhung, neu nhu tiordc day, su thay ddi tdn giao qudc gia qua cac tri^u vua thudng din tdi su dan ap tfn dd ciia cac tdn giao ddi lap, ihi viec thiet lap Anh giao, cho du cd nhiJng tac dung tfch cue nhu vay, nhung giai phap dd khdng cd nghla da thoa man niem tin tdn giao cua mgi thdn dan Vdi cac tfn

dd siing dao Thien chiia, nghi II ton giao mdi qua don gian, cdn ddi vdi cac tfn

dd Tin lanh thl nghi \i mdm ra ciia tdn giao mdi lai la dieu khdng Ih^ chap

nhan dugc Do dd, mot nhdm ngudi dugc ggi la cac tfn dd Thanh giao

{Puritan) da ddi hdi cai each giao hoi chfnh thiire cua nudc Anh ngay tir ndi

bd Ve can ban, hg yeu cdu mgi nghi thiic va ca'u triic cd lien quan tdi Cdng giao La ma phai dugc thay the bdi nhiing hlnh thiic tfn ngudng va thd ciing cua Tin lanh giao gian di hon Mdt nhdm nhd nhirng ngUdi Phan lap

(Seperatist) - giao phai ca'p lien cua cac tin dd Tlianh giao - tham chf cdn

mudn tach hoan loan khdi Giao hoi Anh va thanh lap nha thd rieng Bang viec ddi pha huy sir thdng nha'l ciia Giao hoi qudc gia, nhii'ng y tudng cai each tdn giao cua hg da de doa mgi ngudi va ngdm pha hoai uy tfn ciia chfnh quyen Hoang gia VI vay, cac cuoc hdi hgp cua giao phai nay deu bj cam va cac tfn

dd vdn phai thuc hien ddy du nghla vu ddi vdi nha thd Anh

Den thdi James I - vi vua ddu lien cua Iri^u dai Sluard - nhiing bdt ddng tdn giao cang trd nen sau sdc hdn Vdi muc lieu xay dung mol nen quan chu chuyen che theo mdu hlnh cua mdt sd nudc luc dja chau Au dac biet la Phap, mdt giao hdi Anh thdng nha't do dng la dirng ddu, James I da dan ap cae tfn dd Thanh giao, trong dd da phdn la cac thUdng gia bang each phuc hdi cac loai

thue ddc doan va ba'l hgp phap, khdi phuc cac nghi \i rudm ra cua Thien chiia

giao Dieu dd ddn tdi viec ngay cang nhieu tfn dd khdng luan theo qudc giao mong mudn cd mot vung dat - ndi hg cd the tu do thuc hanh diic tin ciia minh

Nhu vay cd the ndi, ngoai viec tranh chap vdi Tay Ban Nha, nudc Anh cdn cd hang loat ly do de banh tiirdng thude dja: Gia tang siic manh hang hai

VI nhu cdu ngay c^ng tang cua mau djch, kham pha mot con dudng thdng thudng Iheo hudng Tay Bac cho phep lau budn de dang di sang Vifin Ddng, giai quye't mot phdn nan tha't nghiep bang each chuyen sang thuoc dja luc lugng lao ddng du thira va cudi ciing la tim mdt ndi nUdng nau cho nhirng ngUdi ba'l tuan giao hdi Anh

Nhung di^u quan trgng la sir Idn manh ve cdng ihuong nghiep, chfnh trj

ddi ngoai va sir ra ddi hang loat cdng ty c6 phdn thuong nghiep cd ngudn vdn

Idn da tao cho nudc Anh ddy du dieu kien de thuc hien cdng cudc banh trudng thude dja, tim ki^'m thj Irudng

Ta't ca nhiing nhan to vira neu tren ket hgp vdi nhau thiic day nhanh qua Irlnh thude dia hoa Bde My vao cudi the ky XVI, ddu the ky XVII

CHUONG 2:

QUA TRiNH Dl DAN TL/ANH SANG BAC MY THE KY XVII - XVIII

Nhirng lien de thiic day qua Irlnh banh tiardng thuoc dja hlnh thanh trong thdi Tudor va ddu thdi Sluard ngay tir ddu da xac djnh viec thiet lap cac thude dja Anh khdng phai la ban sao don ihudn ki^u thuoc dja cua Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Phap

Ben canh nhii'ng net tuong ddng nhu ciing lap nhii'ng thuy thu doan vdi hoa lieu, ngudi chi huy; lap quan he budn ban vdi nhirng viing da'l vira dat chan den, hay thanh lap nhiing cdng ty thudng mai, thl nhirng net khac biet trong viec ihiel lap thude dja Anh lai xua't phat tir chfnh hai lien de quan trgng:

du thira luc lugng lao ddng va sU ton tai hlnh mdu chfnh quyen tu tri dja phuong d ngay chfnh nudc Anh VI vay, trong khi Ihugc dja cua cac de qudc khac le thuoc hoan loan vao chfnh quyen chfnh qudc, hoac cac tap doan, cdng

ty budn ban, thl md hlnh thuoc dia Anh thdi ky ddu lai la thuoc dia di dan va keo theo dd viec djch chuyen hlnh mdu chfnh quyen tu Iri da diSn ra Chfnh dieu dd, trong mot sd trudng hgp, lai hau thudn cho xu hudng ly khai ciia cac thuoc dja Mudi ba thude dia Bde My la mot minh chirng

2.1 NHUTNG CONG DONG CU DAN DAU TIEN

Nhirng ket qua nghien ciru Irong nhirng nam 30 ciia the ky XX cho thay, trudc khi ngudi chau Au dat chan len viing da'l Bac My, ngudi ban dja My da tdn lai tren luc dia nay ft nha't tir 14.000 - 12.000 nam each ngay nay

Nhieu gia thuyet khac nhau ve ngudn gdc ciia ngirdi ban dja thdi ky ddu

da dugc dua ra, nhung Idi giai ihfch dugc cdng nhan rdng rai hien nay lai chfnh la xua't xii chau A ciia ngudi My ban dja

^ Trong in6l s6 tai lifu ihOng su cua My, figiroi ban dia da duac diing (hay cho lir Indian, Ho cho rang each goi nhy hop ly va phii hop vofi thirc (e v6 ngu6n g6'c cua niiung nguoi goc tim'^- khi iigiroi chau Au ihuc hiCii cac chuyfih phai kitih

Cac nha khoa hgc deu tin rdng, vao thdi tien sir, theo con dudng san ban

tim ki6'm thiic an, timg dot ngudi da qua "cdu da't ndi" mang ten Bering thuoc

viing bidn Bering, ndi giu'a chau A va Bac My di cu tdi Alaska, ma khdng he biet rang hg da bang qua bi^n d^ tdi luc dia mdi

Cho dii mdt ket luan chfnh xac ve di^'m xua't xii cua ngudi ban dja, d Ddng Bde A, hay Nam A, vdn cdn phai chd nhiing kham pha khoa hgc mdi, till khdng ai cd the phu nhan dugc su hien dien cua ngudi ban dja tiardc khi cd sir kham pha Tan The gidi cua ngudi chau Au Tai day, hg khdng nhirng cham Iran vdi mdi tiirdng thien nhien hoan loan mdi me ma cdn budc phai ihfch nghi vdi nhirng ddi thay ve dieu kien sinh thai He qua ciia qua irlnh thfch nghi la da ddn hlnh thanh nen d nhung cdng ddng ngudi My ban dia nhirng each danh gia cac ngudn tai nguyen, phuong thiic llm kiem thiic an da dang va mdt nen van hoa phong phii ciing vdi each quan ly xa hdi ddc dao ciia minh

2d.l, Hoat dong kinh le vd cdc mo hinh qudn ly xd hoi

Ngudi ban dia My cd truyen thdng san bat va hai lugm Ddi lugng san bat, hai lugm rdi da dang, liiy theo tirng viing Neu d viing phfa Bde va can Bde cue, ludn Idc la ngudn thiic an chfnh; d mien Ddng va mien Nam Boreal la nai;

thl a phia Bde viing iiing dn ddi (Temperate Woodland) va phfa Bde day

Rocky Mountain vi trf a'y thude ve hudu dudi trdng, chim san, ca va mot sd loai thii liing nhd hon Trong khi dd, hoat ddng chfnh d viing ddng bang -ddng cd (Plains - Grasslands) la san bd i*irng, viing da't khd rao phfa Tay nam -san thd lai dai, ga liing, ket hgp vdi mot sd loai thiic an khac Doc theo cac khu vuc chuyen liep giira rirng - ddng cd, viing ven phia Ddng va Tay Nam, cac nhdm ngudi ban dja lai chii trgng thu lugm cac loai thii'c an lir cay rirng nhu dira, qua mong, qua da'u, hat cua cac loai cay than ihao dai, ket hgp san ban mot sd loai thii nhd Nhung nen van hoa nay, da phdn tdn tai trong llnh trang biel lap luycl ddi Duy chi cd viing cue bde mdi liep luc duy Irl nhiing

mdi lien ht ve van hoa va sinh hgc vdi Siberia Tinh trang biel lap nay chi bj

cat dot nggt cung su xua't hien va djnh cu ciia ngudi chau Au sau the ky XV

Trudc dd, ndi nay khdng hi ti^'p nhan dgt di cu dii Idn d^ cd th^ tao ra

nhiing thay d6i dan sd co ban; cQng khdng cd nhiing cudc ta'n cdng giira nhdm

bd tgc nay vdi nhdm bg toe khac Va'n de quan trgng nha't ddi vdi nhirng cu dan ddu tien la ddi phd vdi mdi trudng sdng khde nghiel, da dang d cac viing khac nhau va nhdm giai quyet va'n de thiet yeu nha't - TON TAI Nen van hoa cua hg la minh chiing ve sir thfch nghi vdi dieu kien thien nhien da dang tif viing ven bi^n can nhiel ddi tdi viing Bde cue - noi khf hau gia ret quanh nam

Mot cuoc sdng djnh cu hc:fn ehi ddn xua't hien vdi nhirng nd lire canh tac ndng nghidp nguyen thiiy Nhii'ng ngudi ban dia d khu vuc ngay nay 1& trung tam Mexico da di lien phong trong viec nay Khoang nam 5000 tiirdc cdng nguyen hg da trdng ngd, bf dau Neu nhu "Ngd da khdng ngirng lam rang rd cho nhirng nen van minh hay nira van minh cua ngudi Incas, Mayas va ngudi Aztecl" d mien Trung va Nam chau My [2; 125J thi sau khi dude truyen len phfa Bde, viec trdng ngd ciing ddn tdi nhirng thay d6i can ban d day Vdi uu the ve san lugng va cha'l dinh dudng cung nhu ddi hdi khdi khe ve cha'l dat, viec trdng ngd da dua tdi nhirng Ihay doi quan trgng trong nhiing mdu hlnh sinh ke va mdi lien he ve mat sinh thai cua ngUdi ban dja Vdi nhii'ng toe ngudi tiep nhan va tien hanh trdng ngd, Idi sdng du muc hoac ban du muc khdng cdn phu hgp nita ma ddi hdi phai chuyen sang cudc sdng dinh cu lau dai Tdi nam 300 TCN, da bat ddu hlnh thanh lang qudn cu ddu lien

Khi ngUdi chau Au xam nhap Bde My thl ngudi ban dja da cd mat d hdu het cac viing cua Bde My Cd the chia hg Ihanh sau nhdm chfnh: Eskimo -

Aleut d Alaska; Na Dene d doc hdu het khu vuc hb bien Thai Blnh Du'c^ng;

Penulian d mien ddng bde; Algonkian va Hokan-Siouan d rai rac giira mien tay va bd bien Dai Tay Duong; va Azlec-Tanoan d mien Tay Nam