QUA TRiNH Dl DAN TL/ANH SANG BAC MYTHE KY XVI I X
2.1. NHUTNG CONG DONG CU DAN DAU TIEN
Nhirng ket qua nghien ciru Irong nhirng nam 30 ciia the ky XX cho thay, trudc khi ngudi chau Au dat chan len viing da'l Bac My, ngudi ban dja My da tdn lai tren luc dia nay ft nha't tir 14.000 - 12.000 nam each ngay nay.
Nhieu gia thuyet khac nhau ve ngudn gdc ciia ngirdi ban dja thdi ky ddu da dugc dua ra, nhung Idi giai ihfch dugc cdng nhan rdng rai hien nay lai chfnh la xua't xii chau A ciia ngudi My ban dja.
^ Trong in6l s6 tai lifu ihOng su cua My, figiroi ban dia da duac diing (hay cho lir Indian, Ho cho rang each goi nhy hop ly va phii hop vofi thirc (e v6 ngu6n g6'c cua niiung nguoi goc tim'^- khi iigiroi chau Au ihuc hiCii cac chuyfih phai kitih.
Cac nha khoa hgc deu tin rdng, vao thdi tien sir, theo con dudng san ban
tim ki6'm thiic an, timg dot ngudi da qua "cdu da't ndi" mang ten Bering thuoc
viing bidn Bering, ndi giu'a chau A va Bac My di cu tdi Alaska, ma khdng he biet rang hg da bang qua bi^n d^ tdi luc dia mdi.
Cho dii mdt ket luan chfnh xac ve di^'m xua't xii cua ngudi ban dja, d Ddng Bde A, hay Nam A, vdn cdn phai chd nhiing kham pha khoa hgc mdi, till khdng ai cd the phu nhan dugc su hien dien cua ngudi ban dja tiardc khi cd sir kham pha Tan The gidi cua ngudi chau Au. Tai day, hg khdng nhirng cham Iran vdi mdi tiirdng thien nhien hoan loan mdi me ma cdn budc phai ihfch nghi vdi nhirng ddi thay ve dieu kien sinh thai. He qua ciia qua irlnh thfch nghi la da ddn hlnh thanh nen d nhung cdng ddng ngudi My ban dia nhirng each danh gia cac ngudn tai nguyen, phuong thiic llm kiem thiic an da dang va mdt nen van hoa phong phii ciing vdi each quan ly xa hdi ddc dao ciia minh.
2d.l, Hoat dong kinh le vd cdc mo hinh qudn ly xd hoi
Ngudi ban dia My cd truyen thdng san bat va hai lugm. Ddi lugng san bat, hai lugm rdi da dang, liiy theo tirng viing. Neu d viing phfa Bde va can Bde cue, ludn Idc la ngudn thiic an chfnh; d mien Ddng va mien Nam Boreal la nai;
thl a phia Bde viing iiing dn ddi (Temperate Woodland) va phfa Bde day
Rocky Mountain vi trf a'y thude ve hudu dudi trdng, chim san, ca va mot sd loai thii liing nhd hon. Trong khi dd, hoat ddng chfnh d viing ddng bang - ddng cd (Plains - Grasslands) la san bd i*irng, viing da't khd rao phfa Tay nam - san thd lai dai, ga liing, ket hgp vdi mot sd loai thiic an khac. Doc theo cac khu vuc chuyen liep giira rirng - ddng cd, viing ven phia Ddng va Tay Nam, cac nhdm ngudi ban dja lai chii trgng thu lugm cac loai thii'c an lir cay rirng nhu dira, qua mong, qua da'u, hat cua cac loai cay than ihao dai, ket hgp san ban mot sd loai thii nhd. Nhung nen van hoa nay, da phdn tdn tai trong llnh trang biel lap luycl ddi. Duy chi cd viing cue bde mdi liep luc duy Irl nhiing
mdi lien ht ve van hoa va sinh hgc vdi Siberia. Tinh trang biel lap nay chi bj
cat dot nggt cung su xua't hien va djnh cu ciia ngudi chau Au sau the ky XV.
Trudc dd, ndi nay khdng hi ti^'p nhan dgt di cu dii Idn d^ cd th^ tao ra
nhiing thay d6i dan sd co ban; cQng khdng cd nhiing cudc ta'n cdng giira nhdm bd tgc nay vdi nhdm bg toe khac. Va'n de quan trgng nha't ddi vdi nhirng cu dan ddu tien la ddi phd vdi mdi trudng sdng khde nghiel, da dang d cac viing khac nhau va nhdm giai quyet va'n de thiet yeu nha't - TON TAI. Nen van hoa cua hg la minh chiing ve sir thfch nghi vdi dieu kien thien nhien da dang tif viing ven bi^n can nhiel ddi tdi viing Bde cue - noi khf hau gia ret quanh nam.
Mot cuoc sdng djnh cu hc:fn ehi ddn xua't hien vdi nhirng nd lire canh tac ndng nghidp nguyen thiiy. Nhii'ng ngudi ban dia d khu vuc ngay nay 1& trung tam Mexico da di lien phong trong viec nay. Khoang nam 5000 tiirdc cdng nguyen hg da trdng ngd, bf dau... Neu nhu "Ngd da khdng ngirng lam rang rd cho nhirng nen van minh hay nira van minh cua ngudi Incas, Mayas va ngudi Aztecl" d mien Trung va Nam chau My [2; 125J thi sau khi dude truyen len phfa Bde, viec trdng ngd ciing ddn tdi nhirng thay d6i can ban d day. Vdi uu the ve san lugng va cha'l dinh dudng cung nhu ddi hdi khdi khe ve cha'l dat, viec trdng ngd da dua tdi nhirng Ihay doi quan trgng trong nhiing mdu hlnh sinh ke va mdi lien he ve mat sinh thai cua ngUdi ban dja. Vdi nhii'ng toe ngudi tiep nhan va tien hanh trdng ngd, Idi sdng du muc hoac ban du muc khdng cdn phu hgp nita ma ddi hdi phai chuyen sang cudc sdng dinh cu lau dai. Tdi nam 300 TCN, da bat ddu hlnh thanh lang qudn cu ddu lien.
Khi ngUdi chau Au xam nhap Bde My thl ngudi ban dja da cd mat d hdu het cac viing cua Bde My. Cd the chia hg Ihanh sau nhdm chfnh: Eskimo -
Aleut d Alaska; Na Dene d doc hdu het khu vuc hb bien Thai Blnh Du'c^ng;
Penulian d mien ddng bde; Algonkian va Hokan-Siouan d rai rac giira mien tay va bd bien Dai Tay Duong; va Azlec-Tanoan d mien Tay Nam.
Cac hlnh thirc van hoa cua ngirdi ban dja cung rai khac nhau va it nhat cung lam thdi dugc phan ra theo khu vuc. Cac khu vuc van hda nay la: Bde cue, can Bde cue (Alaska), bd bi6n Ddng Bde, khu vuc Ddng Nam, ddng bang, khu vuc Tay Nam, viing ddng bang Idn (Great Basin), California, khu vuc Tay Bde Vci vdng cung cao nguyen (plateau).
Ccic ngudn thii:c an cd sSn d mdi khu vuc dia ly phdn nhi^u quyet dinh hlnh thuc sinh sdng d dd. Chang han ca va cac ddng vat bien la ngudn ihuc pham chii yeu ciia cac bd lac ven bien; Irong khi ngd va cay luong thuc khac lai la ngudn thuuc pham chinh cho ngudi India d California; rau xanh va ihii vat hoang da (dac biet la bd rirng) la ngudn sdng chfnh ciia nhii'ng ngudi India viing ddng bdng. San bat cac loai ddng vat nhd va danh ca la ngudn sdng chinh ciia cac bd lac d giiia mi^n Tay va Ddng. Ngoai ra, hgp cdn trdng ngd
di bd sung vao ngudn thuc an tren. Ngd cung la ngudn thuc an chinh cho
ngudi India d mi^n Tay Nam...
Thuc pham va nguyen lieu thd da quye't dinh di^u kien vat chat cho nin
van hda d cac khu vuc khac nhau. Nhung ngudi Indian^' van chuyen hang hoa bang xe keo; chd dugc sir dung rdng rai de keo cac xe trugt tuyet. TIniyen, mang dugc sir dung d nhung noi cd nhieu sdng nudc...
Cac nhdm van hoa ciia ngudi Indian cung dugc phan biel theo cac kieu nha. Nhii'ng ngdi nha cd mai vdm la ciia ngudi Eskimo. Nha bdn ben vach gd la ciia ngudi Indian d Tay Bde. Nhung tiip leu vach dai hay bdng vd cay, da thii la ciia nhung bg tgc d viing ddng bdng. Nha mai nhieu tang la cua ngudi Indian d Tay Nam. Trong khi dd, d vimg Ddng Bde, loai nha hlnh dng lai tuong ddi pho bien. Cd le loai hlnh nha don gian nhat ndm d viing Idng chao Tay Bde. Loai nha trong khu vuc ban khd can ma sinh ke dua chii yeu va(^ viec thu lugm tren dien rdng cac qua dira, qua mong va san thd tai dai chi la nhung tiip leu tren phii cay bui.
Neu nhu cac hlnh mdu sinh ke, kieu nha cua ngudi ban dja chju anh hudng rat Idn ciia mdi trudng tu nhien thl mot Idn nira chiing ta cd the thay
da'u a'n cua tfnh da dang vi dat dai trong each thirc to chiie xa hoi ciia ngudi
ban dja.
Dua tren cac truyen thuyet ljch sir, ddng thoai, ca dao ciia ngudi ban dja; ghi chcp ciia nhii'ng ngudi xam thuc chau Au, cd the khang djnh rdng d Bde My chua he tdn lai hlnh thai to chire chinh tri - Nha nudc nhu ciia ngudi Mayas, Aztec d Trung My. Ndi day chi tdn lai ba each thuc quan ly xa hoi co ban: thi toe, bd lac va che do thii llnh.
Xa hoi thj tgc tdn lai phd bien d viing phfa bde Hd Ldn (Great Lakes) va thung lung Saint Lawrence, viing Ddng bdng Ldn, California va mi6n bde Alaska. Co sd kinh te ciia md hinh xa hoi nay la san bdn va hai lugm theo nhdm nhd. Cac quye't djnh cd lien quan tdi thj toe dugc dua ra tren cd sd nhai tri giua cac thanh vien. Khac vdi nhQ'ng xa hdi tap trung hoa, xua kia cac cdng ddng ban dja My khdng cd nhiing co can phap ly trung uong hay nhirng co
quan ihirc thi luat phap ddi vdi viec san bdt va hai lugm, vl vay viec xir ly Ccic tranh chap dugc thuc hien dua tren thdng le, tranh luan giua cac thanh vien thi tgc va ban huu 1dm mdi dan tdi xung dot vu luc. Nhirng ca nhan khdng ddng y vdi cac quyei djnh nay dugc tu do rdi khdi thi tgc va gia nhap
nhdm khac. Thj toe ciia ngudi Micmac - mot Irong nhung nhdm ngudi ndi
lieiig Algonquian d viing vjnh Saint Lawrence la mot vf du tieu bieu.
Nhieu thi tgc hgp thanh bg lac. Bd lac la hlnh thirc td chiic xa hdi phd bien d Bde My, dac biet la d nhung ndi di6u kien dat dai, khi hau thuan lien cho hoat ddng lam vudn hoac cd ngudn cung cap ihii'c an luong ddi dn dinh.
Cd the ke' mot sd viing tieu h\iu nhu: bd bien phfa ddng, ven bd he thdng sdng
Bde lir bde Oregon tdi Alaska... Khac vdi kidu id chiire xa hdi thi tgc, d bd lac
da cd ngudi diing ddu. Thanh tfch ca nhan va nhan phdm la tieu chf chu yeu di
lUa chgn ngudi diing ddu. Nhln chung, ngudi diirng ddu bg lac vdn chua cd quyen luc mang tfnh cha'l bat budc ma chii yeu vdn dua vao uy tfn ca nhan d^ dat dugc sU iing hd ciia loan bd lac. Mdt di^m tuong ddi dac biel d cac bd lac Bde My la ben canh mdt ngudi diirng ddu bg lac dam nhiem giai quyet cdng viec dan su cdn cd mot ngudi dii^g ddu phu trach va'n de quan sir khi bg lac bi de doa hoac ta'n cdng bg lac khac. Trach nhiem dua ra cac quye't djnh thude ve mdt hdi ddng trudng lao gdm nhiing ngudi cao tudi cua ta't ea cac gia dinh, hg hang gdn gui nhau. Trong trudng hgp phai dua ra nhirng quyet djnh cd y nghia sdng cdn ddi vdi sir tdn tai cua ca bg lac, ta't ca nam gidi Irudng thanh deu dugc tham gia, chi mot sd ft bg lac mdi cho phep phu nu tham gia hdi ddng. Tuy nhien, ciing gidng nhu xa hdi thj tgc, phong tuc va tfn nguong vdn chi phdi hoat ddng cua con ngudi. Bd lac Abenaki d mien Tay la mdt trong nhiitig dai dien cho kieu to chiic xa hdi nay.
Hlnh thiic td chire xa hdi cao nhal tdn lai d Bde My nhung ft phd bien hdn thj tgc va bd lac la che do thii ITnh (Chiefdom). Che do nay hlnh thanh d nhifng viing da't dai mau md, lai nguyen thien nhien va ngudn cung ca'p thuc pham dac biet phong phii, cu the la d Ddng Nam va Tay Bde. Vj thu ITnh nay,
liiy lirng viing, cd ihi la nam (weroance) hoac nir (weroansqua). Trach nhiem
cua hg la diifng ra to chiic liec ddn khach, thu dd cdng nap va la ngudi cd quyen quye't djnh sir sdng chet cua cac thanh vien ihugc quyen quan ly... Tieu bieu hon ca la che do thu linh cua ngudi Powhatan, gdm lien minh cac bd lac d dgc sdng Mississippi hay bd bien Tay Bde (lir phia Bde Puget Sound tdi hien
gidi My va Cananda ngay nay); hoac lien minh bd lac (League of the Iroquois)
ciia ngudi Iroquois cu Irii sud'l mot viing rdng Idn tir thung lung Saint Lawrence Idi New York...
Ve ngdn ngfc Ngon ngif cua cu dan ban dja ra't da dang. Tai thdi dic?m
dien ra nhirng ti^p xiic dau ti^n vdi ngudi chau Au, ngudi ta udc tfnh da cd khoang 300 ngdn ngir ban dja va nhi^u phuong ngif khac nhau. Sir da dang ve ngdn ngit cua ngudi ban dja My la san pham ciia nhifng quan he giifa con ngUdi, chif khdng phai la he qua ciia sir phan re giifa nhifng con ngudi. Ta'l nhien, dd la hau qua cua viec ngudi Indian da cd mat tai chau My da hang van nam va tfnh cha'l dia phudng cua van hoa cu dan ban dja. Nhifng sir khac nhau sau sdc ve ngdn ngif chdc han da di^n ra qua thdi gian lau dai, va xuyen qua ca mot dja ban rdng ldn. Nhiing loai tac ddng ldn nhau, Irong phdn ldn cac liudng hgp, la han che vao mdi loai khu vuc. Dieu ndi len sau nhieu thien nien ky la da cd nhiing xa hdi khdng chi cd mot ngdn ngif, ma cd nhifng nhdm da ngif khu vuc hda, chdng cheo len nhau.
Ve tin ngudng tdn giao: Khai niem tdn giao ciia ngudi ban dja My mang
tfnh cha't van vat hifu linh rd ret. Hg tin rdng mgi sinh vat va nhifng vat huu co deu cd linh hdn ma mdt la khdng nhln iha'y dugc, tin rdng the gidi la do thdn linh cai quan. Trong quan niem ve ngudn gdc cua the gidi va ciia xa hdi cung mang nang nhifng y niem dd, va thudng gdn chat vdi nhiing truyen thdn thoai ndi ve vat huyen ao, sire manh tu nhien va hien than ciia t6 tien loai ngudi. Siing bai "totem" la hien tugng pho bien trong tfn ngudng cua ngudi ban dja Bde My. Chang han, trong truyen thuyet ciia ngudi Indian sdng d mien bd bien Tay Bde cd mot vj "anh hiing cua van hoa", mot con qua dung cam va khdn ngoan, con qua nay da mang lira den cho loai ngudi va day loai ngudi biei phep thuat. Trong thdn thoai ciia ngudi Indian sdng d mien Tay Nam va viing ddng cd rdng ldn thuoc mien Tay nudc My cung de cap tdi mot loai chd rii'ng chau My lam nen nhifng chuyen nhu tren. Tuy nhien, d nhifng bd lac tuong ddi phat trien, loai thdn linh gidng ngudi khdng nhifng chi the hien trong sii'c manh lU nhien ma cdn ddng thdi the hien trong cac hoal ddng xa hdi. Vf du nhu, vdi ngudi Iroquois, ngoai than linh Hene the hien si'rc manh ciia sam set
mua gid cdn cd ba thdn linh hat ngd, hat do va qua bf - ngudi Iroquois ggi hg la "sinh menh cua chiing ta", "ngudi giiip dd chiing ta". Rd rang nhifng hlnh anh a'y da phan anh vai trd chii dao cua phu nif trong ddi sdng xa hoi ngudi Iroquois. Trong quan ni^m ciia ngudi Iroquois cdn cd mot siic manh mdu nhiem nifa ma hg ggi la "Orenda", ngudi Algonquin ggi la "Manitou", ngudi Lakola hay ngudi Sioux ggi la "Wakan". Dd la vj thdn linh tdi cao theo quan niem ciia ngudi ban dja.
Miia ma thuat cung chiem mot vj trf ra't quan trgng Irong quan niem cua ngudi ban dja. Nhifng nghi thiic cd Ifnh cha'l cdu khan ddng vai trd khdng ldn 1dm Irong sd ddng ngudi Indian d Bde My. Sir phan hda budc ddu cua cdng xa ciing dugc phan anh trong hlnh thiic cdng vat hy sinh ciia ngudi Indian viing bd bien Tay Bde: nd le trd thanh vat hy sinh d^' "mdi kliach, bieu xen", lam vat Cling te khi bdt ddu lam nha, ddng thuyen hay tiirdc khi xua't chinh. O ngudi
Iroquois, cdn cd mot sd ngudi dugc chgn ra de chu Irl cac nghi \i ton giao.
Nhifng ngUdi nay nhln chung chua tach han khdi hoat ddng san ban. Trong ngudi Indian d viing ddng cd rdng ldn thude mien Tay nudc My cd nhifng ngudi chuyen trach cai quan tdn giao, phu trach to chiic nghi le, ddi khi cdn ddng vai thdn linh hay cac vai trong truyen thdn thoai. Trong ngUdi Indian d
Tay Bde, vl sir phan hda d day d'lin ra sdm hdn cac ndi khac, cho nen da xua't