Song, lire lugng dan nhap cu ddng hdn, mang tfnh dai dien hdn chfnh la nhifng ngudi hdu lam viec theo giao keo.
Thdi ky ddu, ra't ft kieu dan cd dii lien chi phf cho cac chuyen vugt bi<5n de bdt ddu sir nghiep d mien da'l mdi. Theo nhifng ban hudng ddn danh muc dd dung, hang hoa cdn thiet ciing sd lugng cu the tirng loai ma nhiJng ngudi di cU nen mang theo dugc in hang loat d New England cd the iha'y sd ti^n cdn chi
dung qua la ra't ldn, dac biet ddi vdi ngudi ngheo. Mot trong sd dd la "Nhii'ng
do du phdng cdn thiet cho nhitng ngudi co y dinh tdi dinh cu tai New England" (Proportion of Provisions Needfull for Such as Intend lo Plant
Themselves in New England for one whole Year) vdi chi ddn cu ih^ sau:
" Luong thuc, thuc phdm: 50 ga long"... Thjt bd: 50 kg... Pho mat: 25 kg... Mudi de lidp ca; 25 galdng ( 1/2 thiing )... Qudn ao, gidy: 06 ddi... Da d^ chifa giay: 08 mieng... Ao so mi: 06 chiec... Cdng cu lao ddng [cho mdt gia dinh 4 hoac 5 ngudi] - 03 rlu ( 0 1 rlu rdng ban va 02 rlu chat ), 03 cudc ( 01 chiec luoi rdng 9 inches ^^ va 02 chiec cudc 5 - 6 inches ), dd ngii kim - ta't ca cac loai dinh, mdc va vft cira; dd diing gia dinh (06 ngudi): 01 ndi sdl, 01 a'm dun nudc bang ddng loai ldn, 02 chao ran, dia del, dTa sau Idng va ihla gd".
160; 48].
Mac ddu da chuan bi dii dd du phdng, thl viec di cU ciing khdng don gian. Hg cdn phai lim dugc phUdng tien. Nhung ngay ca sau chien tranh Napoleon, vdn khdng cd lich chay lau deu dan vugt Dai Tay Duong. Phai tdi nira cudi tlic'ky XIX, vide nay mdi dugc lien h^nh thudng xuyen. Nhifng ngudi cd y djnh di cU thudng tap hgp thanh nhdm d^ Ihda thuan vdi thuyen Irudng, sau dd tdi cang bien va dgi lau. Qua Irlnh nay cd the keo dai tdi vai tudn hoac mdt thang. Rdi sau khi da tra 5 bang/ngudi Idn hg mdi dugc len tau. Chfnli Cdng ly Vinh Massachusels cung djnii ra cac miic gia ve (tie em tir 8 - 12 tudi
" I ga \6ng = 4,5 hi.
= 2/3 miic ngudi ldn, tir 4 -8 tudi = 1/2, dudi 4 tudi la 1/3). Gia van chuyen siic vat gia ft nha't ga'p ddi gia ngudi ldn.
Chi phf cho nhifng chuyen vugt bien va djnh cu ban ddu qua cao khien nhieu dan di cu budc phai ky hgp ddng lam viec theo giao keo cho cac chii ddn dien hoac cdng ty - trong thdi gian lir bdn den bay nam - doi lai hg se dugc ngudi tuy^n mo lo mgi chi phf van chuyc?n (ihudng lir 3 den 4 bang Anh/ ngudi Idn) va nudi an. Rd rang, neu nhifng ngudi nay chet hoac bd trdn Irudc khi het han hgp ddng thl chii thue hg se bj thiet hai. Nhung tren thuc te, thiet hai dd klidng iha'm vao dau so vdi khoan Igi ma ngudi chu, ngay tir ddu, da thu dugc. O Virginia chang han, mdi ldn mua cac hgp ddng (tir cac thuong nhan hay dai ly tuy^n md ngudi cho thude dja), chii thue hg lai nhan dugc 50 mdu Anh da't (headrigh). VI vay, khi nhu cdu ve luc lugng lao ddng d thude dja ngay cang tang, thl cac Ihuyen tiardng, do nhan dugc nhifng khoan lien ihudng hau hinh tir viec ban cae hgp ddng phuc vu cho dan ngheo, da diing mgi each lir nhiing Idi hifa ngdng cudng, vd ly den vice bdt cdc de la'y dii lugng hanh khach ma con lau cd the chd.
Trong khi dd, tai nude Anh, xu hudng pham tdi va ty le ngudi qua ngheo bj luat phap "liet" xudng hang tdi pham ngay cang gia tang. Sau mot thdi gian thuc hien dao luat trirng phat tdi pham khde nghiel nha'l chau Au - lir hinh ta't ca nhifng ngUdi pham tdi cd chii y, trdm cdp, ndi loan - nhung khdng vi the ly le tdi pham giam di, chfnh phii Anh budc phai dieu chinh chfnh sach. Giai phap dugc tfnh den la day nhifng ngudi nay sang thude dja. Nam 1717, Nghi vien Anh da ban hanh Dao luai "Transportation". Tlieo dd, cho phep sir dung hlnh phat 7 nam lao dgng d thuoc dja thay the ban an ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khdng bi ket an lir hlnh va 14 nam hoac "nd le" sudl ddi ddi vdi nhii'ng ngudi bj ket an lir hlnh. TliUc hien dao luat nay se mang lai cho nudc Anh ba ngudn Igi cd ban:
Thd nha't, loai bd nhiing phdn tir gay rdi trong nudc - mot bien phap
"duy Irl trat tu xa hdi trong mdt the gidi ddy hdn loan" (to maintain social order in a tumultuous world)
Thd hai, giam chi phi cho viec giam giii tii nhan.
Thd ba, thu dugc mot klioan Igi nhuan khdng nhd trong viec "ban"
nhifng lii nhan nay sang thuoc dja.
Mac dii vdp phai sir chdng ddi ciia mol sd bang thude dja nhu Virginia, Maryland^-', dao luat nay da dat co sd phap ly cho viec van chuyen tdi pham sang chau My. Cac thuOng nhan, bj loi cudn bdi Igi nhuan, da llm each lam tha't bai mgi cd gdng ca'm hoac ngan can vice "nhap khdu" tdi pham vao mot sd bang thude dja. Hon nifa, do nhu cdu lao ddng va siic thu hiit ciia ngudn nhan cdng gia re, cac chii ddn dien, chu ndng trai, ngay ca d Virginia va Maryland, cung ung ho viec budn ban nay. Udc tfnh vao the ky XVIII luc lugng lao ddfig d cae thude dja Anh d chau My da dugc bd sung khoang 50.000 til nhan den theo he thdng nay.
Song, tdng Idp ha luu, tdi pham khdng phai la bd phan ca'u thanh duy nha'l ciia nhirng ngudi lam viec theo giao keo. Theo nhifng nghien ciiu gdn day, hg thude du mgi thanh phdn lao ddng, lir nhirng ngUdi khdn khd, lieu maing cho den ca nhifng ngudi trung luu sa siil.
Tai lieu luu Irif d Bristol ve sd ngudi dugc dua len lau lai cae cang bien mi§n Tay nudc Anh tir nam 1654 den 1661 phdn nao cho iha'y dieu dd. Tlidi gian nay da cd 4.136 ngudi, ca dan dng va dan ba, dugc dua tdi Virginia, New
England va Tay An theo he thdng "Ngudi hdu lai cac ddn dien ngoai qudc"
(Sei-vants lo the Foreign Plantations). Trong sd 1.600 ngudi dang ky rd nghe
'•* Nam 1722. 1723, cac thuOc dia vung vinh diesapeake da lh6ng qua cac diCn Uu)t nham giam tdi da m6i nguy hai ma l6i pham lam viec iheo giao keo co the gAy ra. Theo do. nhhung ngnai nay phai bi giu tiong canh
n6 \t (bondage) cang Iftu cang (dl, luyet ddi khdng dirdc tia tir do sdm de gay hai cho cong ddng; Khdng (htcfc
nghiep, khoang 63% lam nghe ndng, trto mot nua sd nay la ti^u chii hoac con
cai liiu chii sa sut.
Xet rieng sd ngudi hSu nam di cu tir Bristol (1654 - 1686) cung cho th^y ro sir da dang nghe nghiep nay. (Xem bang 2.1)
Bdng 2.1: Thdng ke nghe nghiep ngudi hdu nam di cusang Bac My td'Bristol
(1654 - 1686) NGUt NGHI$P
Gentleman''' Ndng dan
Lao ddng khdng cd chuyen mdn Che bien thuc pham va dd udng Lam dd kim loai, dd gd va x^y dung Tho del va may
Cac nganh dich vu kliac Khdng rd DI c u r t / B R I S T O L 1654 -1660 1 30 9 1 6 10 2 41 i^Bliilliili 1684 -1686 0 4 12 2 7 15 2 58 • ^ • i l i i i i i
Ngudn: David Galenson, White Servitude in Colonial America: An
Economic Analysis, ir 35, 40, 52, 57.
Cijng cd ih^ thay dieu nay qua bang thdng ke nghe nghiep cua 3553 ngudi dang ky di cU dudi dang ngudi hdu theo giao keo (trong tdng sd 5196 di dan Anh cd dang ky) tiJf nam 1773 - 177 (Xem bang 2.2).
Bdng 2,2: Thdng ke nghe nghiep ciia 3553 ngudi ddng ky di cu dudi dang ngudi hdu theo giao keo 1773 - 1776.
NGH£ NGHIEP
# Thuoc gidi quyen quy
- Quan chtre chfnh phii
- Thude cac gia dinh quyen quy
Ngudi hau theo giao keo
I
0 0
K h o n g phai la ngucri hAu theo giao keo
106
1 89
'** Gentleman trong lie'ng Anh khdng ddng nghTa vdi qu^^ (6c. Ngay Irong thdi Trung co, theo luat phap va tuc
\t nirdc Anh, trong gidi quy idc. chi con trai irudng nidi cliroc hudng tudc IiiCu quy tdc. tir quftn cdng trd
xudng; nhung con Irai khac. tuy la gentleman nhmig trCn hi^t phap vAn li\ t!nr clAn va nG'u cd vi\o Nghi viCn thi
ho chi i\\xac vao Ila viCn chu khdng duc/c vao Thucyng vien. r:)di khi, con cai mdi gia dinh quy idc ddng con
- Chuyen nghiep + Giao sT
+ Luat su hoac th^y thu6'c + Lam mOl s6 nghi kh^e
# Thuong nhdn
- Ban buOn
- Chu cira hieu nho
# Ldm nghe ndng
-D6e lap hoac ban dOc lap - Phu thuOc
# Bdn hdng thu cong &Tho thu cong
- Tay ngh^ cao
- Tay ngh6 binh Ihucyng + Lam d6 kim loai
+aie' bien hoac ban thuc p h ^
+ x a y dung (bao gom ca dong tau) + Lam nghd det hoac ban hang det + Cac nganh dich vu
+ Mot s6' nghi khac
# Lao dong
' Ngu6i hSu - trong gia dinh
- Ngu5i hSu-chua xac dinh ro viec lam cu Ih^
- Lao dOng - nghe bien
- Lao dOng - chua xac dinh ro
# Tdng so (ddi xac dinh nghe nghiep) # Chua xac dinh rd nghe nghiep
- Sprinters'^ - S6 khac ^^Km^^^^^^^^^^^^X 1 0 0 1 102 1 101 488 392 96 2067 399 1668 208 173 322 676 176 113 779 109 123 11 536 3437 116 11 105 iililM 16 5 . 9 2 124 62 62 289 279 10 301 55 246 27 36 48 97 20 18 709 36 53 8 12 929 714 29 685 ilillM
Nguon: Bemaid Bailyn, Voyagers to the West - A Passage in the Peopling of America
on the Eve of the Revolution, Vintage Books, New Yoil<, 1988, \y 168.
'^ Vao th6' ky XVIII, "sprinster" khdng chi cd nghTa la phu nu ddc thAn. Tiong tac phdm "The London Tradesman" cua R.CampbcU, "Silk sprinslci" dudc dung de chi mdt dang ngh<^ nghiCp; cum tu "ngudi phu nfr se sm" (a woman who spins) dudc D.I'cnning su dung hlii ddu liCn liong tac pluim "Royal English Dictionary"
(London, 1761). "Sprinster" cdn duoc (U'lng trong ban thdng kc mdt sd nghe thu cdng nhu: "thodCt, t h o s e sdi
- sprinslers, thO rci\, (hd mdc" ( (rong South-Carolina Gazette. Country Journal, ng;>y 3/5/1774).,. VI vAy. cd thdi ky cac su gia My da tranh hidn \t vA'n dC: Sprinster cd phai dirdc dung de chj phu nu ddc than hay thdi ky cac su gia My da tranh hidn \t vA'n dC: Sprinster cd phai dirdc dung de chj phu nu ddc than hay khdng? {American Jonnal of Legal flistory, sd 20/ I97d, sd 21/1977).
Tiong cac boii (Euig k^^ daii di cU, lir J^iiista" xii^l't hiCn lliudng xuyiin. Tiong \l^i1\^g Wi\i ^liiister dung tic ciii nlifnig ngirdi ITIILI nu di cu tdi luc dia cliAu Au, Tfly Aix Canada v-a NcA'a ScUia (khdng ai Uong sd dd la ngirdi lifiu Lam viec tlxx? gu\o keo), llii tir iiiy dUdc dijng di cH pJiu nu ck)c (Jian chiikJxMig dung de chi nglie ngliiCp Tuy nhiCn, khi lir my duct dting de ciii nlifQig phu nu ]i\ ngudi
Mot nhom nhii'ng ten an e^p vat tren du5ng pho London hoac nhGng ngudi khong co ngudi than cung ky giao keo t6i phuc dich 6 Virginia vao thang 7/1684. Jonathan Cole, mot eSu be ngheo bj bo lai lai xur dao vijng Coleshurst, London cung di sang chau My nann sau do. Trong suol the ky XVII, cac xiJ dao va cac tap doan thong tri lai cac quSn co thoi quen tu giai thoat minh khoi cae ehi phi va rdc roi do viec cham soc Ire mo coi va nhung diia tre vo thi^a nhan bang each ky giao keo cho chung t6i phuc dich 6 cac thuoc dia.
Ve mat ly ihuye'l, khi het han hop dong, ngudi hSu lam viec giao keo se dU(?c trao quyen tu do (trong mot so trudng hop cdn kem theo da'l, cong cu lao dong, qu^n ao, va IhUc pham). Cijng lir day ho bat ddu nhiJng n6 lire nang cao vi the' xa hoi ciia minh. Nam 1629, da co 7 thanh vien Hoi dong lap phap Virginia la cuu ngudi hau. Hay nhu Charles Thompson (1729-1824) - Thu ky Hoi nghj Luc dja, Matthew Lyon (1746-1843) - Nghi sT bang Veimont va Pennsylvania sau nay cung vay. Nhung cung khong hiem trudng hop ngudi hau lam viec theo giao keo sau klii duoc trao quyen tir do, thay vi Ird thanh nhOng "ong chu ciia chfnh minh" (their own masters) lai lid thanh ta dien cho chinh nhiing ong chu Inidc day cua ho.
Tuy vay, ra't kho dua ra mot khai quat chung ve sd phan nhiing ngudi hdu lam viec theo giao keo. M(3l phdn bdi nhieu ngudi chet klii chua het han hop dong, sd khac chet sau khi duoc "tra tu do" nhung khong cd van ban nao ghi lai chfnh xac ve sd ngudi nay. Duy cd dieu chac chan la da phan nhirng ngudi cudi ciing llm duoc dat, lap trang trai, hoac d cac thuoc dja ma ho da dinh cu tij* dau hoac d cac thuoc dja lang gicng - da hap Ihanh mot Idp "ngudi da trang ngheo kho" (poor whiles) phc5 bien d mien Nam nudc My sau nay.
He thdng ngudi hau lam vice theo giao keo tdn lai sudt thdi ky thuoc
dia va cung nhu bat cd the che xa hoi nao khac cung thay doi theo thdi gian.
dinh va den lis mien Nam hoac viing trung tam nudc Anh nhu Bristol,
London. Mot sd di^m tuong dong khac - siic ha'p dSn cua cac thanh phd, cang bi^n chfnh, linh trang tha't nghiep, nhu cdu lim kiem viec lam - vSn la dong lire chfnh thuc d^y ho rdi khdi nOi dang sinh sdng va chuyen tdi "mot chan trdi sang siia hon". Vao the ky XVIII, co che di cU cua ho sang Bac My cijng trai qua hai budc co ban: thii nha't, tir cac viing da'l tha'p dong dan, thj tra'n nhd chuyen tdi cac thanh phd rdi tir dd tdi cac cang bien chfnh imdc khi quyet dinh vuot Dai Tay Duong sang Bac My. Ndi each khac, qua trinh di cu cua ho sang Bac My gan chat vdi quy mo va hudng ciia cac ddng di cu noi dja d Anh.
Song, den the ky XVIII, cung da xua't hien mot sd thay ddi quan trong ve dac diem xa hoi cua nhQ'ng ngudi Anh tdi Bac My vdi tu each ngudi hdu lam viec theo giao keo.
Diem di nhan iha'y nha't la li le nir/nam tir chd la 1/3 da giam xudng chi
cdn 1/9. Cd ih^ giai thfch hien tUdng nay nhu sau:
Thd nhat, ngudi hdu nii tir Anh sang khdng cdn la ddi tUdng ket hon chu
yeu ciia nhiing ngudi dan nhap cu (trong mot sd trudng hop, phu nii ban dja da thay vao vj trf nay). Hon nua, cd nhieu ngudn cung ca'p lao dong nir (female labor) cung la mot trong nhung nguyen nhan khien nhu cdu ve ngudi hdu nir (women servants) - ihudng duoc thue lam vice nha va mot sd viec nhe khac d ddn dien - khong cdn cao nhu Irudc.
Nguyen nhdn thu hai lien quan den sir thay doi ngudn cung ca'p ngUdi
hdu lam viec theo giao keo. Trong sudt the ky XVII, ngudi hdu nir dUdc thue mot phdn do nhu cdu lao ddng d thuoc dja, mat khac do cac thuong nhan khong tim du ngudi hdu nam. Sang the ky XVIII, ngudn cung cap lao dong nam trd nen ldn hon va cijng mang lai nliieu loi nhuan hcfti. Do dd, ta'l yeu nhu cdu lao dong nii giam xudng.
Nhung kliong chi cd vay, sd luang ngudi hau nam trong tirng nganh nghe cung cd nhirng thay doi khac lrudc(Xem bang 2.3).
Bdng 2.3: So luong ngudi hdu nam Irong ii'lng ngdnh nghe di cu lit London
1683 -1684, 1718 -1759, 1773 - 1775
NGH^ NGHI$F Ndng dan
Lao ddng khong cd chuyen mon Che bien thuc phdm va dd udng Lam dd kim loai, dd gd va xay dung Thd del va may
Cac nganh dich vu khac Khdng ro Dl CU TU LONDON 7653 -1684 9 5 2 6 8 10 60 ...•t..ji.i./.rti>A.r.i.-i.''itA—ai.. 1718-1759 11 6 4 18 14 10 37 1773-1775 16 15 7 29 19'" 14 0
Nguon: David Galenson, White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic