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INTRODUCTION 1. OBJECTS OF RESEARCH AND REASONS TO SELECT SUBJECT HOMONYM and POLYSEMY is the general event concerned closely with the linguists. However this event and its connects are still got a lot of differences. There have not been any professional projects on discussing deeply about this event yet. This following thesis would be researched through out the perfect system of this event in the Vietnamese Language. 2. HISTORY OF PROBLEM 0.2.1. In Vietnam, before 1945 homonym and polysemy events were mentioned in some dictionaries and in some Vietnamese grammatical projects written by the Vietnamese. During this time it was understood by the part of theory, some as: (1) distinguishing between the purely Vietnamese of homonym units and the original Chinese ones, (2) between popular homonymous events and local ones, (3) between homonymous units and polysemy ones… the logic problems were mentioned from 1945 to 1975, specially in relation with the principal of dictionary. During the period of 1976’s up to now composed: (1) the relations of conversion phenomenon of words and the establishment of homonyms, (2) classification of homonyms, (3) homonyms from the rhetoric regard, (4) the origin of homonyms, (5) the limits between homonyms and polysemy, (6) the causes of establishment of homonyms and polysemy events, (7) the distinguish between homonyms and polysemy words, (8) the roles of writing in the identification of homonyms in the Vietnamese language, (9) polysemy units data and the distribution of incident of polysemy in signification capacity with the principal words, (10) the different relations of significations in the meaning structure of polysemy, (11) the examined standard of homonym units and the same original homonyms, (12) positive and negative effects of homonyms and polysemy, (13) homonym and polysemy under geometry aspect, (14) established reasons of homonym units, (15) characters of Vietnamese homonym, (16) incident of monosyllabic homonym and multi syllabic homonym, (17) Vietnamese homonym under the look of foreign style… 0.2.2. In China during 1950-1976 the mentioned problems were: (1) extended and restricted conceptions of homonym and polysemy, (2) classification of homonym, (3) positive and negative effects basic homonym words and polysemy ones, (4) methods of the change in the meanings of word, (5) basic units of the meaning of word, (6) conditional apart form polysemy to homonym, (7) origin of homonym, (8) the different relations of the meaning of word in the structure of word meaning of polysemy… During period 1972-1999 the principal problems were mentioned that composed: (1) the cause of many produces of homonym in current Chinese, (2) classification of homonym and polysemy words…The works of researching at the beginning of the 21 st century were attached to describe statistics, in deeply thinking and careful consideration from the old problems to the new logic ones, such as : (1) turn up side down the particular problems of morphous homonym and polysemy, (2) statistics and analytic defects in the using of morphous homonym, (3) classification of dual syllabic homonym in the aspect of structure of word… 3. DUTIES OF THESIS Statistic and classification of homonym and polysemy units in Vietnamese dictionary in 2006. Determined locations of dual syllabic homonym, same original homonym in the general homonym of Vietnamese language. Determined locations both homonym and polysemy with in the area of same original homonym in the general of polysemy and -1- homonym in Vietnamese language. Compared homonym with polysemy, both homonym and polysemy in the Vietnamese language and the modern Chinese. 4. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND LINGUISTIC DATA The principles of thesis are used the methods of research such as: (1) the methods of statistic language, (2) the methods of description, (3) the methods of reversion, (4) the subdivision and opposition of the analytic meaning of words…linguistic data in used and checked in thesis from the Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 (written by Hoang Phe) and from the one in 2005 ( written by Commercial affairs publisher ). 5. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THESIS In theory, thesis will be taken part in general, the marked characters, the functions and the important locations of homonym, polysemy and the same original homonym, specially, both the homonym and polysemy into the same original homonym in Vietnamese language. Thesis was proceed in statistics, described and classified the details of symbols of homonym and polysemy phenomenon, indicated the particular qualities of homonym phenomenon as well as polysemy in Vietnamese language and in modern Chinese. At the same time. Thesis was also explained clearly the causes of those symbols and those phenomenons. In some aspects, the homologies and the differences of the homonym and polysemy phenomenoms, both homonym polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese language and modern Chinese were all identified and explained clearly in thesis by the scientific basic statistics, described and compared widely in the nearer categories only in general features of the two languages. In practical aspect, it was also presented the up date data about those same ones in modern Chinese language. To some extent, this data would be useful in preparing the teaching materials and the research fast through it in all the time learning the Vietnamese or Chinese. The materials of thesis are also used the fundamental language or the translation in computer. 6. DISPOSITIONS OF THESIS Out of the introduction and the conclusion, thesis is all composed by 4 chapters: - Chapter 1: general basic theories - Chapter 2: homonym phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the modern Chinese. - Chapter 3: polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the modern Chinese. - Chapter 4: homo-polysemy word in the Vietnamese language compare with the modern Chinese Thesis is composed by 182 original pages, 207 reference pages, and 177 appendix pages. Chapter 1: GENERAL LOGICALLY BASIC FOUNDATIONS 1.1. WORD AND WORD MEANING STRUCTURE 1.1.1. Word is one of the basic units in language (phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase,sentence ) but up to now there haven’t been any enough conceptions of words in any languages. There are two opposite conceptions in the words. They are: (1) denied by L.V. Sherba [57]…Acknowledged by V.M.Solncev, B.A. Serebrennikov [57]…not only Acknowledged by Vietnamese languists but also divided into two tendencies (1) tendency of Tongue from (syllable ) Nguyen Tai Can [08], Nguyen Thien Giap [44], Cao Xuan Hao [49], [54], [52], Nguyen Quang Hong [60], [61]… (2) tendency of morpheme from Nguyen Kim Than [120], Do Huu Chau [16], [21], Tran Ngoc Them [128]…thesis was accepted -2- with tendency 2 to explain theories about syllable / sound / monosyllable / morpheme which were the same in the three useful forms that must be correspond point to thesis. 1.1.2. According to John Lyons [89 p.37-38-57] with the conception of language “Langue’’, “ parole’’conception of meaning and the meaning of word were not unified up to day. Conception in thesis is “meaning of word (some as units in the other languages) must be attached with something out of itself’’. About the word meaning structure was supposed that (1) there are a lot real composition presented in the word meaning. They are (a) thing diagram meaning (exist in the real word ) (b) express meaning (the basic seed, the settled thing and the centre of word) (c) attitudinal meaning. (2) word meaning structure is the scale of rank structure composed with word meaning, sememe which are the least of symbol to distinguish a word meaning is the meaning in series (the general meaning among the rank meanings). Conception of meaning in series is equivalent of the one of sememe in Vietnamese language ) 1.2. CONVERSED WORD PHENOMENON Conversed word phenomenon is the popular one in a lot of languages. It’s also called the same original word but it’s different form, homonym meaning word phenomenon, phenomenon of word and kind…In the change form of English language, this phenomenon is usually made from the form of word in the formation of word (by the prefix or suffix) Ex: happy (adj) – happiness (n) sad (adj) – sadness… In Vietnamese, this phenomenon is the only one. It’s not made by subordinated word such as: Lan vác cuốc (n) ra vườn để cuốc (v) đất (noun – verb). In Chinese, almost parts of conversed word phenomenon are not made by the subordinated ones except the derivative word. This phenomenon is connected closely with the units of the same original homonym and the morphous homonym in Vietnamese and in modern Chinese. 1.3. THE ROLES OF CHARACTER IN THE RESEARCH ON HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY PHENOMENON 1.3.1. The role of character written with morpheme Character is the system of the symbols of stroke to rewrite the speaking word. There are many forms of writing word. Up to now, the Vietnamese people have made use of three kinds of writing: Chữ Hán (Chinese character) Chữ Nôm (Native character–the hieroglyph) and Chữ Quốc Ngữ (national language). Writing by phoneme has not any roles in the research on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese language. On contrary it has the difficulty in the field of identification and classification of these units. 1.3.2. The role of writing ideographic character The writing word of expression (Chinese, native word) has the important role in the research on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese. Writing word together with the criterion of sound and meaning is made by the important criterion (form–sound–meaning) that helped us to distinguish the possession of incident worth in Vietnamese and Chinese language. 1.4. CONCEPTION OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY AND HOMO – POLYSEMY WORD 1.4.1. According to Keith Brown [206 p. 27] homonyms are the different lexemes in the same forms “and the homophones need to be spoken with the same syllable’’ meanwhile “the homographs are made of the same form of writing”. And the pholysemy is made of the origin in the process and the relations of meaning and useful words, meanwhile the meaning words are developed or transferred into lexical item taken the distinguished meanings. -3- 1.4.2. In Vietnam there are very few achievements to present the conception of homonym and homonym. They composed into three groups: (1) group of examining homonym with three criterions: similar writing and sound, different from meanings. (2) group of examining homonym with the similar sound, different from meanings and from structures. (3) group of examining the similar sound, different from meanings. These authors of three groups haven’t clearly spoken yet about the conception of homonyms by the two criterions: similar sounds, different from meanings. According to us, homonyms in Vietnamese language are the words with similar sound and different meanings. And they are not relative one another. The Vietnamese linguists denied the foundation of two criterions when they examined the conception of homonyms: the quantity of meanings, the sememe of meanings and the relations among the meanings. That’s the conception of thesis. 1.4.3. There are two conceptions in China (1) the conception of analogy phonetics and the perfect different meanings, both are homonym, such as the authors: Ton Thuong Tu [200] Luu Thuc Tan [187] and some are Truong Vinh Ngon [182] with the addition of “ similar writing’’. To build the conception of polysemy, the Chinese linguists have based on two criterions: the quantity of meanings, sememe and the relation among meanings. 1.4.4. Homonym and polysemy are the conceptions to be used as an unit with two parallel existent characters: they are both homonym (one unit among homonym ranks ) and polysemy (over two meanings). Polysemy problem of homonym is a different one compared with the usual polysemy (different from the relation of meanings between the units in series and the meaning of units ). 1.5. ABOUT THE NAME OF “ HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY” This name is understood by two ways: (1) to indicate both homonym (any homonym) and polysemy (over two meanings). This name has two conceptions: “ homonym word’’ and “polysemy word’’, both are cement relationship. (2) homo-polysemy word composed two objects - they are “homonym word’’ and “polysemy word’’ apart from each other, but not necessary to be cement together. Thesis is understood with the first way. 1.6. DEFINITION OF CRITERIONS HOMONYM UNITS, POLYSEMY AND HOMO- POLYSEMY WORDS 1.6.1. In language there are usually three criterions presented to definite the homonym unit. They are: (1) criterion about phonetics (similar), (2) criterion about meanings (different) (3) criterion about the relation ship (not relative together). However some linguists also proposed the other criterions to definite homonym by script form. 1.6.2. In language the criterions are generally used to definite a polysemy. They are: (1) the quantity of meanings (over two meanings) (2) the relationship (sememe sometimes is still relative) (3) etymo-word ( relation of etymology ) 1.6.3. A homo- polysemy is a word both homonym (in any homonym in series) and polysemy (with the relative character in meaning). In Vietnamese the homo- polysemy word is presented into two areas: in the same original meanings and in the non- original meanings. 1.7. THE LIMIT OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY UNITS The limit of homonym and polysemy unit are discussed a lot and it is still the current news (problems) in English, there are two criterions which are connected into this problems. Those are: criterion of etymologic word (historical bybrid word) and “criterion of meaning relative character’’. In Vietnamese and modern Chinese, criterions are usually given in relation with this problem, that is “among the polysemy meanings are still / or not relative any more’’ -4- 1.8. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYM UNITS. POLYSEMY UNITS AND HOMO- POLYSEMY UNITS 1.8.1. Classification of homonym units in English is different in compare with Vietnamese and Chinese: John Lyons [89 p.75] classified homonyms in English into absolute homonymes and partial homonymes. In China, Cao Danh Khai [1969], Ton Thuong Tu [200], Chu To Mac [177] based on the origin to classify the homonym units, Phu Pho Thanh [177] based on three criterions: form-syllable-meaning and the methods to create in classification of homonyms. In Vietnam, Nguyen Thien Giap [44], [47 p.174-178] divided homonym into: (1) homonym between word and word (the most fundamental) (2) homonym between phrase and syntactic group (the back ground achievement in the use period of language) Nguyen Van Khang [69, p.144-476], Phan Ngoc [100, p.67] based on the origin and the method to create and classify the homonym units. Bui Minh Toan [133 p.65 ] based on the method to create the syllable quantity into the building to classify the homonym… 1.8.2. The classification of polysemy had also many of opinions: Phu Pho Thanh based on meaning in series and structure of sentence to classify the polysemy: Do Huu Chau [19 p.131] based on the units of language to divide into: polysemy units and polysemy sentences: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.148] based on the units of language to divide into: polysemy units and polysemy phrases: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.150] and Le Quang Thiem [130p.178-179,184 ] have the statistic in classifying the homonym and polysemy units, of Vietnamese under the corner of the kind of word, the meaning quantity, the syllable quantity which are taken part in the formation of word… 1.8.3. About the classification of homonym and polysemy units, based on the criterions, the meanings of a homonym and polysemy units contained / not perfectly contained the sememe. Thesis divided into (i) polysemic homonym with absolute multi- meanings (ii) polysemic homonym with non-absolute multi- meanings. 1.9. LOCATIONS OF THE SAME-ORIGINAL HOMONYM IN THE GENERAL OF VIETNAMESE HOMONYM The same-original homonym has the biggest density in the general of Vietnamese homonym that hold 36,1% with 3060 units and 1480 in series. To examine the same- original homonym word with both homonym and polysemy in the area of the same-original homonym; on the hand we could see clearly the characters and the most important standard of the conversion phenomenon in Vietnamese. On the other, that is the foundation of research of the interference between the homonym and the polysemy (in the field of the same feature and different between homonym units and polysemy ones). 1.10. IDENTIFICATION OF HOMONYMS, POLYSEMY, AND HOMO- POLYSEMIES IN THE DICTIONARY In Vietnamese dictionary in 2006, every homonym unit is a column word. It is united into the homonym in series. The chance homonym units (The same-original homonym) in series are analyzed into the first particular column, which is distinguished by the symbol arabian numeral numbers 1,2,3,4…the same-original homonym units by the symbol Roman numeral numbers I,II,III…In Vietnamese dictionary there are two kinds of homonyms in Vietnamese language: monosyllable and multi syllable - they are all words and phrases. The meanings of polysemy units are distinguished by the symbol Arabian numeral numbers 1,2,3…In the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005. There are settled into: (1) the same- original homonym units (the morphous homonym ) as 月 1 (yuè) month và: 月 2 (yuè) moon … (2) the non-original homonym units (the different-form homonyms), these units are -5- analyzed into the first special columns as 尝 (cháng) taste và 尝 (cháng) long…The polysemy units in the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 composed the monophous syllable units, the multi- syllable units most kinds of words: nouns, verbs, epithets …include of word, sentences and form creations (graphs, the fix…) the meanings of polysemy unit are also distinguished one another by the symbol Arabian numerals 1,2,3… 1.11. CONCLUSION IN CRITERIONS Chapter one is presented as a duty of the basic theory in the fundamental statistic, the research and the description of the problems connected with the homonym units the polysemy ones in general of language and in particular of Vietnamese and modern Chinese- according to the conception of thesis, those are the research, making a study of homonym units and polysemy units in Vietnamese. On the hand, the modern Chinese both in succession of knowledge and in grasp the logical achievements of the general language, on the other, it is necessary the needs of setting out the characters in the forms of research objects. The logical bases and the discussions presented in chapter I will be the basic problem for the thesis in comparing with the homonym units and polysemy ones, the homo- polysemy words in Vietnamese and in modern Chinese are in the following chapters. Chapter 2: HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE COMPARED WITH THE MODERN CHINESE 2.1. HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE 2.1.1. The general conception of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese Vietnamese is the typical simple fundamental language with many of homonyms. In Vietnamese dictionary there are 3691 homonyms in series with 8408 units hold 21,06%. 2.1.2. Classification of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese 2.1.2.1. Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of the origin. (1) Homonym units form modern Chinese. For examples đảo chính I,II (revolution) tiểu tư sản I,II xã hội chủ nghĩa I.II (Dic.p. 992, 1140)…(2) the pure Vietnamese homonym units. Ex: cóc 1,2,3 , chan chát 1,2 (Dic.p.196, 132) cọc cà cọc cạch 1,2 …(3) the homonym units from original european. Ex: bít 1 (biary digit) ba 2 (bar) VN Dic.2006 p.70,21 ) bonsevich I,II… 2.1.2.2. Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of syllable quantities and in criterion in relations of meanings From these 2 criterions above, we have the board as follows: statistic board of homonym units in series and in quantities in Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 monosyllabic homonyms: * Non-original homonyms: 1913 in series - 4843 units * Same-original homonyms: 807 in series - 1598 units 2720 in series - 6441 units - Multi syllabic homonyms: 02 Syllables: * Non-original homonyms: 282 in series - 577 units * Same-original homonyms: 673 in series - 1356 units 955 in series - 1933 units 03 Syllables: * Non-original homonyms: 4 in series - 10 units * Same-original homonyms: 3 in series - 06 units 7 in series - 16 units -6- 04 Syllables: * Non-original homonyms: 2 in series - 4 units * Same-original homonyms: 7 in series - 9 units 9 in series - 18 units Total: 3691 in series ; 8408 units As the result of statistic, we see: (1) inVietnamese language, the majority of homonym units have the simple formation and they are almost the non-original homonyms. (2) the distribution of the same-original homonym units in Vietnamese are not equal but in general the quantities of non-original homonym units are always much more as the same-original homonym units (5434 non-original homonym units / 8408 units total, hold 64,63%) (3) the homonyms made of mono – syllable, dual – syllable had kept and still keep the main role. That made the principal face of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon. (4) In Vietnamese, homonym phrases quantities, just only the achievement in background, not the “principal personage’’ of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon. 2.1.2.3. Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of linguistic units (1) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with mono-syllabic word Ex: cóc 1,2,3 (VN Dic. P.196)… (2) Phenomenon of dual-syllabic homonym with dual-syllabic word. Ex: độc lập I,II; anh hùng I,II ( V.Dic.p.40,07 ) (3) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with the morpheme of created word. Ex: sợ tái 1 cả mặt ___ bệnh cũ lại tái 2 phát. (4) Phenomenon of homonym phrase with phrase. Ex: điều hòa nhiệt độ I,II; điều khiển từ xa I,II (V.Dic p.321) (5) Phenomenon of the morpheme- homonym with the morpheme. Ex: hóa học - xanh hóa… 2.1.2.4. Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of class word (1) homonym phenomenon in the internal of a word it composed: noun-noun, verb- verb, adjective-adjective. (2) homonym phenomenon in different kind of word. It composed: (a) homonym phenomenon among 2 kinds of word (with 22 little kind) (b) the train of homonym phenomenon (homonym among over 3 kinds of word) (with 39 little kinds ). In there, homonym among noun- verb – adj with many of quantities. 2.2. Compare some homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese with the modern Chinese 2.2.1. Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese from the criterion of syllable quantity taken part in the formation See from this criterion the homonym units in modern Chinese composed: (1) mono- syllabic units (words a graphs). They are the most quantity as: 叫 1 (jiào) kêu, gáy and 叫 2 (jiào) bảo cho, làm cho. (2)multi-syllabic units (by words and phrases) as 案子 1 (àn.zi) and và 案子 2 (àn.zi) (Dic modern Chinese p.11 ) 尝口 1 (chā//kǒu) and 尝口 2 (chā kǒu) (Dic C. Chinese p.141) 成家 1 (chéng//jiā) and 成家 2 (chéng//jiā) (Dic. Chinese p.172 ). 2.2.2. Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese in the criterion of form- sound- meaning. 2.2.2.1 Same form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese The same form homonym is the conception used to indicate the units with the same speaking and the same form word. This phenomenon composed (1) same-form homonym phenomenon between word and graph. Ex: 尝 1 (qióng) nghèo homonym with 尝 2 (qióng) is -7- the element of created word with 尝途 (qióng tú) (2) same–form homonym phenomenon with between graph and graph. Ex: graph 工 1 (gōng) in 工尝 (gōng yè) công nghiệp homonym with grap 工 2 (gōng) in 工作 (gōng zuò) in business, word in produce (3) same-form homonym phenomenon between word and word. Ex: dual-syllabic word 海口 1 (hǎi kǒu) and và 海口 2 (hǎi kǒu) (Dic. Chinese p.530-790 ). 2.2.2.2. Different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese language The conception of different- form homonym phenomenon used to indicate the units with the same-sound speaking, the form of writing has some differences or perfect differences, and different meaning. These units divided into two kinds (1) half and half the same form of word. Ex: 尝尝 (huì yì) hội nghị and 尝意 (huì yì) hiểu ý, biết ý. (2) perfect different form of word. Ex: 尝 (cháng) nếm homonym with 尝 (cháng) dài; 密封 (mì fēng) đóng kín, gói kín homonym with 蜜蜂 (mì fēng) mật ong… Out of these two kinds: the different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese also composed: (a) word and graph in different form homonym as 布 1 (bù) chỉ vải homonym with 簿(bù) in 簿子 (bù zi) sổ sách, vở ghi chép nói chung. (b) graph and graph in different form homonym as 尝 (qū) thân thể homonym with 祛 (qū) trừ bỏ… In Chinese, the different-form homonym units have more amount than same- form homonym units, and they are made of the principal face of homonym phenomenon in the modern Chinese. 2.2.3. Homonym derivation phenomenon in the modern Chinese from the view corner of the structure of word Derivative homonym with the conception is used to indicate “the words at the beginning of different sound speaking, after having the change of sound which is become homonym’’ (Phu Pho Thanh 1983 p.77). At first, thesis searched to understand the kind of derivation homonym brought by 尝化 Ex: 尝(pán): chậu rửa tay >尝尝 (pár): cái khay, cái mâm 牌(pái): nhịp điệu > 牌尝 (pár): tấm biển của cửa hiệu Examine those pair of words above we see: when they had not any effects of 尝化 they had not been different syllable words ,just similar of tones and they had the same end of syllable models. After they had got the effects of 尝化 they both became homonym words. These derivation of homonym are not in old Chinese and in Vietnamese language. From those results above we see (i) The modern Chinese has many homonym units with the little syllables and simple structure leading into the high ability nature. (ii) as in Vietnamese language, the homonym units have been able to classify of the criterions as the origin, the syllable quantity taken part in creation, the linguistic units in the modern Chinese, the classification of homonym units in the criterions of the syllable taken part in criterion from the triple of criterions: form – sound – meaning, corner of created word… that is the classification correspond with the special character in modern Chinese, it has the highest use in explaining. (iii) the research of understanding homonym phenomenon of modern Chinese is closely concerned with the research of multi-meaning phenomenon and writing system theory…(iv) although they are all isolating languages the homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese have still got the fixed differences and the typical -8- derivation of homonym units after 尝 化 and different-form homonyms those are model examples . Chapter 3: COMPARE POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE WITH MODERN CHINESE 3.1. POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE 3.1.1. The general conception about polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese language Vietnamese is the language with a mention incident of polysemy units ,Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 was statistics 5.420 polysemy units total. (hold 13,58% in linguistic data) 3.1.2. Classification of polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese From the structure of phrases and meanings characters, the polysemy units of Vietnamese are classified into: phenemenons of polysemy with thing diagram meanings expression meanings and attitudinal meanings. 3.1.2.1. Phenomenon of polysemy with thing diagram meanings Analyze from the structure of phrase and meaning of the word âu 1 (VN. Dic.p_____): has 2 diagram meanings that ̣̣̣̣ indicated (1) âu tàu (2) ụ the units containing with the structure of phrase and meaning as âu 1 that is the polysemy with thing diagram meaning. 3.1.2.2. Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning and their classifications 3.1.2.2.1. Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning Analyze from the phrasal and meaning structure of the word anh (VN.Dic.p.06 ) we see: this is the word with both thing diagram meaning and expression meaning specific examples. The word “anh’’ has 4 thing meanings the quantity of plereme (structure of expression meaning) of the word “anh’’ as follows: in the meaning 1, there are 2 pleremes. Analyse the structure of phrase and meaning of the adjective “đỏ’’(VN.Dic.p.327) we see, “đỏ’’ has 4 thing-meanings. adj “đỏ’’ has the structure of expression meaning as follows: the meaning 1 and 2 didn’t contain the less plereme. The meaning 3 and 4 contained the less plereme as: “thuộc về cách mạng vô sản, có tư tưởng vô sản” (belonged to the proletation revolution- have the thinking of proletation) and “ có được sự may mắn ngẫu nhiên nào đó, trái với đen” (have some chance in surprise, opposite of “black”) both of word “anh, đỏ” are the words both thing meaning polysemy and expression meaning one. 3.1.2.2.2. Classification of expression meaning polysemy phenomenon (1) Phenomenon of non-perfect expression meaning polysemy: it is the phenomenon that contained one or almost meanings of a polysemy unit indude the less plereme. The units in having the structure of meaning as the word “đỏ”, that means the polysemy of non-perfect expression meaning. (2) Phenomenon of perfect expression meaning polysemy: it is the phenomenon in all meanings of the structure of an polysemy unit that contained the less plereme the perfect expression meaning units are the one which have the structure of phrase and meaning as the word “anh”. In Vietnamese language the non perfect expression meanings are much more quantity than the perfect expression meaning ones. From the criterion of meaning capacity, the polysomic units are divided into the two phenomenons (i) the polysomic units are usually contact and (ii) the polysomic units are rarely contact. 3.1.2.3. Phenomenon of polysomic units are usually contact -9- It is the conception used to indicate the popular phenomenon it made the principal face for the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon. (only for the polysomic unit with the quantity of meaning in a word from 2 or 6 meanings, hold 98,58% of the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon). 3.1.2.4. Phenomenon of polysomic units are rarely contact It is the conception to indicate the non-popular polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese language (only 72 units having from 7 to 27 meanings hold 1,42% of they the polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese. Although didn’t made the principal face for the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon, they were the units with the most of meanings, they are usually the notional words belonged the basic grammatical vocabulary of Vietnamese language. Classify the polysomic phenomenon from the corner of linguistic units, we have two phenomenons : (i) polysomic word and (ii) polysomic phrase. 3.1.2.5. Phenomenon of polysomic word In Vietnamese language, phenomenon of polysomic word is the main phenomenon (approximately 99% of the words of the polysomic units in Vietnamese). It contained into two phenomenons: (1) phenomenon of mono-syllabic polysomic words: they are the base and the importance of the polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese because they have the most quantity, the highest meaning capacity (all units having from 7 to 27 meanings, they are all the kind of words as nouns, adjectives and verbs… but if they are counted from the meaning capacity they will be in order: verbs, nouns, adjectives…they composed of the presentation of the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon as: the polysomic thing diagram meaning, expression meaning and attitudinal meaning (2) phenomenon of dual syllabic polysomic words: they are the base and the main importance of the polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese language. They have the quantity just under the series of the one of mono- syllabic polysomic words. Almost they have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 3 meanings, the units from 4 to 6 meanings not worth mentionning) the most is the original Chinese units, the pure Vietnamese ones, and the original european’s. 3.1.2.6. Phenomenon of polysomic phrase It is rarely contact in Vietnamese (only 24 units mainly of the non-noted kind of words). They have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 5 meanings) for the most part of 2 meanings. They composed of the two following groups: group of the fixed phrases (idioms) are created for syllable “ăn sống nuốt tươi”, group of articles and habitual collocations created into 2, 3 syllable “ ra dáng, ra tuồng, ra vẻ…” 3.2. COMPARE SOME POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMES LANGUAGE WITH THE ONES IN MODERN CHINESE 3.2.1. The polysomic units in modern Chinese As Vietnamese, the polysomic phenomenon in modern Chinese has also a lot of abundant symbol (1) from the corner of linguistic unit, the polysomic units in modern Chinese could be: the mono-syllabic, multi-syllabic units (from 2 to 6 syllables ) as 尝 (chā),尝 (cháng); 有一搭, 尝一搭 (yǒu yī dā, méi yī dā)…; or as word, phrase: 尝 (bào), 尝 告 (bào gào), 尝王鞭 (b wáng bin); 吃白尝 (chī bái fàn), 站住脚 (zhàn zhù jiǎo)…; or as kind of words belonged to nouns, verbs, epithets: 阿 (ā), 尝 (ér), 尝 (yuán).… popularity of the units of meanings in series belonged the different kind as : 阿姨 (ā yí), 安排 (ān pái), 安 尝 (àn jìng) 犁(lí)…. in there, the most of the units belonged nouns, verb, epithets (3) from the corner of phrasal and word meanings, the polysomic units of modern Chinese could be the units of polysomic thing meanings as 尝 手 (bān shǒu)…. sometimes they are either -10- [...]... (usually a verb) having the function of describing the function of that noun The multi-syllabic units commonly used as âm mưu, anh hùng, ảnh hưởng, bảo an, báo cáo” have also that same tendency Even from the other multi-syllabic units (composed phrase and word) as “cá nhân, bộ phận, cá nhân chủ nghĩa ” have also that joint rule tendencies of “dissolved” into 3, 4 or 5 same- original homonym units in Vietnamese... the ranks of homonym in Dictionary They have the forms of symbol as follows (1) total of homonym units in series in all of ChineseVietnamese words as homonym in series having the syllabic speaking as “ bản vị” and “bất tử” (VN Dic p 31.p.52) ( 2) total of homonym units in series is all of pure Vietnamese words as homonym in series having the syllabic speaking as “bánh” and “ang” (VN Dic.p.06.p.34) (3)... maximum with 4 syllables as: “cọc cà cọc cạch” in there, the units have the formation with 1 syllable as “bê2, ải1…” (the most capacity) next, the units have the formation with 2 syllables as “bà mụ2, bản vị1, bẻ bai2, bo bo4….) 4.3.4 About the relation of phrasal meaning 4.3.4.1 Relations of phrasal meaning among units in homonyms series Homonym and polysemy units in series have never relations of... pattern words used to reflect the objective thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” (iv) in the two units “hồng”: and “đỏ” in Vietnamese, the word “đỏ” has the tendency of development which is stronger feature and higher frequency compare with the word “hồng” in Chinese the word 赤 has more meaning features than the word 尝, but the frequency used much higher than the word 赤 both (v)“hồng” “đỏ”... but in modern Chinese the graph polysemy problem is the centre the other phenomenons are the borders The far reason caused by the tendency of multi-syllable theory had been taken and being taken place strongly in the modern Chinese In other speaking that is the reason in modern Chinese, the mono-foundation language that is less model than Vietnamese language 1.3.2 Seeing from meaning capacity, the polysemy . (yuè) month và: 月 2 (yuè) moon … (2) the non-original homonym units (the different-form homonyms), these units are -5- analyzed into the first special columns as 尝 (cháng) taste và 尝 (cháng) long…The. used as âm mưu, anh hùng, ảnh hưởng, bảo an, báo cáo” have also that same tendency. Even from the other multi-syllabic units (composed phrase and word) as “cá nhân, bộ phận, cá nhân chủ nghĩa ”. nghị and 尝意 (huì yì) hiểu ý, biết ý. (2) perfect different form of word. Ex: 尝 (cháng) nếm homonym with 尝 (cháng) dài; 密封 (mì fēng) đóng kín, gói kín homonym with 蜜蜂 (mì fēng) mật ong… Out