TAKlNG NOTES 71 A good lecturer will also give you ways to anticipate the purpose of a lecture Of part of a lecture with verbal cues. Sometimes the lecturer will announce the topic in such a way that the pur- pose is directly stated. Other times you will have to draw a oondusion. Although the topic is stated at the beginning of the lecture, there may be some references to previous lectures or some classroom business to conclude before the topic Is 8I1Il(HJncad. When the topic for a lec- ture is stated, the lecturer may either pause just belore saying the topic or stress the topic by raising the volume or using vary cleat pronunciation. To be a good listener, you should prepare your mind 10 accept the information. If you know whiCh class the lecturer is teaching, you already know how to focus your attention. By hearing the cue that Identifies the topic, you have a context for the rest of the lecture. I'IM:rJcE k,M" 3 Did you understand? Try to anticipate the purpose of a lecture by ~stening to the beginning 01 it. Hare are some short introductions to lectures lor practice. The first one is completed 10 give you an example. The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 504. "Okay than, leI 's gel started. Uh, today we're going to talk about the biosphere ." 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Actl vlty 3, CD 2, Track 5 , DiYld, the paper IIlto colan' There are many variations of column note taking. This style is very simple and effective. Draw a line down your note paper from the top 10 the bottom about two inches from the left margin, as shown on the next page. This Is called two-coIumn notes. When you are taking notes, put the topics or maln ideas in the left column and add details and examples in the right column. This sys tem helps you take notes more quickty because you don' have to identity the main ideas and the details Of examples by writing out words Of by using a more complicated outline 72 ACADEMIC SKILLS format that requires letters and numbers. Placement to the left or to the right of the lina sorts the ideas in order of importance and shows their relationship. Draw a line across the paper from the left to the right about two inches from the top. This is 8 space lor the main idea. Draw anomer line about two incnes from the bottom, as shoWn. Th is is a space that you can use for your thoughts and ideas as you are taking notes. later, when you look at your notes, you will know which ideas are from the textbook or lecture and which are yours, Main Idea Major point 1 Examples and details Major point 2 Examples and details Major point 3 Examples and details My Ideas Did you understand? Try to put the I nf ormation In the following son lo noo outlino Into two- column notes. Refer to the two-column format above as an example, The answers are printed In Chapter 7 on page 504, There are three arguments in support of protecting endangered species. I. Aesthetic justification states that the various forms of nature inlluence the li fe expe- rience of human beings in a positive way. A. Many endangered species are uniquely beautiful. B. They are appreciated universally in art and literature. C. Some are importa nt 10 the religious community, II. Ecological self -i nterest assumes that a balance 01 nature ben.efits all species. A. All species perform essential functions. t . For example, an endangered species may be the unique carrier of a cure for a human disease. B. In order to pr otect ourselves, we must protect other species. III. Moral justification asserts that the creatures themselves have rights. A. The United Nations World Charter for Nature declares that all species have the right to exisl. B. H uman beings have the responsibHity to preserve all species. yttet matcr<8~ TAK I NG NOTE S n IV. The prolessor does not directty promote any argument, but advocacy for the protec- tion of endangered species is implied in the Iect1Jre . , Separate the major and lnlN' points In order to use two columns for notes, you must be able to classify the ideas into major and minor points. There are usually three or four major points in a short lecture or reading pas· sage. Each of the major points is supported by examples and details. The examples and detalls are mi nor points. When you hear a ma jor point, write it on the left. When you hear a mi nor point. write it on the right. Did you understand? Look at the notes under each topic. The sentences in the notes refer to either the major points or the minor points. Try to organize the notes under the topic by pulling the major points in the left column and the minor points in the right column. Your answer is cor - roo it the points are placed corrOOIy on either the left or right. The points do not have to be in exactly the same order . The first one is completed to give you an example. The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 505-506 . There are three types of managers in addition to the general manager. The line manager is responsible for production. F or example, a production manager is a line manager. A stall manager is in charge of support activities such as human resources. Information systems is also overseen by a stall manager. A functiOnal manager is the head 01 a department. A department chair at a college is a functional manager . The manager 01 a sales department at a company is also a functional manager. l ine manager production stall manager support activities functional manager he'" .,.". 3 managers production manager human resources information systems dept chair college sales dept company 14 ACADEMIC SKillS " According to Mead, the sell has two sides: the "I" and the "me, " It is prediCtable because SOCial conlormity Is expected, This part of the self is less predictable because ~ is unique, This part 01 the self is formed through socialization by others. The "I" represents the individuality of a person. For instance, a spontaneous reaction might reveal the "I." The "me " represents the expectations and anitudes 01 others. 2. The mystery 01 pulsars was resolved in the t9605. We see pulses of light each time the beam sweeps past the Earth. The pulsar in the Crab Nebula, for example, currently spins about th irty times per second, We also know that pulsars are nol perfectly timed because each revolution 01 a pulsar takes a little longer. We know that pulsars are neutron slar s, like lighthouses left by supernova explosions. It will probably spin about hall as fast two thousand years from now. Uke a lighthouse, the neutron star revolves. 3. Britain transpofted convicts 10 Australia in an effort to SOlve the problems of overcrowding In prisons. There were 11 ships with 750 prisoners aboard. Four oompanies of marines sailed with them as guards. They took enough supplies for two years. In 1787, the lirst lleelleft for Botany Bay in New South Wales. Shortly after arriving in 1788, the colony was moved to Sydney Cove. In Sydney, the water supply and soil were better. Although Sydney was the new sile, for many years it was called Botany Bay. 4. Frederick Cart Frieseke was an American impressionist. In Normandy, he began to paint indoor settings. fn 1905, Frieseke moved to Giverney where he lived untit 1920. He studied with Whistler in the late 18005. Born in Michigan, he went to Paris in 1897, In his later work, he began to use a darker palette. From Whistler, he learned the academic style 01 the salons. At Givemey, Frieseke was influenced by Monet. Monel was experimenting with the effects of sunlight. The style of Monet and his school is known as impressionism. By 1920, Frieseke had left Giverney lor Normandy. 5. Two types of weathering will break down rock masses into smaller particles, Interaction between surface or ground water and chemicals causes chemical weathering. With increased precipitation or temperature, chemicals tend to break down laster. Mechanical weathering occurs when force and pressure grind rocks down. A common example is the wearing away of granite facades on buildings. The weathering of feldspar in granite can be caused by a reaction to acids in rain. Pressure from freezing and thawing causes rocks to expand and contract. When a rock is broken in two by physical lorces, it is fTIOfe vulnerable to weathering, •• TAKING NOTES 75 IDEIlIFY IMPORTANT IlfDRMAnDR Sb.latla to Use ~ Pay attention to key words ~ Notice cues in speech and writing ,. Pay Ittelllian to klJ' words Key words help ~ identify the important infonnation in a textbook or a lecture. Certain key words appear more often in a reading passage or a lecture with a particular purpose. The key words below are Ustacf under the purpose for hich they are frequently used. These k ey words are not 100 perren t accurate, but they do give ~ a starting poin t. Key words are espeeially Important in lectures since the se nt ences that the professor uses In speech are not edited like lhe sentences In textbooks, and are, therefore, lTIOfe difficult to 10110 . DoIioitlon Is known as " ""'" I, Refers to M eans Description and Example Coosists of Adjective F or example F ~ """"" N ~1y SpocfficaJIy Thai is CI ••• lfleation Kinds of Types 01 Classes 01 Groups of P a<ts of Properties of Characteristics 01 Varieties 01 Sequence-Chronology or Process Firsl, second , third Next, then, last Finally Before AIle< AI the same time Mean hile Now As soon as later Subsequently Evoolually Stop Siage ".,.,. 76 ACADEMIC SKILLS Comparison and Contrast Like Similar to Differ from Compared with In comparison Similarly In the same way In contrasl Whereas Adjective + -er Although B,t Conversety In spite of Even though However Instead On the contrary On the other hand Despite I'ucncE Acmm 6 Cause and Effect As a consequence As a result Th" Therefore """','" Because of Fo r this reason Consequenlly Since So Problem and Solution Problem Persuasion or Evaluation First, seoond, third Should, must, ought to Therefore In conclusloo, In summary Did you understand? Try to Identify the key words in the sentences. Underline them. Then d61:;ide in which kind ot reading passage they might be found. Here are some sentences lor practice. The first one is completed to give you an example. The answers are printed In Chap- ter 7 on page 506. Mesopotamia re le rs to the land between two rivers. Definition 1. There are two types of mixtur es-heterogeneous and homogellElOUS. 2. As a result, the litmus paper turns blue when the solution is a base. 3. In contrast, a countercu~ure e xh ibits behavior that is contrary to the dominant culture. 4. The first stage ot sleep produces alpha waves. 5. The main properties of soil include color, texture, and structure. 6. Community service should be a requirement for graduation from the College of Education. TAK I NG NOTES n 7. For example, the Navajo create sacred images In colored sand in order to restore the spir- itual and physical health of the sick. 8. The maximum amount 01 water that air can hold at a given temperature and pressure is known as saturation. 9. Whereas an objective is specific and measurable, a goal is broader and is usuaUy not time specifiC. 10. Dutch eKPlOrer5 in the earty seventeenth century called the west coast of Australia "New Holland," a name that was used to describe the continent until the beginning 01 the nine- teenth century. ~ 1Iot1 _In _.h Ind writing Sometimes professors will leU you that a point is important while lhey are presenting their 1ec- tures. Some phrases to Iislen lor include the follOwing: Pay particular attention 10 Be sure to E~~ i ~tis And this is impottant And this is the key point Written cues will also appear in textbooks. Look lor headi ngs , bold letters, and italics. Underline the information or put a star beside it to indicate !ha l the prolessor has ldentilied it as an importanl point. I'umt:E k'M" 7 Did you understand? Usten 10 the beginning 01 a lecture on language and try to idenlify the important inlormation in the notes. Unde rline it or put a star beside it. A senleoce from the 1ec- ture is shown here along with a star beside the corresponding point in the notes to give you an example. The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 506-507 . "And this is i mportant-standard language is appropriate in both speech and writing." Notes: "8p9lopriate speech writing Usten to the beginning of a lecture in a linguistics class. . manager. A functiOnal manager is the head 01 a department. A department chair at a college is a functional manager . The manager 01 a sales department at a company is also a functional manager example. The answers are printed In Chap- ter 7 on page 506. Mesopotamia re le rs to the land between two rivers. Definition 1. There are two types of mixtur es-heterogeneous and homogellElOUS anticipate the purpose of a lecture Of part of a lecture with verbal cues. Sometimes the lecturer will announce the topic in such a way that the pur- pose is directly stated. Other times