REA OI NG SECTION 10 ~ In the past several years, however, new archaeological finds along the Padlic coast of North and South America have thrown this theory into question. ICJ The most spectacular lind, at Monte Verde in southem Chile, produced strik· ing evidence 01 tool mak ing, house building, rod< painting, and human loot· prints conservatively dated at 12,500 years ago, long belore the highway had been cleared of ice. IDI Many archaeologists now believe that migrants moved south in boats along a coastal roote rather than overland. These people were probably gatherers and fishers rather than hunters of big game. -+ 1llere were two Later migrations into North America. About 5000 S.C.E. the Athapascan or Na·Dene people began to settle the forests in the northwestern area of the continent. E!JiIlIIjjifij Athapascan speakers, the ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches, migrated across the Great Plains to the Southwest. iO!o 1I!a1J.0iJIIiiJ . ~ __ • 81 r.!IiI . - ,. ~ The Inuits (also known as the Eskimos) coloniz ed the polar coasts of the Arctic. the Yupiks lhe coast of southwestern Alaska, and the Aleuts the Aleutian Islands. While scientists debale the timing and mapping of these migrations, many Indian people hold to ()(8.1 traditions that include a long ;oumey Irom a distant place of origin to a new homeland. 40 . The word djstinctive in the passage is closest in meaning to '" oew CD simple CP different aD particular 41 . According to paragraph 2, why did Stone Age tribes begin to migrate Into Beringia? <D To Intermarry with tribes living there CD To trade with tribes that made loois CP To hunt for animals in the area aD To caplUre domestiCated dogs Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow 1 -+ ), 42. The phrase Agxtmpanjed by in the passage is closest in meaning to cD Found with (J:) Joined by CP Threatened by aD Detoured with , , 170 MODEL TEST 2: PROGRESS TEST 43. The word wlili:tI in the passage refers to <Z:I migrations (]) evolution <D geneticists en> populalions 44 . Why does the author mention blood types in paragraph 3? <Z:I Blood types offered proof thallhe migration had come from Scandinavia. <D The presence 01 type B In Native Americans was evidence of the migration. <D The blood typing was similar to data from both Japan and Scandinavia. en> Comparisons of blood type s in Asia and North America established the date of migration. Paragraph 3 is marKed with an arrow [-+]. 45, How did groups migrate Into the Great Plains? <Z:I By walking on a corridor covered with Ice (]) By using the path that big game had made <D By detouring around a huge ice sheet en> By following a mountain trail 46. Why does the author mention the senJement at Monte Verde, Chile, in paragraph 5? <Z:I The remains of boats SlJggest that people may have lived there. (]) Artifacts suggest that humans reached this area before the Ice meHed on land. <D Bones and footprints from large anlmats confirm that the people were hunters. en> The houses and tools excavated prove that the earty humans were intelligent. Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow 1-+ ]. 47. The word Eyentually in the passage is clOsest in meaning to <Z:I In the end CD Nevertheless <0 Without doubt <1> In this way Malc'ltll chrancnv a' ~rTl prav~ READING SECTION 171 48. Which of the sentences below best expresses the infoonatioo in the highlighted statement in the p assage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important Information. (J) Beringia was under water when the last people crossed the straits in boats aboul3000 B.C.E. ([) Beringia sank after the last people had crossed the straits in their bOats about 3000 a.C.E . CD About 3000 e.c. E., the final migration of people in small boats across Beringia had ended. CD AbOut 3000 B. C.E., Beringia was flooded, preventing the last people from migrating in small boats. 49 . According to paragraph 6, all of the following are true about the tater migrations E XCE PT (!) 1he Athapascans traveled into the Southwest United States. <D 1he Eskimos established homes in the Arctic polar region . CD The Aleuts migrated in small boats to settle roastal islands. CD The Yupiks established settlements on the Great Plains. Paragraph 6 is msr1l:ed with an arrow 1 -+ ]. SO . Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author's opinion about the settlement of the North American continent? CD 1he oral traditions do not supporl the mlgratiOfl theory. <D The anthropological evidence for migration should be reexamined. CD Migratioo theories are probably not valid explanations for the physical evidence. <D Genetic mar1<ers are the best evidence 01 a migration from Asia. 51. look at the four squares (_ ]Iha t show whare the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. NewIV eXClvated ,,"V human .I tes in W • • hlngton Stllte, california, and Peru have been radiocarbon dated to be 11 ,000 to '2.000 yeara ofd . Where could the sentence bes t be added? CIId< on a square I - I to Insert the sentence In the passage. ,I ." 172 MOOEl T EST 2: PROGRESS TEST 52. Directions : An inlroduction for a shOrt su mmary 01 the passage appears be low. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in Ihe passage. Some sentences do not bolong in tho summory boCOU50 they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question Is worth 2 points . There IS considerable eviden ce supporting a theory of multiple mi grat i ons from As i. to the Amer i cas . • • • Answer Choices ~ Ancient stories of migrations Irom a lar- away place are common In the cultures of many Native American nations. IDI Hunters followed the herds of big game Irom Beringia south along the Rocky Mountains into what is now called the Great Plains. IBI The people who inhabited Monte Verde in south er n Chile were a highly evolved culture as evidenced by their tools and home,. ICJ Gene tic similarities bet ween Native American peoples and Asians include the arrangement of teelh. viruses. and blOOd types. !EI Excavations at archaeological siles pro- vide art il acts Ihat can be used to date the various migrations thai occurred by land and sea. (f) The climate began to get warmer and warmer, melting the glacial Ice about 13 ,000 B.C.e. "-Ing 5 " PtyJiul.tld Chemical PrtJpertIa d CIY,,9ft" -+ Sugar, water, and aluminum are different substances. Each substance h as specific properties lhat do not depend on lhe quantilyol t he substance. Proper- ties that can be used to idenlify or characterize a substance -a nd distinguish that substance from alhar substances- are called c haracteristi c properties . They are subdivided in to two categories: physical properties and chemical prope rt ies. The characteristic physical properties 01 a substance are those thai identify the substance without causing a change In the composition of the substance. They do not depend on the quantity 01 substance. !AI Color, odor , denSity. melling point, boiling point, hardness, metallic luster or shininess, ductilily. malleability, and yl:;msily are all characteristic physical prope rt ies. F or exam' Malc'ltll chrancnv a' ~rTl prav~ REAOING SECTION 173 pie, aluminum is a metal that is both ductile and malleable. [BJ Another example 01 a physical property Is water. Whether a small pan 01 water is raised to its boiling point or a very large kettle of water is raised to its boiling point. the tem- perature at which the water oolls Is the same value, 1 00 degrees C or 212 degrees F. ~ Similarly, the freezing point of water is 0 degrees C or 32 degrees F. These values are independent 01 quantity. IDl Characteristic properties that relate to changes in the compoSition of a sub- stance or to how it reacts with other substances are called chemical properties. The following questions PertaIn to the chemical properties of a substance. 1. Does it bum In air? 2. Does it decompose (break up Into smaller substances) when heated? 3. What happens when it is placed in an ackl? 4. What other chemicals will it react with, and what substances are obtained from the reaction? Characteristic physical and chemical properties-also called Int ensive pr o pert ies-are used to identify a subslance. In addition to the characteristic physical properties already mentioned, some intensive physical properties include the tendency to dissolve in waler, electrical conductivity, and density, Wt:Ilc.ti is the ratio 01 mass to volume. Additional intensive chemical properties include the tendency 01 a sub- stance to react with another substance, to tarnish, to corrode, to explode, or to act as a poison or carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). If a lump of candle wax is cut or broken into smaller pieces, or if it is melted (a change 01 state), the sample remaining is still candle wax. When cooled, the molten wax retums to a solid. In lhese examples, only a physical change has laken place; that is, the composition of the substance was not aHeeted. -+ When a candle is burned, there are ooth physical and chemical changes, After the candle is lighted, the solid wax near the burning wick metls. This is a physical change; the composition 01 the wax does not change as it goes Irom solid to liquid. Some 01 the wax Is drawn in to the burning wick where a chemi- cal change occurs. Here, wax in the candle flame reacts chemically with O'K'J- gen in the air to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. In any chemical change, one or more substances are used up while one or more new sub- stances are formed. The new substances produced have their own ufilqU& physical and chemical prope rt ies. , , 174 MODEL TEST 2: PROGRESS TEST The apparent disappearance 01 something, like the candle wa)(, however, is not necessarily a sign that we are observing a chemical change. For e)(ample , when water evaporates from a glass and disappears, it has changed from a liq- uid to a gas (called water vapor), but in both forms it is water. Th is Is a phase change (liquid to gas), which is a physical change. When aUempt i ng to deter- mi ne whether a change is physical or chemical, one should ask t he 'Ci'1~JI question: Has the fundamental composition of the substance changed? In a chemical change (a reaclion), it has, but in a physical change, it has not. Glossary ductility: can be drawn into wire malleability: can be shaped viscosity: thick, res istant to flow 53. According to paragraph I , what do physical properties and chemical properties have in common? a> Thoy aro both used to croato most 01 the substances. CD They inc l ude basic substances like sugar and water. c!) They are classified as characteristic properties of substances. CD They change in proportion to the amount 01 the substance. Paragraph 1 is marked with an ar row [ ~l . 54 . The word perlain in the passage is closest in meaning to a> compare CD relate c!) e)(plain CD change 55 . The word.w.hich in t he passage relers to a> properties CD teodency c!) density CD ral io 56. According to the passage, a carcinogen <D e )(plodes under pressure <D conducts electricity <D causes cancer CD tarnishes in air Malc'ltll chrancnv a' ~rTl prav~ READING SECTION 175 57. Which of the sentences belOw best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. CD Properties that are classified as intensive identify the type 01 substance and the extent of it present in the surrounding matter. (]) The quantity 01 a substance inlluences its extensive properties. but the characteristics althe substance define the intensive properties. «> Where the Intensive and extensive properties are found in substances Is important in identifying their characteristics. en> Both intensive and extensive properties tend to have quantitative rather than qualita- tive characteristics present. 58 . In paragraph 8, the author contrasts the concepts 01 physical and cherrVcaJ changes by <D listing several types lor each concept (]) providi ng clear definitions for them <D identifying the comrnoo characleristics en> using a wax candle as an example Paragraph 8 is marked with an arrow [ ,. 59. The word unique in the passage is closest in meani ng to <D distinctive (]) idealized «> primary en> sIgnificant 60. What can be inferred about phase changes? <D They are always chemical changes. (]) They are sometimes physical changes. «> They are dependent on extensive properti es . en> They usually produce new substances. 61 . The word cdlical in the passage is closest in meaning to Q;) last (]) important «> difficult en> simple ,I ." . quantilyol t he substance. Proper- ties that can be used to idenlify or characterize a substance -a nd distinguish that substance from alhar substances- are called c haracteristi c properties one or more new sub- stances are formed. The new substances produced have their own ufilqU& physical and chemical prope rt ies. , , 174 MODEL TEST 2: PROGRESS TEST The apparent. warmer, melting the glacial Ice about 13 ,000 B.C.e. "-Ing 5 " PtyJiul.tld Chemical PrtJpertIa d CIY,,9ft" -+ Sugar, water, and aluminum are different substances. Each