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iii
Trang 6Entity vocabulary in the Russian language consists of words and
phrases denoting things and phenomena in specific aspects of life, such as culture and social development, which are unique to the Russian nation and foreign to those from others This dissertation seeks to study the
characteristics of entity words in Russian literary works and devise methodsfor the translation of those words into Vietnamese, which 1s particularly
significant for those who do research on the Russian language.
The dissertation comprises the introduction, three chapters of content, the conclusion, and the list of references and bibliography.
The introduction presents the rationale of the study, emphasizing the
urgency of the subject-matter, defines the goals and objectives of the study,
highlights the scientific novelty and practical values of the dissertation, and outlines the research methods employed in the dissertation.
Chapter 1, titled “Generalization of Non-Equivalent Vocabulary andEntity Words in Russian,” provides a comprehensive analysis of approaches
to non-equivalent vocabulary and explores the characteristics of entity words
in Russian, considering the views of various scholars on entity words in the
Russian language.
Chapter 2, named “Entity Words in Russian Literary Works,” delves
into entity words in the domains of socio-politics, social life, military ranks and insignia, education, art, and culture.
Chapter 3 “Translation of Russian Entity Words into Vietnamese” proposes translation methods based on different factors, especially
-translation methods such as transcription, descriptive -translation (paraphrasing), literal translation, general substitution, and semantic change (forming new meanings).
iv
Trang 7In conclusion, studying entity words in Russian 1s particularly important to Russian language learners This dissertation looks into entity
words in Russian literary works, proposes methods for translating them intoVietnamese, and aims to address challenges faced by learners of the Russianlanguage The findings and discussion in this dissertation can be applied inthe Russian language teaching and in the translation of Russian entity words
into Vietnamese.
Keywords: entity words, non-equivalent vocabulary, translation methods
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onucanne I'.B epHOBBM JD43/IHMHBIX BHHIOB Õ€33KBHBAJ€HTHOCTH OW€BHJHO, B CaMBIX IICDBBIX HCCJI€IOBAHH"X KOHKD€THOTO #3bIKOBOTO
MaTepHasla yKe CO/€P?2KHTCI IIOHHMAHHC Oe39KBMBaJICHTHOM JI€KCHKH Kak
Trang 16CJIO3KHỌI, Kaq4€CTB€HHO H€OHHODO/IHỌI TDYIHIBI CJIOB, BKJIIOdAIOII€Í B CBO
COCTaB H HaM€HOBAHH4 HaIIHOHAJIbHO-CIe€IIW(WwecKNX D€aJTHÌI
llo MmHeHmO E.M BepemarnmHa u BI Kocromaposa, HOHWSTH€
“Ø€32KBHBAJI€HTHA41 JI€KCHKA” MO3KHO OIID€J€JIHTb Kak “CJIOBA, CJIY3KAIIN€
JIA BbIPAKeHHA IIOHSTHÌ, OTCVTCTBVIOIIHX B WHOM KyJIbType HM B HHOM
A3bIKe, CJIOBA, OTHOCALIMECA K YACTHBIM KYJIbBTYPHbIM 2JI€M€HTAM, T.€ K
KYJIBTYPHbIM 2JIÊM€HTAM, XapaKTepHbIM TOJIbKO WIA KVJIBTYDB A H
OTCYTCTBYIOIIHM B KyJIbType b, a TaK3K€ CJIOBA, He HM€IOIIH€ II€D€BO/IA Ha 7DYTOlI A3bIK, OHHM CJIOBOM, H€ HM€IOT 3KBHBAJI€HTOB 3a ID€J€JIAMH A3bIKa,
K KOTODOMY OHH IpHHa/J1e©KaTr” [E.M Bepemarmn, B.I' KocroMapos, 1980,
c.75] pyro xapaKTepHoli uepToit Oe39KBUBaJICHTHOM /I€KCHKH ABJIAeTCA ©ẺH€II€D€BO/IHMOCTb Ha [pyre A3bIKH IDH IOMOIIH HIOCTOS4HHOTO 8H4/IOTA WIM
VCTO#BII€TOC# COOTB€TCTBHA HO 3TO He O3HAWA€T, HTO Õ€32KBHBAJICHTHBI€CJIOBA H BBIDA?K€HH5 COBC€M H€ID€BOHMHI.
LỤ| ToMaxHH OIID€IISGT €32KBHBAJI€HTHYV'O JICKCHKy Kak
“JIeKCHH€CKH€ €/HHHIBI, HE HM€IOIHIH€ CJIOBADHBIX 2KBHBA/I€HTOB B OJHOM H3
COMOCTABJIACMBIX A3bIKOB HJIH B CHJIY OTCYTCTBHA B ÕIII€CTB€HHỌI IIDAKTHK€
ero HOCHTesIeH COOTBETCTBYIOWIMX D€AJHÍĂ, WIM H3-33 OTCYTCTBHA B HeM
JICKCHYeCCKHX CMH, ÕO3HAWAIOIIHX COOTB€TCTBYIOIH€ HOH3THS” [IJ]
ToMaxmn, 1988].
Hpyrol suursuct, JI.C bapxygapop B cBoel padote “ƒÏl3bIK H
IepeBo/1”[6] paccMaTpHBA€T 3Ty OCÕY!O TDYHIIY JI€KCHKH C TOHKH 3peHHA
T€ODHH II€D€BO/IA OH COIIOCTABJIIGT HCXO/HHIÏ #3BIK H #3BIK I€D€BO/JA, H
ompeyemaeT €323KBHBAJICHTHYIO JI€KCHKY Kak CJIOBa HW YVCTOÌHHBBICCJIOBOCOW€TAHH% O/IHOIO H3 #3BIKOB, He HM€IOHIH€ HH IOIHBIX, HH
ACTHHHBIX 2KBHBAJI€HTOB Cpe JI€KCHH€CKHX €HHHHI Apyroro #3BIKa Ilo
ero MHCHHIEO, Ố€Ẵ32KBHBAJICHTHA1 JI€KCHKA BKJIOHA€T TPH pa3pxAa CJIOB: 1)
Trang 17MWM€HAa COỐCTB€HHBIV, T€OTDAMHH€CKHC HAHM€HOBAHHI, HA3BAHH1
VIP©XKJIGHHH, ODTAHH33HHH, ra3eT, IA4pOXOHOB;, 2) CIOBA-D€AIHH,
ÒO3HAHAIOIIH€ pa3HOrO pOJIA ID€IM€TBI MAT€DPHAJIbHOI WM /IYXOBHOIKYJIBTYPbI, CBỌCTB€HHBI€ TOJbKO /IAHHOMY HApOXY; 3) /JI€KCHH€CKH€
€/IHHHIIBI, KOTODBI€ aBTOP Ha3biBaeT CJIYHAlHBIMH JIAKYHAMH - €IMWHHIAMH
CJIOBAD4 OJHOTO H3 #3BIKOB, KOTODBIM TIO KâaKHM-TO IDHHHHAM (He BC€TJAIIOH5THBIM) HET COOTB€TCTBHÍI B JICKCHYCCKOM COCTaBe /IDVTOTO A3bIKa
BoJIee y3KO€ IOHHMAHHe€ Õ€33KBHBAJICHTHỌÍ JI€KCHKH HaXOHNHM y A.JI
lllBefepa, KOTOpBIl, B HAaCTHOCTH HHHI€T: “B T€ODHH I€D€BO/A BO3HHK
OCOOHIl T€DMHH /JI1 ÕO3HAH€HHđ JICKCHUCCKHX €/HHHII, OTDA2KAIOIHIHX
CI€HHMu€CKHC p€AIHH TOM WH WHOM CTpAHB WM He HM€IOH_HX
39KBUBaJICHTOB B /IDYTOM A3bIKe - Oe39KBHBaIeHTHad JI€KcHKa” [A.J]
IHBelnep, 1973, c.64].
PaccMoTpeB TOHKH 3D€HHđ pa3HbIX ABTOPOB Ha Õ€33KBHBAJICHTHV!OJICKCHKY B PYCCKOM A3bIKe, MbI HAIIIH ÕOJI€€ IIpaBOMepHbIM BBIIIeyKa3aHHoeonpenenenwne JI.C BapxyapoBa: “Be39K6uealeHmuad jMeKCUKa— 32mĨJI€KCHW€CKH€ EOUHUYI OOHOZO U3 Z13b1KO6, KOMOPble HE UMEIOM HH HOUIHĐIX, HUYACMUYHbIX IKBUBAIEHMOEB Cpeou J1€KCWu€CKuX eOuHUY Opyeoeo A3b1Ka”’ [JI.C
Bapxynapos, 1975, c.62].
1.1.2 Onmozene3 ÕC32K6H6(JICHHHOCIHH
JlHHTBHCTWMd€CKa# HpOỐJI€MA €323KBHBAI€HTHOCTH MOX€T BITbHCCJI€IOBAHA JIHHIb Ha OCHOB€ H3YYCHHA KYJIbTYDOJIOTHH€CKOTO MaTepnala.
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Trang 18KOHTDACTHBHOTO MaAT€PHaJa OTH IID€HM€TBI, ABICHHA, He HAXO/UHHH€ AHAaOIOB B COIOCTABJII€MBIX KVJIBTVPAX, COCTABJISIIOT Hadop
Ø€32KBHBAJI€HTHOTO MAT€DHAjA KYJIBTypbl, ÕO3HAH4€HH€ KOTODOTO Ha
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JVHI€BHOTO COCTOAHHA, BOCIIPHATHA 1BJI€HHĂ HDHDO/HBI, HAHHOHAJIbHOH MH{O/IOTHH, CJIOBOM — BC€TO, WTO COOTB€TCTBY€T HAHHOHA3/IbHOI KApTHH€
MHDA, c €Ể HAHHOHAJIbHBIM JI€KCHKOHOM.
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IIOHWTHÌ, ABJICHHM, B3TI7I1IOB Ha HOBBI€ COOBITHA, H€H3ƠG?KHO IIODO?K/AIOT
HOBYIO JI€KCHKYV CAMOI D43HOOƠDA3HOI T€MATHKH, KOTODA1, He HẠT1
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I€D€XOJIHT B JICKCHKY /IDYTHX X3BIKOB B H€DBO3IAHHOM BHHI€, Kak
3aMMCTBOBaHHe Takoe IIODOX/JI€HH€ €33KBHBAJI€HTHOCTH OCOƠ€HHOOIIYTHMO Ha MaTepHasle KyJIbTYpbl H A3bIKa, IODO?KI€HHbIX KTWØPbCKOlD€BO/IOHH€ÌI, HCTODHH€CKH ỐJIH3KOM H ÕO3pHMOM HAaMH COOHBTHH B
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OỐII€CTB€HHOTO, äHTDOIIOHHMHW€CKOTO XâapAKT€DA
ECT€CTB€HHO, B€Cb 3TOT MAT€DHA'I, Õ€Ẵ3 COOTB€TCTBYIOII€Ì OIODBbI HaIIOHãTHHHHIÍ aIIIApAT, BXO/HJI B /IDYTH€ #3BIKH B Bue Õ€33KBHBAJI€HTHOII,
3aMMCTBOBaHHON JI€KCHKH.
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A3bIKaX SƯTOT IIPOHC€CC COIIDOBO3KHAJI BCC KOJIOHHAG/IBHBC 3aBOCBaHHA,
Trang 19OTKPbITHA HOBBIX CTpaH CTOJIKHOB€HH€ TaKHX KyJIbTyp Kak HH/I€lCKA1 H
HCIIAHCKAđ, KOJIOHHAJIBHBIC HIIHÍĂCKad WU (ÙpAHHYy3CKAa1 MW KYJIBTypbIaØopnreHoB Mngquu, Ad@puku, ABCTPA/INH H MHOTHX /IDYTHX CTDpAH, OoseeWIM M€H€€ IIDHƠ/IHK€HHBIX WIM 3K3OTHH€CKHX IIO OTHOII€HHIO /IDYT K Apyry,H€H3O©XKHO IODO3KJA©€T MOHATHMHO JIHHTBHCTHH€CKH H€COIOCTABHMBIIMaT€pHaJI QỐBbIHHO OH Tak H OC€JA€T B A3bIKAX B BHJ€ Tak HA3bIBA€MOHØ€32KBHBAJI€HTHỌÍ JI€KCHKH Ha /13JIbH€ÏÌÍIIIH€ HCTODHH€CKH€ TICDHO/JIBI
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OỐHXOI€ YVCIOBH1 KOMMYHHKAHHH TD€OYIOT O/HOMOM€HTHOTO,O/IHOCJIOBHOTO ÕO3HAH€HH1 IIOHSTHI, H 3/I€Cb BBbIXO/I — 33HMCTBOBAHH€
JI€KCHH€CKOI €/HHHIIBI DakTbl TAKHX 32HMCTBOBAHHÍ /IOIDKHBI ỐBITb KOMM€HTHDOBAHBI B KA3KIOM OTJI€JIbHOM C/Iydae TemMaTH4ecKH OHH MOTYT HM€TbP CaMYIO J23HYyIO OTH€C€HHOCTb, HO (ÙYHKHHOHHDOBAHHO B 3aHMCTBVIOIICM A3bIKe — D43HVIO YaCTOTHOCTb OTO OIID€J€/II€TC1 pA3HOl
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C I€DBBIM 3AIIYCKOM 2TOTO KOCMHH€CKOFTO alilapaTa H OTHOIHI€HH€M K HeMy
KaK K IOHSTHIO, HE HM€IOHI©MV IIOHSTHĂHBIX HAJIOTOB B CHCTEMâAX KYJIBTYP.
OnHaKO, Ố€Ẵ33KBHBAJI€HTHA4 JI€KCHKa — He 8ÕCOJIIOTHA1, a OTHOCHT€JIbHA
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K 9TOMY A3bIKY, MO?K€T ỐBITb 2KBHBAJI€HTHBIM K IDYTOMV
B€33KBHBAJI€HTHBI€ CJIOBA OT/IHHAIOTCH OT HHOS3bIHHBIX CJIOB H 3TO
OTpaxkaeT CIIHHQHKYV cBoeli HalMOHaIbHOM KyJIbTypbl Kak XDAHHT€IHHal[MOHa@JIbHO-KYJIbBTYPHOM C€MAHTHKH, “Õ€Ẵ33KBHBA/I€HTHBI€ CJIOBa’’, IOÒHO
Trang 20BeXaM, OTM€HAIOT BCỂ CaMOe CYHI€CTB€HHO€ B HOHIIOM H HACTOSII€M
DYCCKOTO Hapojja, BCe ero /IOCTH?K€HH"1 Ha MHOTOB€KOBOM IIYTH DA3BHTH1,
CTO B3I7I1/IbI, OICHKH, CY?KI€HHW /Ï3BIK, IO KDBLIATOMYV BBIDA3K€HHIO, “He
CKJIAI a CHTO: M€/JIKO€, IID€XO/UIIH€€, H€3HAHHT€JIbHO€ IIDOC€HBA€TCiI, a
ocTắTca TOJIbKO TO, HTO 34CJIY3KHBA€T XDAH€HHA CJI€IOBAT€IIbHO, €CJIH
OIID€JI€/ICHHA1 HH{ÌODMAHH41 3aKD€IH.IACb B 3bIK€, TO OHA MO/IHAJIHBBIM, HOH€IID€P€KAa©€MBM ÕII€CTB€HHBIM MH€HHCM IIpDH3HaHaR BaKHOW” [E.M
Bepemarmn, B.I' KocroMapos, 1990, c.47].
Knaccudukallua COB MOXK€T ỐBITb CHHXpOHHOM H HcTopHuecKolI B
IJIAH€ OIHKH €323KBHBAJI€HTHOÌÏ JI€KCHKH ID€HICTABJII€TC1 YM€CTHOH OIID€7€/IEHHA4 KODD€KIH1, IOCKOJIbKY, HAp4JTY c “Bcé CaMO€ CVII€CTB€HHO€”,
Oe39KBUBaJICHTHad JICKCHKa OTHOCHTCA HM K CâMBIM IIDOCTBIM, OỐHXO/THBIMIIOHATHAM, HallpHMep, H33BAHH1 Õ/I!OJ, ID€IM€TOB ỐbITA, O/I€3K/bI, CâAMBIXIIDOCTBIX MOHATHH ỐBITA
Tematuyeckoe p33/I€GICHH€ MOHATHH, OTM€H€HHPIX Õ€33KBHBđJI€THOIJI€KCHKO, HeCKOJIbKO VCJIOBHO Ho OHO H€ÕỐXOHHMO, T.K OTDOMHHII
JI€KCHH€CKHÍ MACCHB JOJDKCH ỐBITb ID€/JCTABJI€H XOTb B KaKOM-TO CT€I€HH ynopsyouenHo ÏlÏO2TOMY, HP€HIBHIHI CHDABJHJIHBbIC 3âM€HAHH1,
IIOIBITA€MCW, BC€ ?K€, HCIIOJIb3OBATb IIIDOKCHMAIIHIO KaK H€H3Ơ€?KHOCTb.
YMECTHO, C TOHKH 3PCHHA, TOBODHTb 3/I€Cb U OO aHTDOIOHHMHMM€CKỌ,TOIOHHMIMW€CKOI H BOOỐIHIC OHHMHH€CKOÌ Ơ€33KBHBAJICHTHOCTH, XOTAMAT€PHAJI 3TỌ TDYHIIbI MO3K€T ỐBITb ID€/JICTABJI€H He COBCeM OƠBIHHO 110
CpAaBH€HHIO C HAaDHIIAT€IIEHỌÍ JI€KCHKỌI.
Crenya /1€ejHHHHHSM Õ€33KBHBAJI€HTHOCTH, OCÕO OTM€HA€M
aØCO/IOTHVIO Ø€Ẵ32KBHBAJI€HTHOCTb H OTHOCHTCJIbBHYVI) CC DA3HOBHHNHOCTE,
KAaCAaIOIIVIOCI H€CKOTODBIX KYJIBTyp VU 13BIKOB H H€AKTYAJIBHVIO JIA IDVTMX.
Trang 211.1.3 Cnoea-peanuu kak Dđ3D1Ị ÕG32KGH6đJ1CHHHOH JICKCHKH
TepMHHBI “peajnd” uw “CJIOBO-Dp€aJIHMI” He ABJIAIOTCA /IOCTATOHHO
OCBO€HHBIMH VM OIHCAHHbIMH B JIHHTBHCTHK€ H II€D€BO/OB€/I€HHH, XOTA Te
A3bIKOBbIC (aKTbl, KOTODBIC HM€HYVIOTCI 2THMH T€DMHHAMH,ACCMATDHBAJHCbP /IOBOJIBHO HOIpOOHO B HayK€ O «A3bIKe H3/13BHA
CJIOKHJIACb TDA/HHHS, OCHOBAHHaA Ha 3HA4€HHH 2TOTO CJIOBA B JIaTHHCKOM
s3bIke (p€aH% “TID€HM€T”, “B€IIb”), OHID€H€JIAITb “CJIOBO-D€AJIH%”, Kak
“IP€IM€TBI MAT€DHAJIbHOĂÏ KYJIBTypbl, CJIY3AKAaHH€ OCHOBOM WIA
HOMHHATHBHOTO 3Haq4€HH4 CJIOBA”.
Bo/Iee IpABOM€DHBIM, Ha Halll BSA, ABIIACTCA OIID€/€/ICHH€
CJIOBA-peannn y B.M Poccebca, cWHTẫ ux Kak CJIOBA, “KOTOpble ÕO3HAWHAIOT
MOHATHA, I€/IM€TBI, ABJICHHA, KODOHW€ TOBOPA - D€AJIHH, He ỐBITYIOIIH€ B
OỐWXOJ€ TOTO HApO/JIAa, Ha A3bIK KOTODOTO IDOH3B€7eHHWe IepeBo/wnTcs” [B.M.Poccensc, 1955, c.74] 3necb JIHHTBHCT XaDAKT€DH3V€T T€DMHH “peaJIH4”” Kak
Ha3BaHHe 23JI€M€HTOB BHeA3bIKOBOM /I€lCTBHTGIbBHOCTH, a He KaK
HAaHM€HOBAHW€ #3bIKOBOTO ABJICHHA.
CJIOBa-pea/IHWH KaK aCTb Õ€Ẵ33KBHBAJI€HTHOÌI JI€KCHKH Bbi1€/S€T JI.C
BapXY/ADpOB, xapakTepu3ya ux Kak “CJIOBA, ÕO3HAWAIOIHIH€ IID€HTM€TBI, NMOHATHA HH CHTYALHH, He CYII€CTBVIOIIH€ B HIPAKTHU€CKOM OHBIT€ /JIOH€lI, TOBODAIIHX Ha IDYTOM s3bike CIOIA OTHOCATCA C/IOBA, ÕO3HAWAIOIIH JA43HOTO pojla IH€IM€TbBI MAT€DHAIbHỌ UW /IYXOBHỌ KVJIBTVPBI,
CBOHMCTBCHHbIC TOJIbKO /IAHHOMY Hapoyy, HAIDHMCP, H33BAHH1 ƠJIIOH
HaHHOHaJIbHol KyxHH” [JLC Bapxy/apop, 1975, c.102] ABTop mpu 3TOM BBIJI€JII€T OCHOBHBI€ IDYHHBI CJIOB-D€AIHHÍ - Ha3BaHHA BHJIOB HApOHHOH
O/I€?KJbI H OOYBH, HADO/IHBIX TâHII€B, BH/IOB YCTHOTO HADO/IHOTO TBODW€CTBä
AHAIJIOTHHHO€ MH€HH€ O CJIOBAX-D€AJIHãX BbICKa3bIBaeTca TaK»Ke B.H KPYHHOBBIM, KOTOpbIM CHHTA€T, HTO NO CJIOBAMH-D€A/IIMH CJI6JV€T HM€Tb B
BHJIY HAHM€HOBAHH1 2JI€M€HTOB ObITa, HCTODHH H T.JI JIA4HHOTO HApOJA,
10
Trang 22CTpaHbl, MecTa, He CYII€CTBYIOIIH€ y /IDYTHX HApO/IOB, B /IDYTHX CTDpAHAX H
MecTrax” [B.H Kpynnos, 1976, c.134].
Ha 6ðo/Iee TOqHOM D43TpaHHu€HHH T€DMHHOB HacTawnBaeTr A.B poB B kHure “OcHoBbI ÒIIeli Teopwn 1IepeBoa”[89] OH cqwTaeT, 4TO TaKOlÍ
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OIID€7€JICHHOTO HApO/IA WIM CTpAHBI” ABTOp HIpH 32TOM pA3/I€/II€T TCDMHHBI:
HAIIHOHAJIbHO-CI€IIWWW€CKa1 D€2JIH1 - ABJIGHHe Õb€KTHBHOTO MHPA, a ee
OTPA?K€HH€ B A3bIKe - ÕO3HAW€HH€ D€AJINH WIM HA3BAHH€ D€AJIHH OTy 3© MHCJIb A.B (ŒenopoB pa3nelseT B HoeMnKE c JI.C BapXYHApOBBIMM: “PeasIMM - HM€HHO He CJIOBA, a KaK pa3 Te CAaMbI©€ ID€/JIM€TBI, CHTYAHHH H
IIDOWHWe, KOTODBI€ CJIOBAMH ÕO3HAW4IOTC1, H IO2TOMY CJI€Y€T TOBODHTb He O
J©€2JHX, a O “Ha3BaHHAX D€AIHH”, KOTODBIC H HO/JICKAT HE€D€BOJNY HanoMHIO, 4TO CD€/IH TCDMHHOB T€ODHH II€D€BO/I1A ecTb H TaKOH, Kak “CJIOBA-
D€AJNHW”, MU OH TO3K€ Mor ObI ÕBITb HCHO/Ib3OBAH” [A.B Œ®enopos, 1983,
c.108] Takoii Io/IXO7 K T€DMHHAM “peasua” u “CJIOBO-D€AJIN3”” KaxKeTCA HAM
HAHƠOJI€€ IDABOM€PHBIM, 4ero OyeM IDHJI€D3KHBATbC1 B /1AIbH€ÍII€M
DACCMOTD€HHH HHT€D€CY!IOII€ÍÍ Hac TeMBI.
B T€ODHH II€D€BOHA, Ha Halll B3T71, H€ÕOXO/IHMO Oosee 4éTKO OTTPAHHuHTb Õ€323KBHBAJ€HTHYVIO JI€KCHKV OT C7OB-peaHHI Handosiee UIMpOKHM IIO CBOeMy CO/JI€D3KAHHIO ABIIAeCTCA MOHATHE Oe39KBUBAJICHTHOM JICKCHKH (B IDHB€HIEHHOM BBIIIe 3HAaq€HHH) CJOBA-D€AIHH BXO/JIT, Kak
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11
Trang 23(pa3€O/IOTH3MBI (H Te, H /IDYVTH€ - CO MHO3K€CTBOM OTOBODOK); ÕOJIbHIHHCTBO
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CJIOBAM Bce B Tex ?K€ TpAHHIIaX Õ€Ẵ32KBHBAJI€HTHỌÍ JIEKCHKOM 3HaH4HT€JIbHO€M€CTO 38HHMAIOT CJIOBa, KOTODBIC MbI H33BAJIH Obl COOCTBeHHO Ơ@3-
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TepMHHaM, JIHII€HbI KOHHOTAIHHĂI.
XOT€JIOCb Obl 3/I€Cb OTM€THTb CIHIỂ OIHH MOM€HT, OT/IHHAIOIIHHCJIOBO-D€AJIHIO OT Oe39KBHBaJICHTHOTO CJIOBa: B OỐIHIHX YepTax CJIOBOMO3X€T ObITb D€2JIH€ÌÍ 10 OTHOII€HHIO KO BC€M HJIM K ÕOJIbHIHHCTBV #3BIKOB,
a Ố€Ẵ32KBHBAJI€HTHBIM - ID€HMYHI€CTB€HHO B paMKax JJaHHOM Mapbl AZbIKOB, TO €CTb, Kak IIDABHJIO, CMMCOK p€A/IHÍ /IAHHOTO A3bIKa OyyeT Oosee HH
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12
Trang 24Anpo Õ€323KBHBAJI€HTHOÌÏ JI€KCHKH COCTAaBJIAIOT CJIOBA-D€AJHH.
lloHaTne “CJIOBA-p€AIHH”, HPHM€HHI€MOC B T€ODHH HE€D€BOJA,
IID€/ICTABJII€TCđ II€JI€COOODA3HBIM HCIIOJIB3OBATb HH B JIHHTBOCTDAHOB€/I€HHH.WMeHHO CJIOBA-D€aJIHH KaK OCHOBHOM DA3p4/ Õ€323KBHBAJICHTHOÌ JI€KCHKH10JIKHbI pACCMATDHBATbCđ He TOJIbKO B paMKax T€ODHH II€D€BO/IA, HO ÕBITbTakxKe OỐb€KTOM JIHHTBOCTDAHOB€IH€CKOTO H34JIH34 B HHOCTDAHHOI
âYHTODHH, IIOCKOJIbKYV “OCHOBHBIM 3JIEMCHTOM, B KOTODOM HAXO/IHT CBO€
OTpaxkeHHe KyJIbTypa, H€COMH€HHO, ABJIAeTCA COBO” [E.M Bepemiarnmn, BI.
Koctomapos, 1976, c.76] B cumy cBoeti HOMHHATHBHOI (ÙYHKHHH
CJIOBA-D€AJIHH CJIY3KAT CD€/ICTBOM I€D€/adH HH(ODMAHHH O DYCCKOI H COB€TCKOl€ÌCTBHT€/IbHOCTH, Õ HCTOpHH POCCHH, ero KYJIBTYP€ H ObiTe B DA3HBI€
HCTODHU€CKH€ II€DHO/TIBI, a TâK?K€ O /IOCTH2K€HHSX COB€TCKOTO TOCY/IADCTBA.
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CBA3aHO CO 3HA4€HH€M CJIOB-D€A.THÌI.
C Bnaxos u C Onopun [26] CHHTAIOT, 4TO CJIOBA-D€AJIHH, Kak 3bIKOBBI€ CD€/ICTBA XYOXKECTBCHHOLO H300paxKeHHA, ID€/ICTAB/JIIOT CÒOl
A3bIKOBbIC €/IMHHIIBI, KOTODBIMH B O/HHAKOBỌ CT€IHH IOJIb3VIOTC1 KâK aBTOPbl ODHITHHAIBHBIX XY/OX€CTB€HHBIX IDOH3BGI€HHI, Tak H
II€CD€BOJIHHKH.
13
Trang 25CJIOBA-peaIWH OƠBIHHO D43/€JIHIOTCI Ha TâK Ha3biBaeMbie “CBOH” Hp p
k
“qV3KH€” “CBOH CJIOBA-p€AJIHW” - 3TO ÕOJIbII€Í WACTbIO HCKOHHbIe WIM718BHO OCBO€HHBI€ A3bIKOM CJIOBa, He OTJIHHAIOIHIH€C1 HO PopMe OT JIIOƠBIXmpyrux B oOcoObBIX oObacHeHHaAX OHH He Hÿy%JIaIOTc1 C BIaxoB u C
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B KA€CTB€ 3HMCTBOBAHHBIX CJIOB.
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XapakTepHOH HaHWOH21IbHỌÍ WIM €CToDpHqecKOl OKpaCKOH.
2) (pa3©O/IOTHH€CKH€ €/IHHHHBI, B KOHKPeTHOM COCTAB€ KOTODPBIX
HM€IOTCĂ CJIOBA-D€A.JIHH.
A66peBwaTypbhI TaK›K€ MO?KHO OTH€CTH K CJIOBAM-D€A/INMSM, IOCKOJIbKYOHH MOTYT CO/I€D?KATb HAIHOHAJIBHO-CI€IIW(ĐHHHBI€ CJIOBA, H CaMH MOTYTObITb OTPaxKCHHeM KYJIBTYPbI CTDAHBI
MccnenoBaTeIb TOMAXHH mpeyiiaraeT p33/€II€HH€ CJIOB-D€AHIHÌÏ Ha J€HOTATHBHBIC WM KOHHOTATHBHBIC /|€HOTATHBHBI€ CJIOBA-D€AIHH OH
OIID€CH€CJLICT Kak “tbaKThI Z13BIKA, KOTODBIC ÕO3HAHAIOT IID€CHMCTHI H 4BJICHH1,
XapakTepHble AVA JAHHOH KYJIBTYpbIl, He HMCIOIHIHC COOTBeETCTBHH B
14
Trang 26COIIOCTABJI5€MOI KyIbType” KOHHOTATHBHBI€ CJIOBA-D€AJINH, B OTJIHHH€ OT
J€HOTATHBHBIX, ÕO3HAWAIOT “IID€HIM€TBI, HHH€M He OTIHHAIOIHIH€C1 OTAHAJIOTHHHBIX I€HIM€TOB COIIOCTABJII€MBIX KYJIBTyp, HO IIOJIYHHBIIH€ B
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KVJIETYPHO-HCTODMM€CKHX CCOIHHAHH3X, IIDHCVIIHX TOJIbBKO /AHHOH
KyJIbrype” [I.JI Tomaxun, 1997, c.82].
1.2.2 Tonamue cioea-peanuu 6 cogpemennom DVCCKOM 83bIK€
CJIOBa-p€aWW CJIY3KAT [Id CỐJHK€HH1 A3bIKa H KYJIBTYPbl, C UX IOMOIIBIO MOXKHO IDOCJI€JIHTb CBA3b MEK AY /IAHHbIM /IBYM1 MOHATHAMH B OOWIMX YepTax 9TO CJIOXKHO€ #3BIKOBO€ (JIeKCHYeCKOe H TDAMMATHH€CKO€)
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He cyHI€CTBY€T HH €IHHOTO CI€KTA H€JIOB€H€CKỌ ?KH3HH,
KOTOpBI He ÕBIJI Obl CBA3AH C KYJIbTypoH ITO O3HAWA€T, HTO H €A4IHH MOryT HOSBJISIOTCI B JTIOOOI cciepe W€JIOB€H€CKOI > 2%xH3HH,
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OIA B pDYCCKOM #3BIK€ HOT BJIHIHHCM âH3JIOTHHHBIX JI€KCHH€CKHX
KaT€eTOpHI.
WccnenoBaT€IW IID€HJIATAIOT pa3Hbie MOHATHA “c1OBO-peannd” B
KDATI€ MO?KHO OTH€CTH CJIOBO-D€3/IHIO K C/JI€YIOHIHM TDỂM IIOJXO/AM:
B paMKaX I€DPBOTO IIO/IXO/IA HCCJI€IOBAT€JIH /IAIOT IDHƠJIH3HT€JIbHBI€,
H€IIOJIHBI€ OID€JI€I€HH% CJIOBA-peanH Tak, COITIACHO MH€HHO O.C.
AXMAHOBOI, “CIOBA-D€AIHH — 2TO B KIIACCHH€CKOI TpAMMATHK€
pa3HooOpa3Hble (baKTODBI, H3yWA€MbBI€ BH€IIH€ÌÍ JIHHTBHCTHKOII, TAKH€, Kak
15
Trang 27TOCY/IADCTB€HHOe€ YCTpOÍÍCTBO CTDAHBI, HCTOPHA H KyJIbTypa JAHHOTO HApO/1A,
3bIKOBBI€ KOHTAKTbI HOCHT€/I€Í /IAHHOTO A3bIKa H T.I C TOWKH 3D€HH1 UX
OTpaKeHHA B 7AHHOM 33bIKe” [O.C AxMaHoBa, 1966, c.153] L.J| Towaxmn, B CBOIO OH€D€/Jb, WắT H€IOM€DHO IIIpOKO€ onmpeyemenne: “K HHCJIV CJIOB-
peas MO?KHO OTH€CTH Ha3BaHHA IIDHCYIIWX TOJIbKO OID€JI€JI€HHBIM Hallam
H HApOIAM ID€IM€TOB MAT€DHAJIbHOI KyJIbTypbl, (Ù3KTODOB HCTODHH,TOCY/IAPCTB€HHBIX HHCTHTYTOB, MMeHa HAHHOHAJIbHBX HM (ÙOJIbKIODHBIXTepoeB, MWO/IOTHwecKwX cyIIecTB H T.I.” [IJ] Tomaxun, 1988, c.158]
WiccenoBaT€/MH BTODOTO HOJXO/JIA /I€JIA€TCđ HOHBITKA TOJIKOBATb
CJIOBA-D€AJIHH KaK 2K3OTHH€CKV!O JI€KCHKY (3K3OTH3MBI), Õ€32KBABH/ICHTHYIO
JICKCHKY, CJOBA C€ KYJIBTYPHbIM KOMIOH€HTOM Hale BCeTO B JIHHTBHCTHu€CKOÍ JIHT€DATYVP€ BCTP€MAIOTCI TAKH€ T€DMHHBI, Kak
“Ø€32KBHBAJICHTHA1 JI€KCHKA” H “2K3OTHW€CKâ1 JI€KCHKA” WI “2K3OTH3MBI” HHAp1/IY C HHMH, H€D€/IKO B TOM ?K€ HJIH ÕJIH3KOM 3HAW€HHH — “BADBADH3MBI”,“IOKAJIH3MBI”, “2THOITDpAH3MBI”, “3THOJI€KC€MBI”, “3THOKYV/IbTYDHA4
JI€KCHKA”, “CJIOBA C HYJICBLIM 2KBHBAJI€HTOM” H Apyrue Tax, mo A.V Penkepy [76], Õe323KBHBAJI€HTHAđ /I€KCHKA ID€JICTABJII€T COOOl “npexze
BC€TO ÕO3HAW€HHWe€ p€a/IHÌ, XapaKT€DHBIX [JIA CTpaHbl HCXO/HHOTO A3bIKa H
!IY›KHX IDYTOMY A3bIKY H HHỌI I€ÌCTBHT€JIbHOCTHMỶ.
Y B.IL BepKOBa “roy, 3K3OTH3MOM IO/PA3YM€BA€TC1 YIOTp€ƠJI8€MO€ B18HHOM KOHKD€THOM A3bIKe CJIOBO, ÕO3HAWaIOIIee Dea/IHIO — #BJI€HH€ ƠbITa,COIIHA/IBHbBIX OTHOII€HHH, IDHDO/BI H T.I - CI€HH{HH€CKYVIO Ia HHOTO
43bBIKOBOTO KOJWICKTHBA HW HY3KHYIO WIA IAHHOTO #13BbIKOBOTO KOJLI€KTHBđ” [B.II Bepkos, 1973, c.85].
Tperni "onxon pa3paÕðarnBam C.W Bnaxos u CII (ŒĐnopmn,
KOTOPBI€, OIIHDA%Cb Ha CAMYIO BaxKHYIO XâDAKT€DHCTHKYV CJIOB-D€AIHH,
OIIP€H€JUIOT UX Kak “copa H CJIOBOCOUCTAHHA, HA3BIBAIOIHHC IID€CHMCTHI,
16
Trang 28BJI€HH1, Õb€KTbI, XAPAKTeEPHble JIA 3KH3HH (ObITA, KYJIBTYPbI, COIHAJIBHOTO
pa3BHTHA) OHOTO HApO/A H y3KH€ Apyromy HApOHY; ỐYYHH HOCHT€JIIMH
HAHHOHAJIbBHOTO H/HMJIH HCTODHU€CKOTO KOJIODHTA, OHH, KaK IDABIHJIO, HeHM€IOT TOHHBIX COOTB€TCTBHÌ (3KBHBAJI€HTOB) B /DYTHX #3blKAX, HCJI€OBAT€/IbHO, He IIO/U1AIOTC# II€D€BO/IY “Ha OƠIIHX OCHOBAHHX”, TpeÕYy4oco6oro nonxona” [26, c.135]
CJI€y€T D43/INdATb TâaKH€ MOHATHA, KaK D€AJIH1-ID€JIM€T H
p€A/H1-CJIOBO ECIH p€A/IHI-ID€JIM€T - 3TO Ta B€IIb WIM TO IOHSTH€, KOTODO€
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CJIY3KHT JI HAMMCHOBAHHA TaKHX Belle, IoHäTHừ Pea/IH1-IID€IM€T HM€€T
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D€AJTHH-CJIOBA, TaK KaK ABJIACTCA 2JI€M€HTOM BH€S3bIKOBOI /€lCTBHT€JIbHOCTH.
Peawa-cIOBO Kak 2JI€M€HT JI€KCHKH /IAHHOTO #3bBIKa, Ho C B7axoBy u C.
@Mnopuny [26], IIp€/ICTABJII€T COƠỌÍ 3HAK, HH IIOMOIHIH KOTODOTO TakHeIID€/IM€THI - UX petepeHTHI - IOJIVWAIOT CBO€ 3bIKOBO€ OME
B H€IOM, CJIOBA-P€AIHH MOXHO OID€I€IHTbE KaK CJIOBA,
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KY/IBTYPHV!O H ỐBITOBYIO OKDACKY H JIHHI€HbI IKBUBAJICHTOB B /IDYTHX #3bIKAX
H KYVJIBTYpax B T€KCT€ II€D€BO/IA TâKH€ MOHATHA ACTO COIDOBO?KTAIOTCđ
H€OƠXO/INMBIMH J1 IOHHMAHH1 IOSCH€HHSMH
TaKHM o0pa30M, B JIHHTBHCTHK€ 0 CHX Mop HeT HẾTKOTO NOHATHA
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Trang 29KYJIBTYPHble CI€IIH(HKH, OTparkaeMble B #3BIK€ OIID€JI€JIỂEHHOTO A3bIKOBOTO
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1.2.3 Ocobennocmu ynompeénenua CJ106-D€đJ1HĐ 6 DỤCCKO.M A3bIKe
Uto kacaetca ocoOeHHOcTeH ynoTpeOseHHA CJIOB-p€AJHÌ B DYCCKOM
3bIK€, TO CVII€CTBVIOT pa3Hble MH€HH1 JIMHTBUCTOB:
Uccnenopatenb IJ] ToMaxnH [97], BBII€JISGT CJI6TYIOIHIH€
OCÒ€HHOCTH ynoTpebseHHA pean:
a) PeaiIHd CBOÌÏCTB€HHA JIHHIb OJHOMY A3bIKOBOMY KOJIJICKTHBY, a B
JPyrOM OHA OTCYTCTBYEeT;
6) Peamua mpucyTcTByeT B OOONX #13bIKOBBIX KOJLI€KTHBAX, HO B OHOM
H3 HHX OHA HM€€T 7IOIO/IHHT€JIbHO€ 3HAYeHHe;
B) B p43IHHHbBIX OƠHI€CTBAX CXOHHBI€ (ÙYHKHHH OCYIHI€CTBJIIIOTCSpA3HbIMH p€ea1waMH; Tr) B p43HbIX OƠII€CTBAX CXO/NHBI€ peamn, no TJ]
ToMaxnHy [97], pa3IHWAIOTCH OTT€HKAMH CBOCTO 3HayeHHA ABTOpXY/IOK€CTB€HHOTO IDOH3B€/ICHH MOXKET HCIIOJIb3OBATb D€AJIHH B T€KCT€ JIA
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HCIIOJIB3V€MBI€ CJIOBA-D€AIHH OyayT MM€Tb ÕOJIbHIO€ 3HAW€HH€ /U15IOHHMAHH% TeKCTa, MOSTOMY OHH JOJDKHbI HDHCYTCTBOBATb B T€KCT€
Tlepepoya To 3€ MO?KHO OTH€CTH H K OIHCAHHIM HAHHOH3/IbHBIX
IIDA3/HHKOB, ÕbBIda€B UH TpAIHHHIÌ C IDVTOI CTODOHBI, aBTOp MOxeTBKJIIOHATb CJIOBA-P€AJIHH B CBOH IIDOH3B€/I€HHW, YTOObI ÿM€HPIIHTb OỐbỂMIIOB€CTBOBAHH1, 3AMCHAA O/IHHM CJIOBOM JJIMHHOe OObACHeHHe B 3TOMCJIyHaA€, CJIOBA-D€AJIHH He HecyT OcoOoM CMBICJIOBOÌÏ HATDY3KH, HM MOTYT
OIIYCKATbC B T€KCT€ IICD€BO/IA ECJIH CJIOBO-D€AJIH1 BCTpeyaeTca B TeKCTe ODHTHHAJIA BC€TO OHH pa3 H He BAKH3 WIA /IAIbH€ÌÍIH€TO IIOHHMAHH4
IIPOH3B€CJICHMH, eé TaK3K€ MO?KHO OIIYCTHTB WIM 3AMCHHNTB IIOHIXO7HIHIHM
18
Trang 308HAJIOTOM, JIHHI€HHBIM HAHHOHAJIbHOI CI€IHH(ÙHKH OHAKO €CJIH /AHHBIICIOCOỐ II€p€auH CJIOB-D€AJIHÌ ÕY/I€T HCIOJIb3OBATbC# CJIHHIKOM HACTO, 3TO
MOXeT CKa3aTbCd Ha TeKCTe B H€JIOM, HOCKOJIbKY B TaKOM CJIYdA€ OH
TOTepAeT HALMOHAJIbHY!O H KYJIbTYPHY!O OTH€CỂHHOCTb.
B cđOBAaX-pea/IH3X HaHØO/I€€ HATJI4HO MpoOABIAeTCA ÕJIH3OCTb MEX Ty
A3bIKOM H KYJIBTYpOM: HOBJI€HH€ HOBBIX CJIOB-D€AJIHH B MAT€DHAIbHOH H
AYXOBHOHM 3KH3HH OỐII€CTBA B€/IẾT K BO3HHKHOB€HHIO COOTB€TCTBVIOHIHX
CJIOB B A3bIKe CT/IIHHT€/IbBHOl YepTOM CJIOB-D€AJIHĂ ABJIAeCTCA XapaKTep eẽ
ID€IM€THOTO COH€D3AHHI (CJIOBA-D€AIHH MOTYT ObITb OTDAHHH€HbI
DAMKAMH /7A3K€ OTJI€JIbBHOTO KOJLI€KTHBA WIM ÿHD€?KJI€HH4 CJIOBAM-D€A/IHSM IDHCYVLI H BDÊM€HHOÌ KOJIODHT Kak 3bIKOBO€ #B/I€HH€, HaHÕOJI€€ T€CHO
CBA3AHHOe C KY/IbTYDỌÍ, 3TH JI€KCHH€CKH€ €/IHHHIIbI ObICTpO D€ATHDVIOT Ha
BC€ H3M€H€HH1Z B DA3BHTHH OỐII€CTBA; CD€H HHX BC€T/lA MO?KHO BBI/I€JIHTb CJIOBA-D€aAJIHH H€OJIOTH3MBI, ICTODH3MBI, aDXâaH3MBI Ka3X/IBIÍÍ W3 THIIOB CJIOB- p€aJIHÌÍ TpeOyeT HHJIHBH/IVAJIbHOTO IIO/IXO/IA pH II€D€BOJ.
Ilo cBouM CBOIÍCTBAaM H (ÙYHKHHSM CJIOBA-D€A/INH ÕJIH3KH K T€DMHHAM
H MM€HAM coOcTBeHHbIM ÈÏCCJI€HOBAT€IH KY/IbTYDHO-MADKHDOBAHHbBIX
€IHHHIL H€O/IHOKDATHO OTM€HAIOT, YTO TPAHHHA M€3KNY T€DMHHAMH H
CJIOBAMH-D€AJIHãMH BeCbMa YCJIOBHa H OW€Hb IIOIBHKHa B page C/Iyda€B JOCTATOWHO CJIOKHO YCTaHOBHTb OTJIHHH€ A3bIKOBbIX C/JIOB-D€AIHH OT T€DMHHOB Ho BCỂ 3K€ €CTb HDH3HAKH, IO KOTODBIM BHOJIH€ BO3MO?KHO
muddepeHUupoBaThb CJIOBA-D€A/IHH OT T€DMHHOB
B.C BHHOTpa/IOB CHHTA€T, 4TO HMA COOCTBeHHOe - BC€THA peannn B pedH OHO Ha3bIBaeT /I€lCTBHT€JIbHO CYVHI€CTBVIOIHĂ WIM
CJIOBA-BEI7YMAHHhIH OỐb€KT MBICJIH, JIHIIO HIM M€CTO, ©€IHHCTB€HHO€ B CBOEM pogeH H€IOBTOpHMOC B KAXHIOM TaKOM MM€HH OƠBIHHO CO/I€D?3KHTCS
HHỲOPMAHHS O JIOKAIbBHỌI UM HAHHOHAIbHOI HDHHA/JI€KHOCTH
ÒO3HadaeMoTo uM ÒbeKTa [B.B BnHorpaos, 1978]
19
Trang 31TaKHM OƠPA3OM, CJOBA-D€AIHH ID€ICTABIIIOT COOOl OH€Hb
HHT€P€CHHIÍ HU H€OObIHHBIÏ CJIỌÍ JI€KCHKH #3bIKa C@MAHTH3AHHZđ AHHOTO I/IACTA COB HD€3BBIHẠ'HO BaxKHA [JIA H3ÿ4AIOIIHX HHOCTDAHHBIÍ A3bIK, TAK KaK OHH BeCbMa HACTO BbI3bIBAaIOT TPYAHOCTH B IOHHMAHHH Kak CHHTA€T H.H Ilawopo3cKaw, 3yeHWe CJIOB-D€A/IMÍ IID€/JICTABJII€T Takxke MHTepec B CBA3H C HHT€pHp€TahHHel TeKcTOB [H.M Hamoposcxaa, 1990] Wrar,
KAT€TODH4 CJIOB-D€AJIHÌ He Mpocta H H€O/HO3HAHHa, OHa TpeOyeT OCOƠOTO
IIO/IXO/IA IpH HX KJIacCH(ĐHKAIHMH H II€peBODe.
1.2.4 Knaccuguxkauua ci06-peanui 6 DỤCCKO.M 3bIK€
Ha cerO/HãHIHHÍ €Hb CYII€CTBV€T H€CKOJIbKO KJIACCH(ÙHKAHHÍ
CJIOB-peas, IID€/JIOK€HHBIX DA3HBIMH HCCJI€IOBAT€ISMH IIpu COCTABJI€HHH
KJIACCHÙHMKAHHH, Kak IDABHJIO, OHH OƠbIHHO OIHDAIOTC1 B OCHOBHOM HaCO/I€D?KaHW€ CJIOB-D€aJIHÌ, a TaK›K€ UX (ÙÌOHOBYIO HH{ODMAIM
Ilo MHeHHIO C Buaxopa u C (ŒIopHHa B HD€TIM€THVIO
KJIAaCCHÙMKAHHIO CJIOB-D€AJTHÌI BXOAT:
a) Ïe0apa(ÙbHu€CKH€ cnoéa-peanuuTeorpaduyeckne CJIOBA-D€aJIHH, CBA3aHHbIe € (pU3H4eCKON reorpaduelt
- Ha3BaHH1 23H/I€MHKOB (H33BAHH1 3»KHBOTHbIX H pDacTeHnli) HaIIpHMeP:
KHớU, CeKBOUA, NPONECKU, CUPeHb, XPIOWKU, CH€2ICHĐIĂ YeOBeK, WemuU,
KOpKO6blU OVO
6) Imnozpagduueckue cioéea-peanuu
THorpatwdecKHe CJIOBA-D€AJIHH, OTHOCHIIHHCC1 K HayKe, W3y1aIoImteli
20
Trang 32OBIT, KyJIBTypy HapOJOB, ÙODMBI MaT€DHA/IbHỌÍ KYJIbTYDBI, ÕBIHAH, D€JIHTHH
H JYXOBHV!O KyJIBTypy.
1) Cioéa-peanuu, OoØ03Hqwđ!O1JM€ Ov1m:- Imma, HaIHTKH: bop, Opanuku, Oy6nuKu, K6ac, PACCOMbHUK, Kady,yedypeKu, WwaypMma, chazemmu, Mame, KyMbICc, HHDO2ICKOđđð1, Obucmpo,
- bBITOBBI€ 3aBeyeHHa: cayHa, Obucmpo, mepmMbl, ualixaHa, nuéHaA,XO3Mđ2, ONUHHAA, OAHA
- Onexga, OƠYyBb, TOJIOBHOI yOop: capadan, Ka@mdH, narvmo,
KUMOHO, Capu, CapOH2, MO2A, BAPEHCKU, YHMbI, MOKACUHbI, anmu, comOpepo,napaHooica
- Kumbé, M€Ơ€JIb, IOCV/1â: Ịđđ, u36a, xalyna, xama, topma, 2zopxnuya,KyÕØbI1uKd, IU211ÿ, đM268đM, OyHealo, zopHuya, Ị€@Mwb1l, OypocyuKka, amq@opa
- TpaHcnopt: mpotKa, mejeza, pukwa, mando, nanankun, Karop,HapmbikKamamapaH, AMWUK, KIOMEH, đOHỊO/Ib€D
- J\pyrue: CđKđbl, MAXODKd, apomamubie nanouxku, ỊOM OmỊbÐIXd,
3) Cioéa-peanuu, ob03HauaIoWUe UCKYCCM6O U KylbMypy:
- My3bIKa H TaHIIbl: Kđ3đU0K, e32UHKA, KPAKO6AK, XODđUI, pauenuya ,
2onak, mapaumenla, XODO, xopymu, KaHYyouemma, 6.11103, KOHQ, pul,
xasu-eau, XONNENb-NONNEb
21
Trang 33- My3bIKaIbHBI€ HHCTDYM€HTHI: Maumam, 2yciu, Oananalika, KA6đ1,eycla, KACMaNbeMbI, Hau, OAHODHCO, 2AME-AH, CAMUCIH, C202€, XypA
- ®OJIbKJIOP: ỐbI/WHđ, YaCMYUIKU, Caza, BUMAZb, OAAMbI, PYHA, KACbIObI,eazelu, wacmyuku, bozambipb, Oambip
- TeaTp: KdØyKU, HO, Komedua Oelb apme, mucmepua, X2HH€HUH,apileKuH, KOOMOUHa, nempywka, Kacnep, NaHY, NoMUMUHED
- Ucnomnuterm: uxa6ana, CMHO, MaKOHOA, HHI€, H€JIMIK€HbI, Xanuuye
- OBIHAH, pHTVAJBI: mapmenuya, npowmanannuk, Ko2A0a,
KOHq@upmayus, OaHH3, BeHOemma, CVD6dKdD, KyKep, JD212C€HbĐI€, mamada;
3d206e3HU, MACIeHUYA, PAMA3AH
- TIpa3qHuKu, HTpBI nacxa, nocm, Ị2AmDd, janma, KpuKem,
TTepeomau, /]eHb lloÕØeỊbl, xonu, mena, Koneda, /JeHb 61azodapeHuA, 20pooKu,mapoK, 2opodownuk, numuep
- Mudonorna: sewuu, Jed Mopos, baba Aza, necounviu uen0o6ex,IHHPO/LIb, BAIbKUPUA, 2yPUA, COMOOUGA, MAIACbIM, BYPOAIAK, I1bq), 2HOM, 6ep-Bob), Ko6ep-camoslem, H#cap-nmuya
- KYy/IETBI-CJIYKHT€IIW H TIOC/I€IOBAT€IIH: ama, a06đ1m, waman, ƠOH3đ;JMODMOHbI, O2OMUIbl Oepeull, M€W€Hb, Hd2OỊd, KOCHGI, CuHazoea,
pacnamue
- KaJI€H7APHBI€ /IaHHbI€: 6aba mapma, babbe emo, Balak, capaman,
yepeeHb, CAPAMAH, 6€D€C€Hb, 2OJAM C€WKO, CAHKIOOMUObI, 2OD€IIIHHUUU
4) Cioéa-peanuu, obo03Haualyue 2I1HHW€CKUH€ OObEKMDI:
- JTHOHHMHI: anax, Oaumy, eyyyl, Kadp, Konm, pemOa-pauxa,
momouakKu, OacKu, H2AHACAHbl, KA3AX
- KIHHKH: Kayan, xoxo, KOKHU, NomaK; bow, dpuy, weab, AuHeypuH,
2DMHZO, 2opullla, AcmpeOol, anepe3
- Ha3BaHH4 JIHI 10 MeCTy 3KHT€JIbCTBA: 2200061, abepouney, O6epHey,
KqDPUuOKdC, KaHaKa, WON
22
Trang 345) Cnoea-peanuu, Ò03HqQWđ1O1€ Mepbl U OeHbeUu:
- EHHHHHBI Mep: apwun, gym, caocenb, Apo, mu, HÿỊ, OKa, du,Oecamuna, KD, MopzeH, Keapma, uem6epmb, Oywelb, JIOKOHb, 2au,
yonepeK
- J\eHexHbIe €HHHHHBI: 6, cmomunka, pyOjlb, Konelka, supa,
manaHm, (DDAHK, canmum, necema, neco, myepuK, Kypyul, MeOHCUOUA
- TÏpOCTOp€HHBI€ Ha3BaHHA Tex H /IDYTHX: vemeepmunka, vemeepmuHaa, NOMOBUHKA, YeNKOBbIU, NAMAK, MpewulKa, UepBOHeY, 2pUueeHHUK, OAUM, HUKEL
- HacenéHubie IYHKTBI: ay, cmanuya, xymop, Maxana, cmoubuye,OUOOHBULID
- Yactu HAC€JIEHHOTO HYHKTA: appoHoucman, CyK, MeOuHa, 3VMđ,
cmape2ao, apzo, DI
2) Cioea-peanuu, Ò03HđIOUJM€ OpedaHol 1l HOCuMenU Blacmu:- CTAHBI BylacTH: ceửM, HapodHoe coØpaHue, Benuxkut napoonoitixypai, cmopmune, KHeccem, Kopmecbl, M€Ị2GIMC, đổd€, OyMa, pada,
Mynuyunalumem, ICHOJIKOM, 6epxHAA najlama
- HOCHT€JIH BJIACTH: yapo, Kanyjlep, xan, yapb, wax, 02C, dapaon,
UHKA, OpO-map, Wepud, Bu3zUpb, 2emman, Kmem, Kabaka, capnanu,
KanumaH-peeeum
23
Trang 353) Cno64-De€q/IMU, Õ03HqWđIOUJH€ OOWECMBEHHO-NOMUMUYECKYIO
2ICM3Hb IlO/IHTHd€CKH€ ODTAHH3AIHH W IOJIHTHU€CKHC JICST€JIH: Ố0/1b1€GWK,
JMCHDIUICGUK, 2CỊ€KH, IHIDOMWKHCIHDI, H€DOHHCHDI, mynamapoc, mopu,KDY/I020/106bl€, npeceumepuane, IHỊ€H€HỊCHIHDI
- Tlarpnotuyeckuve W OỐII€CTB€HHBI€ /IBHXK€HH“: /đ7713đHĐl, 2€3bl,Maku, kileqdmbl, caaeucmbl, 3anadHuku, Clđ68H0QUlbl KPaCHbIl
O6OpAHUH, CmamcKuu CoBeMHUK
- YuapexqeHus: O610H0, HapKomnNpoc, 3d2c, Mopenpedcméo, KoMumemUCKYCCM6A U KybMypbl, 3010MOU CHOII, NDOOUpHaA nanamKa
- YueOHble 34B€I€HH1 UM KYyJIbTYpHbIe VHD€XJICHH”": 13Øđ-WW1714111, muyeu, KOJUI©Ị2IC OecAmuslemKa, KeluuHoe yuunue, MeOpece, KaMNYC, ayia
- COCJIOBH1 UW KacTbl: 6O0#HCH6O, MewaHcmeo, Kyneuecmeo,
IOHKGDCIH60, Mpembe COCIOđU€, KWAaMpUA, BalUUA, tVỊDd, Camypau, bapuH,.My2IcukK, (Ù©JLI4X
- COCJIOBHBIC 3HAKH HW CHMBOJIBI: KØđCHOC 3HaMA, nNAMUKOHEUHAA
36G3Ịđ, HO/1)M€C#J, CBACMUKA, KOHCKUU XBOCM, OAHEOPOe, !OHbOH Ị2/CGK
- OOmyHaMpoBaHHe: wiaem, KO/buV2d, KH6GD, MeHMUK, MeMIAK,
euMHacMepKa, KUMEJb, Øyuuiam, W€KMCHb
24
Trang 36- BO€HHOC/IY3KAHIH€: 4714MđH, ecayll, COMHUK
lloxoxy!O K/aCCHÙHKAHHI CJIOB-D€AIHÌ Hp€JIAaTa€T HM pyro wccenoBareibe B.B BnHOTpA/IOB, KOTOpBIl, B CBOIO OH€D€Jb, HA3bIBAGT
CJIOBA-P€AIHH JI€KCHKOl, H€CyIHIelí (ÙOHOBVIO HHÙOpMaHMO Tak, oy
$oHoBolÏ nHopMannel BHHOTpAaIOB IHOHHMA€T “COHHOKVIBETYDPHBI€ CB€JI€HH1, XâPAKT€PHBIC JIHHIb WIA OID€HGI€HHỌI HAHHH HH HAHHOHAJIBHOCTH, OCBO€HHbI€ Maccoli HX IID€CTABHT€JI€l H OTDA?K€HHBI€ B 13bIK€ /IAHHOl HaIHOHaJIbHoH oØmiHocTrw” [B.B BnHorpanos, 1978, c.97].
C1OBaA-D€a/IMH, COT/IACHO yHÊHOMV, pa3esIAIOTCA Ha CJI€JIYIOHIH€ TDYHHBI:
a) Boimoevie cnoea-peanuu: 3KHIIHLIC, HMYVLHIECTBO, OJ1©3KHâ, MMA,
BHJIbI Tpya H 3aHATHA, JI€H€3KHBI€ 3HAKH, €/IHHHHEbI Mepbl, My3bIKaJIbHbICe
HHCTDYM€HTBI, HADO/HBIC TAâHIbI H MeCHH, HADO/IHBI€ HA3HHKH, Ups,
ÒPaHI€HHS;
6) Imnozpadureckue H muqdosozeuueckue cio6a-peanuu: 3THHHCCKHG
H COIHAJIbHBIC OƠIIHOCTH H UX IID€HICTABHTGIH, ÕO3K€CTBA, CKa304HbICCYII€CTBA, 7I€T€H/IADHBI€ M€CTA;
6) Cnoea-peanuu mupa HDHDOỊbI: 3KHBOTHBI©, DACT€HHS, J1AHJIACT,
Ie€l3a3X;
2) Cnoea-peanuu zocyOapcméenno-admunucmpamuénozo ycmpoucmea
HH OỐH{C€CHI6GHHOIÙ HCU3ZHU: â1IMHHHCTDATHBHBIG €7IHHHIIbI H TOCY/ADCTB€HHbI€
HHCTHTVTBI, OỐIH€CTB€HHBIC ODIAHH3A4HHH, IHADTHH; IOMBHHJI€HHBIC HarpapHble ID€/IDHATH1, TOproBble 34B€/I€HHđ; OCHOBHbIe BOHHCKH€ H
IIOJIHH€ÍCKH€ IIOTPA43©I€HH1 WM MHHĐI; TA43KIAHCKHC /HOJKHOCTH H
IIpO(€CCHH, THTY/TIbI H 3BAHH1;
0) Onomacmuyeckue cioéa-peanuu: HTDOHIOHHMBI, TOIOHHMBI,
HM€HA JIMTepaTypHbIX TepoeB, Ha3BaHHA KOMIAHHI, My3eeB, TeaTpoB,
pecTopaHos H T.I.;
25
Trang 37e) ,ÍCCOHHQHHGHbIC C/106-D€(-IMHH? BereTaTHBHbIe CHMBOII,aHMMaJIMCTCKHe CHMBOJIBI, UBeTOBat CHMBOIHKA, (ÙOJIbKIODHH,HCTODHU€CKH€, JIIT€DATYDHO-KHH?KHBI€ AJUIIO3MH H 3BIKOBBI€ 8J1/IIO3HH.
E.M Bepemaruy u B.I' Koctomapos [20], B31B 3a OCHOBy MaTepual
DYCCKOTO 3BIKA, IIDOKOMM€HTHDOBAJIH CeMb TDYHI CJIOB, H3/€/IỂHHBIX
HalMOHAJIBHO-KYJIBTYPHOM CCMAHTHKỌI B CJI€YIOIHIM:
a) Coeemu3mbl - coed, GbIDAG2ICGIOLHHC me nonamua, Komopoie
NOABUIUCH 6 D€3V/IbHI-H1€ nepecmpouKku obwecméeennou 2ICH3HH 6 Poccuunocie Okma6épockou DG60/H10HHMH: Bepxoenoiu Cosem, denymam
6) Cioea HO6020 Obima, Mecno npUuMbIKaloWMUe K CO6GHIH3M@M: NapKKylbmypbl, CyYOOOMHUK, 3a2C, 3a4eMKA
6) Haumenoeanua npedmemoe u aenenui mpaduyuonnozo BH:
wu, OVOIUK, BANeEHKU, 24PMOUKA
2) HCHIODH3MbI, mo ecmb cio6ea, ob03nauarowmue npedmembi H
AelenuA NpeduecmeyiouUxX HCHODHUGCKHX H€DHOỊO6: Cđ2/CẴHb, Gym,eepcma, Kaqman, ye30
0) ekcuxa (ÙDd3G0/102HW€CKHX edunuu: Oumb venom, y3HamMb é6CcIO
HOỊHO2OTHHVIO
e) C106 H3 donbkiopa: Oobpeii MO1OỊGMW; He HO OHAM, a HO WqCđM;cyorcenbil (-a#); WVO-IOJO; 3Kap-HTHIHA, IOMOBỌI
atc) 106đ HGDVCCKO2O HDOHCXO2CỊGHHH, mak Ha3zbleaemble
HHIODKH3MbI, JMOH20/1H3MbI, YKPAUHUZMbI: matiza, Õđ3đD, đDKqH, Xadm,
U3IOM, H106
Bhneđn44 10 BbIIIeIepewnc/IeHHHe rpyHHBI, E.M BepemarnH u B.T KOCTOMADOB XAâDAKT€DH3VIOT CJIOBA-D€AJIHH Kak JI€KCHKY, CO/JI€D3KAIHIYEO
(boHoByro HH‡opManmo CormacHo B.C BHHOTpaHOBY, COI€DKAaHHe
(boHOBOl HH(ODpMAHHMH OXBaTBIBaeT, IIPC)KH€C Bcero, CIIeIIHHwecKHe€ (baKTHI
26
Trang 38HCTOPHH UW TOCV/IADCTB€HHOITO VCTDpOÍCTBA HAHHOHA/IbHOI OỐIHIHOCTH,
OCOO€HHOCTH T€OTpA(MH€CKỌI CDp€HBI, xapakTepHbie HD€HM€TBIMâT€DHAJIEHỌ KY/IETYPBI IDOHHIOTO W HACTOSIHI€TO, 2THOTpAMHM€CKH€ H(O/IbKJIODHBI€ MOHATHA — TO ©€CTb BC€ TO, HTO B TÊODHH II€D€BO/A ÕBIHHO
HM€HVIOT p€4/IHãMH Te MOHATHA, KOTODBI€ OTDA?KAIOT CJIOBA-D€AJINH, HOCAT
HAHHOHAJIBHHÍ XâpAKTCD H MAT€DHAIH3VIOTCI B TaK Ha3bIBaeMOl
Ø€32KBHBAJI€HTHỌI JI€KCHKC
B emé OnHOI KJIaccCHHKAIIHH, IID€JJIO3K€HHỌII HCCJI€IOBaAT€/IeM Ï”.}],
TomaxHHbIM [87], BBITI€JI€HBI CJI€JIYIOIIH€ IIYHKTBI:
a) Imnoepadureckue cioea-peanuu, peanuu 6oima, pereeou 2HIIK€IHU HOpMbI NobedeHUA: YCTDOHCTBO OMA; Oe%K 1a; HHIHA, HAIINTKH; OBITOBbIe34B€JI€HH; Ha3BaHHA TDAHCIIODTA; Ha3BaHHA CIOCOOOB CBA3H - TIOHTA,Te/erpad, TeleOH; OT/IBIX, BD€MWID€IDOBO3KJI€HH€; ÕBIdAH, TDA/HHHH,
IID337HHKH; M€DBI, CHB; pyTHHHOe IOB€7€HH€; D€W€BỌI 3THK€T.
6) Teoepaqduyeckue cioéea-peanuu: HA3BAHH1 OCOỐCHHOCTeHØeperOBOl JIHHHH, Ha3BaHve OCOO€HHOCT€I pesbeda, rHnporpatbwwecKneHa3BaHHA: (ÙJIOpa, (ÙayHa, KyJIbTypHble pacTeHHA, IIDHDO/HBI€ D€CYPCBI HOCÒ€HHOCTH HX OCBO€HH1
6) Cnoea-peanuu, omnocauueca K CHCHICM€ o6paz06anua, penueuuu Kylbmype: CHCT€MA OƠDA3OBAHH1; pesIMrMa; WuTepaTypa; TeaTp H KHHO;CMU; w300pa3nTembHOe HCKYCCTBO; MY3bIKaJIbHad KYVJIBTVPA -Oecamusemka, Uu30a-uUMaIbHA, KOJUICOOC, Keluunoe yuunuye, sUuYyeu,Meopece, Kamnyc, ayia
B34B 3a OCHOBY BBIHI€H3/IOK€HHVIO KJIaccnwKanmto, B.H KpynHos
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