Dẫn luận ngôn ngữ học - Nguyễn Thiện Giáp, Đoàn Thiện Thuật, Nguyễn Minh Thuyết

DAN LU AN NGON NG O' HOC• •

Chu tich Hpi dong Thanhvien NGUYEN DU’C THAITdng Giam ddcHOANG LE BACH

Chiutrach nhiemnoi dung:

Tong bien tap PHAM VlNH THAI

To chuc va chiu trach nhiem ban th do:

Pho tdng bien tap NGUYEN H1EN TRANG

Giam d6c Cong ty CP Dich vuxuatban Giao due H3Noi PHAM THHONG

Bien tapnoidung: THAN TH UY TRANG

Trinh bay bia: TAO THANHHUYEN

DAN LUANNGONNGtT HOC

Maso: 7X084H2

In1500 ban (QD inso : 10), kho 14,5x 20,5 cm.Donvi in : In tpi Cong tyCP Van hdaHa Npi.

Cpmcongnghippda ngheDinh Bang, Phoong DinhBang, Thanh pho To Son, Tinh Bac Ninh.

So DKXB:173-2022/CXBIPH/9-44/GD.

SoQDXB: 863/QD-GD-HN ngay 22 thang 03 nam 2022.In xong va npp luu chieu thdng 04nam2022.

NGUYfcN THIEN GIAP (Chu bien)

DOAN THIEN THUAT - NGUYEN MINH THUYET

(Tai ban/an thif hainu(oi bon)

DAi HOC NGATP HO CHI

N HANGMINH

LOI N6l DAU

Nhung tri thucngon ngu hoc la huu(ch cho bat cumotai No rat can thietdoi voi nhung ngudi lamcong tac gidng day va nghien cuu Nhung ngudi dungngon ngu lam congcu nghe nghiep nhu cac nhavan, nha bao, cac can bo tuyentruyen, v.v cung khbng the khong biet ngonngu hoc Canluuy rang ngudidayngonngu cd the it hieu bietve vanhoc, nhung ngudi day van hocthingoaiviecam hieu sau sac vevan hoc, kh& nang cdm thu tac pham vanhoc, nghe thuat,conphdila ngudi nam vung cactrithuc ngon nguhoc.

Nhung lam quen voi nhung tu tudng co bdn cua ngon ngu hochien daikhongph&ila de dang, bdi vi nhungtri thuc dugctich luytrongnganh khoahocnay rat phong phu va phuc tap De cd thebuoc vao ngon ngu hoc mot eachthuan Igi, can phdii nam vung mot so khai niemco bdn va quan trgng nhatcuangon ngu hgc Nhung tri thucaydugctrinhbaytrong giaotrinh Danluanngonng&hoc.

Dan luan ngon ng& hoc ra mat ban dgc Ian dau tien nam 1994 Khai thuy,nd dugc bien soan de gidng day cho sinh vien nganhNgon ngu hgc,Khoa Nguvan,TruongDai hgc Tong hgp HaNoi Nhung rdi nd dugc ban dgc rangraihoan nghenh va nhieu truong dai hgcva cao dang trong cdnude cung dunggiaotrinh nay Vi the, trong suot hon 10 nam qua, no lubn dugc Nha xuatbanGiaodue• Ha Nbi tai ban • va tai bdnIanthu 12 nam 2007 tdi8000ban.

Nhu ta biet, cuon Khailoanngon ngu: hoc do To Ngon nguhoc, Truong Daihgc Tonghgpbien soanvadugcNha xuat ban Giao due an hanh nam 1961,lacuon giao trinh ve li luan ngon ngu dau tien d Viet Nam Cuon giao trinh nayda lamnhiem vu gioi thieu cac khai niem ngon ngu hgc cua nude ngoai coi nhunhung cong cu can thietdenghiencuu tieng Viet.Sau nhieu nam van dungva nghienngam, mai den nhungnam 90 cuathe kiXX, mot loat sach liluan ra doi danh daubuoc trudng thanh veli luan cua cac nha ngonnguhgcViet Nam,nhu: Dg/ cuang ngon ngur hoc cua Do HuuChau va Bui Minh Toan,

Dan luan ngon ngtt hoc cua HoLe. Nhap mon ngon ngtt hoc cua Bui KhanhThe, Nhumg baigiangvengonngtt hoc dai cuvng cua NguyenLai.

Cuon Dan luanngonngurhocdo NguyenThien Giap, DoanThien Thuat vaNguyen Minh Thuyet biensoanso di dugc ban doc rong raiua chuong colelado nhung lesauday:

- Trongkhi gidi thieu nhungkhainiem co banva quan trong nhat cuangonngu hoc, co gang phan anh nhungthanhtuu moi cuangonnguhocthegidi dadugc nhieu nguoi thua nhan;

- Su dungdanlieutrongnhieu ngon ngu thuoc cac loaihinhkhacnhau,dacbiet la cac ngon ngudDong NamAcung loai hinh voi tieng Viet;

-Trinh baydon gian, rd rang, tudon gian den phuc tapmot each cdhethong,tranhtrichdan dai dong.

Trong Ian tai ban nay, chungtoi tap trung sua chua, bo sung phan phan loaicacngon ngutheo nguon goc Nhu tabiet, viec phan dinh cac ngu he la ratphuc tap.Ket quaphan loai cua cac nha khoa hoc luon luon tuy thuoc vaonguon ngu lieu ma ho thu thapdugc Trong qua trinh nghien cuu, cac nhakhoahgc luon luon dieu chinh,capnhatkien thuc, vi the buc tranhcacngu he trenthegidi cung cdnhieu thay doi.

Dokhuon khoso trang da co dinh, chung toikhong the trinh baytoan bobuc tranhcacngu hetren the gidi ma chi gidi thieu cac ngu he gan guivoiVietNam,dolacacngu he nhu: Ng&he Nam A (Austroasiatic), NgurheNamDao

(Austronesia), NgtrheHan - Tang (Sino -Tibetan), Ngu he Thai Kadai (Tai Kadai), NgfrheMeo-Dao (Miao- Yao) va Ng&he Dravidian.

-So voi cac bdn in Ian truoc, cacngu he dugc gidi thieutrong ban in naycungcdnhungsu hieu chinh nhat dinh.

Truochet,ngu he Han - Tang trong cac bdn in truocdugc coi lagom banganh Han - Thai, Tang - Mien vaMeo -Dao Trong bdnin Ian nay, cacngonngu Meo - Daova cacngon nguThai -Kadai dugctachthanh nhung ngu herieng, nguhe Han Tangchi gom hai nganhla Hdn vaTang - Mien nua md thoi.

Ngu he Nam Dao trongcac banin truoc dugc gpi la HoMa Lai - DaDao,

trong ban inIan nay caitenMaLai-Da Dao dugcdung de chimot nganhtrongho NamDao.

Ngu he Nam A trongcac ban intruoc dugc ggi la Hg Mon - Khmer, trongban in Ian naycai tenMon - Khmer dugcdungdechi mot nganh cua ngu heNamA.

Suthay doitenggi nhu tren lacan thiet,no phan anh tinhhinhnghien cuuhienthoi cua ngonnguhgc the gioi.

Ngoai ra, trongbanin Ian nay, chimg tbi dua themngu he Dravidian langu he trongcacban inIan truoc chua dugc de cap den Chung toi dua themngu henay vitrong lichsu, nhung ngudi ndi tieng Dravidiancdquan he voiViet Nam.

Mot diem nuadugcchung toi chu y trong ban inIan nay labuc tranh cacngu he d VietNam dugc mieu tdchi tiet hon : 6 dia ban Viet Nam cd nhungngu he nao ? Cacdan toe cung chung song tren lanh thd VietNamndinhungngon ngu thuocngu he nao ? Day cungchinh la phan anhcap nhat nhungthanh tuu nghien cuu ve cac ngon ngu dan toe o Viet Nam.

Chimg toi hi vgng rangvieclam nay se dong gopvaoviecnangcaochatlugng hgc tap va giangday, phuc vutotcho congcube caieach giao duedaihgc hien nay.

Nharidip nay,chung toixinbay to long camonchanthanh tdiNha xuat banGiao due da tao dieu kiende chimg toi hoan thien ban thaovacho cuon sachra mat ban dgc kipthoi.

Ha Ndi, ngciy 20 thang J nam 2008

Chu bifin

GS TS NGUYEN THIfNGIAP

Chuang mot

BAN CHAT VA CHtTC NANGCUA NGON NGU

A - BAN CHAT CUA NGONNG#

I - NGON NGCT LA MOT HIEN TUONG XA HQI

Trong mOt thcri gian dai, nhidu nha khoa hoc da c6 gang chumg minhngOn ngu la mOt hi£n tirong tu nhien.

1 Do anh hucmg cua thuydt tidn hod cua Dacuyn, mOt sd ngtrcri chongOn ngu cung gidng nhu mOt co th£ sd'ng, mOt ddng vAt hoAc mOt thucvAt NgOn ngu hoat ddng va phat trien theo quy luAt cua tu nhidn, nghiala tAt ca cAc ngOn ngu of moi ncfi va moi luc ddu phai trai qua cAc giaidoan : nay sinh, tnrcmg thanh, hung thinh, suy tAn va diOt vong De biOnminh cho quan diem nay, ngucri ta da dAn ra cAc hidn tuqng nhidu tur cu,nghia cu da mAt di, nhieu tur moi, nghia moi da duqc tao ra trong cacngdn ngu, thAm chf mOt sd ngOn ngu da trof thanh nhung tu ngu nhutieng Latin, tidng Phan, v.v Thue ra, quy luAt phat tri^n cua ngdn ngukhong gidng quy luAt phat trien cua tu nhiOn NgOn ngu ludn luOn kdthtra cai cu va phdt trien edi mdi, khOng bao giof bi huy diet hoan toan.Co th£ noi ddi v6i ngOn ngu chi cd su 1cm manh ma thOi M6t sd ngOnngu tro thanh cAc tur ng& hoac la do dAn tdc noi ngOn ngu:Ay bi huy dietnhu truemg hop tieng TiOn Li d Trung Qudc, hoac la do ngOn ngu Ay daduoc thay the bang nhung ngon ngir khAc nhu trudmg hop tidng Latin vdtieng Phan Mac du khOng duqc dung nhu mOt sinh ngu nua, nhungtidng Latin va tidng Phan vAn d£ lai nhidu dAu tfch trong nhidu ngOnngu’ hidn dai.

2 MOt sd ngudi kh£c lai ddng nhA't ngdn ngO vdi ban nang sinh vAtcua con ngudi, nghia la ho cho hoat ddng ndi nang cung co tfnh chA'tban nang nhu cAc hoat ddng An, khdc, cudi, chay, nhay, v.v cua conngudi Ho thA'y hAu nhir dura be nAo cung bidt khdc, biet cudi, biet an, rdi bidt ndi nhir nhau vA tre con d tA't ca cAc nude trdn thd gidi deu batdAu ndi nhung Am gidng nhau nhu pa pa,ma ma,baba, v.v Thue ra,nhung ban nang sinh vAt nhu an, khdc, cudi, co th£ phat trien ngoAixa hdi, trong trang thai cd ddc, edn ngdn ngff khdng the cd duoc trongnhung dieu kien nhu the' Ndu tach mdt dura be ra khdi xa hdi loai ngudithi nd vAn biet an, bidt chay, biet leo treo, nhung nd se khdng bietndi Nha van J.Vecnd (Jules Verne 1828 — 1903) trong Hon dao bi mat

da k£ cAu chuydn vd chang Ayrotdn bi bo lai d hoang dao d£ trimg phatvi pham tdi Do thoat li khdi xa hdi, Ayrotdn khdng sdng nhu ngudinua, chang mA't het kha nang tu duy va khdng ndi duoc Nhung khi dunetim thAy, duoc trd vd vdi xa hdi loai ngudi thi kha nang tu duy va khanang ndi dAn dAn hdi phuc CAu chuydn hai em be gai An Dd duoc RidaXing ph At hidn trong mdt hang soi cd soi con vAo nam 1920 cung chimgminh didu dd Vi bi roi vao ddi sd'ng thu vAt, hai em da tiep thu nhungkT nang ddi sd'ng sue vAt va mAt di tAt ca nhung gi thudc ve con ngudi,.dac biet khdng biAt ndi mA chi keu ro'ng len mA thdi.

Cai gpi la ngdn ngu tre con cung khdng chimg to ngdn ngu la hientuqmg sinh vAt bdi vi thuc ra, nhung Am tre em tAp ndi chua phai 1A ngdnngu mA chi 1A nhung Am vd nghia Nhung Am nAy chi trd thAnh su kidnngdn ngu khi duoc lien he vdi y nghia nAo dd, nhung khi Ay cai goi 1Asu thd'ng nhA't cua ngdn ngd tre con the gidi khdng con nua Nghia cua cAc tir gid'ng nhau vd ngu Am trong mdi ngdn ngu: mdt khac : ma ma

trong tiAng Nga cd nghia 1A “me”, nhung trong tie'ng Grudi lai cd nghia1A “bCj” ; baba trong tie'ng Nga IA dai tir“bA”, edn tie'ng Th6 Nhi Ki lai1A “cd gai” v.v Sodi tre con tAp ndi, thudng phat nhung Am giong nhauvi dd 1A nhung Am de phat Am.

3 Mdt bidu hien nura trong vide giai thfch ban cha't tu nhidn cuangdn ngiJ la ddng nhtft ngdn ngu vdi nhung dac trung vd chung tdc.Nhung dac tnmg chung tdc nhu m&u da, ti Id than thd, hinh thurc xuongso, v.v co tinh chat di truy£n Neu bd me la ngudi da den thi con caicung cd da den, neu bd me la ngudi da vang thi con cai cung da v&ng.Nhung ngdn ngu thi khdng co tmh di truydn nhir thd' Ndu dura tre sosinh ngudi Vidt song vdi ngudfi Nga, cdn dura tre ngudi Nga sdng vdingudfi Viet Nam thi dura tre Viet Nam se noi tieng Nga, v& nguqc lai,dura tre ngudfi Nga se noi tidhg Viet Trong thuc td, ranh gioi chung tdcva ranh gioi ngdn ngu cung khdng trung nhau Cd khi mot chung toenoi nhieu thur tieng khac nhau nhu truomg hop ngudfi Hi Lap, ngudfiAnbani, ngudfi Xecbi, v.v ; cd khi nhieu chung toe khac nhau lai noichung mot thur tieng nhu truofng hop of nude MI hien nay.

4 Nhirng ngudfi bao ve quan diem sinh vat hoc ddi vdi ngdn ngu condong nhat ngdn ngu vdi tieng kdu cua dong vat Qua that, mot so dongvat cung cd the diing am thanh d£ thong bao, chang han, ga me dungtin hieu am thanh de goi con ; ga gd va ciru rimg keu de bao cho ca b£ybie't nguy hiem ; ddng vat cung cd the dung am thanh de bieu thi camxue cua minh (gian, so, hai long, ) Nhieu gia sue con cd th£ hieu conngudfi va mot so cau noi cua con ngudi Chinh vi the chung ta moi cdthe goi cho den, dudi cho di, bao nd nam xuong mdt each dd dang.Tham chi, ddi vdi con vet va con sao ngudi ta cd the day cho chung noimot so cau noi cua con ngudi nua Tuy nhidn, ta't ca nhirng bieu hidntren day o loai ddng vat van chi la nhung hien tuong sinh vat, do changqua chi la nhung phan xa khdng dieu kien hoac cd dieu kidn ma thdi.I.

P.Pdplop da goi nhung phan xa nhu vay la he thdng tin hidu thur nha't.He thdng nay cd ca o ngudi lan dong vat Tieng noi cua con ngudi thudchd thdng tin hieu thir hai, tdc la tin hieu cua nhung tin hidu thur nhat Hdthdng tin hieu thii hai gdn lien vdi tu duy triru tuong, vdi vide tao ra cackhai niem chung va cac tu Uii thd Idn nhdt cua con ngudi ddi vdi loaivat la o kha nang cd nhung khai nidm chung do tir tao thanh Loai vat

va loai ngircri soding chifrig nao chua tien ddn gin trang thai cua chungta thi da va van tiep xuc vdi th# gi'bi xung quanh chi nhb nhung Sin

tiring chiing nhan dirge do timg kich thi'ch le loi dircri dang moi camgiac co thd cd - cam giac vd h'mh thd, cam giac vd am, cam giac vdnhiet, v.v Vd sau, khi con ngubi da xu£t hidn, nhirng tin hieu ban dAuciia thuc t£ma nhb do chung ta thubng xuydn dinh hudmg dirge, da dirgethay thd' bang nhirng tin hidu tit Nhir vay, ngdn ngu cua con ngubikhdng phai la hidn tugng sinh vat nhir tieng kdu loai dong vat Dongnhat hai hidn tugng la khdng the dugc.

Trong khi phd phan quan didm sinh vat hoc ddi vdi ngdn ngu, mdt

s6 nha bac hoc vAn khdng thira nhan ban cha't xa hdi cua ngdn ngu malai cho ngdn ngu la hidn tugng ca nhan Vien si Sakhomatdp khang dinhcd ngdn ngu cua mdi ca nhan, con ngdn ngS ciia mdt lang, cua mdtthanh phd', cua mdt khu, cua mdt dan tdc, theo dng, chi la sir bay datcua khoa hoc, la kdt luan trung tmh tir mdt s6 ngdn ngu ca nhan nha'tdinh Su thuc, mdi ca nhan co thd van dung ngdn ngu mdt each khacnhau, nhirng neu khdng co ngdn ngu chung thdng nhAt thi lam sao conngubi cd thd giao tidp vdri nhau dugc Nha tri<t hoc Hi Lap Epirit tir theki IT da viet: Mdt ngubi cu phai chan thanh theo mdt ddng tien nao dodang dugc luu hanh trong mdt thanh phd theo thoi quen dia phuongmac du ngubi do co thd tidn hanh nhirng cai each tidn td co trong thanhphd d6 ma chang gap trb ngai gi Mdt ngubi khac, khdng thira nhanddng tien ay ma lai di due ra mot dong tidn mdi khac cho chinh banthan minh va cd tham vong la nd se dugc thira nhan, ngubi do se lamvide a'y mdt each phi edng vd ich Tuemg tu nhu vay, trong dbi song, aikhdng mudn theo nhung Ibi ndi da dugc chap nhan nhu ddng tidn noma lai mudn tao cho minh mdt Ibi ndi ridng (cho thd' la hem) thi ngubido da gAn gAn didn rdi.

Ngdn ngu khdng thudc cac hidn tugng tu nhidn, cung khdng phai lahidn tugng ca nhan, vay thi nd phai la hidn tugng xa hdi Trong cud'n

He tu tudngDue , MAc vA Angghen da vidt: Ngdn ngit la y thi(c thuc

tai, thi/c tiAn, ngdn ngit cling tdn taicho cdnhung ngudikhdc nUa,nhuvay Id cungton tai Ian ddu tien cho ban than tdi nua; vd, cung nhuythitc, ngon ngiichi sinh ra Id donhucdu,do can thiet phai giaodich

vdi ngudi khdc^\

Trong cdu n&y ban chat xa hdi cua ngdn ngu dirge nhde tdi ba Idn :1 Ngdn ngu thd hidn y thuc xa hdi, 2 Ngdn ngu tdn tai cho ngudi khacva chi vi th£ ma n6 moi tdn tai cho ban than tdi, 3 Ngdn ngir phdt sinhdo nhu cdu giao tiep cua con ngudi.

Nhu vdy, theo quan didm cua chu nghTa Mac, ban cha't xa hdi cuangdn ngir the hidn d chd : 1 Nd phuc vu xa hdi vdi tu each la phuofngtifcn giao tiep ; 2 Nd the hien y thiic xa hdi ; 3 Su tdn tai va phdt tridncua ngdn ngir gdn lien vdi su tdn tai vd phdt trien cua xa hdi.

Khing dinh ngdn ngu la mdt hidn tugng xa hdi cung cd nghTa la thiranhdn ngon ngu tdn tai va phat trien theo quy ludt khach quan cua minh,khdng phu thudc vao y chi, nguydn vong cua mdi cd nhan Trong qudtrinh phat trien, ngdn ngu ludn ludn tidp thu cdc ydu td mdi (tir mdi,nghTa mdi) de phong phu va hodn thidn thdm Nhung nhung yeu td nhuvay ft khi la cua mdt ca nhan Khi mdt nhu cdu nao do cua xa hdi naysinh, ngon ngu thudng mach bao cho con ngudi mdt phuemg tidn ngdnngu nao do co the dugc diing mdt each mdi me trong lai ndi Vi vay,nhung edi mdi thudng ddng thdi xud't hidn o nhidu noi trong Idi ndi Thidu, each dung tir benh vdi nghTa “trang thai tu tuomg khdng lanhmanh”, tir did diem vdi nghTa “xong tron ven, khdng day dua”, hidnnay dirge dung phd bien, kho co thd ndi ai la ngudi ddu tien tim ra edehsu dung nhu th£ Su khdng dinh trdn day khdng mau thudn vdi nhungnhdn dinh, nhung danh gid cao vai trd cua cac nha van Idn, cdc nhd hoatdong chfnh tri Idn, nhu Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Du, H6 Chi Minh,Puskin, doi vdi su phdt tri&i cua ngdn ngu: Cdi edng hi£n to Idn cuacdc nha van Idn, nhung nha hoat ddng xa hdi cd uy tin, Id a chd holam sang to, lam bdc Id nhung kha nang tidm tang trong ngdn ngii.

(1) Mac, Angghen,Leninban ve ngdn ngit, NXB Str that, Hi N6i, 1962, tr 8.

Cung nhirng kha nAng ngdn ngir dirge nhidu ngirdi bi£t ddn vA sir dung,nhb tAi nAng vA uy tin cua mlnh, ho cd tlte nAng chung ten mire hoAnthten, chuAn muc dd moi ngirdi noi theo Nhir vAy, chAng nhirng ho dahten thuc hod nhirng kha nAng ttem tang cua ngdn ngir mA edn thuc dAyngdn ngtt phat tridn theo nhirng kha nAng dd.

II - NGON NG# LA MQT HIEN TUUNG XA HOI DAC BIET

KhAng dinh ngdn ngir la hten tirgng xa hdi, chung ta ddng thdi phaivach rd vi tri cua ngdn ngir giua cAc hten tirgng xa hdi khac.

Trong cac hten tirgng xa hdi, chu nghia Mac phAn biet co so ha tAngvA ki£n true thirgng tAng Co so ha tAng la loan bd quan hd san xuAt cuaxa hdi d mdt giai doan phat tridn nao do ; kten true thirgng tAng Id toanbd nhirng quan diAm chfnh tri, phap quyen, tdn giAo, nghd thuAt, cuaxa hdi vA cac co quan tuong irng vdi chung Khdng ai dong nhAt ngdnngu: vdi co so ha tAng, nhirng y kten coi ngdn ngir thudc kien truethirgng tAng lai kha phd bten Ngdn ngir khdng thudc kten true thirgngtAng bed vi :

1 Mdi kten true thirgng tAng dAu la san phAm cua mot co so ha tAng,trong khi dd ngdn ngir khdng phai do co so ha tAng nao de ra mA laphirong tten giao ttep cua tap the xa hdi, dirge hinh thanh va bao ve quacAc then dai Khi co so ha tAng cu bi thu tieu thi kten true thirgng tAngcua n6 cung sup dd theo va thay the vAo do la mdt kten true thirgng tAngmod tirong ting vdi co sd ha tAng mdi Ngdn ngir bien d6i lien tuc,khdng dem xia den tmh trang cua co so ha tAng, nhirng no khdng tao ramdt ngdn ngir mdi mA chi hoAn thten cAi da cd mA thdi Do khdng nAmvirng lich sir phAt triAn cua ngdn ngir, Marr da ddng nha't su phAt tridncua ngdn ngii vdi sir phAt tridn cua cAc hinh thAi kinh td Ching han,dng cho tirong ting vdi cite dd edng san nguydn thuy 1A ngdn ngir cd tmhtdng hgp vdi nhidu nghTa cua tir; tirong ting vdi xa hdi cd phAn ednglao ddng, tire 1A phAn chia xa hdi thAnh cAc nghd, ngdn ngir cd su phAnchia cAc tir loai, cAc loai ntenh dd, cAc thAnh phAn cAu, v.v ; tirong dng

vdi xa hOi co giai ca'p, ngOn ngu: cd su bidh hod vd mat hinh thai hoc, Cach giai thich nhuvdy la hodn toan khOng cd co sd, bdi vi suf xua't hiOncua cac hinh thuc ngu phap hodc sir khac nhau v6 hinh thai ngOn ngukhOng phai do nguyOn nhdn vO co cd'u kinh t& cua xa hOi .

2 Kien true thuong tdng luOn luOn phuc vu cho giai cd'p nao do, conngOn ngu khOng cd tfnh giai cap Ludn did’m chi'nh cua cai goi la hoc

thiryet mcrive ngon ngit cua Marr la tfnh giai cap cua ngOn ngir Ongcho ding, khOng cd ngOn ngu nao khOng cd tmh giai cap Suthuc khOngphai nhir vdy NgOn ngir ra ddi cung vdi xa hOi lodi ngucri Nhung xa hOiloai ngudi khOng phai ngay t€r ddu da phan chia thanh cac giai cap Chon£n khOng the noi tdi ngOn ngtf giai cap trong theti ki do Chung ta cdthO do dang chap nhdn ngOn ngu thcri ki cOng san nguyOn thuy la ngOnngir chung thd'ng nha't cho toan xa hOi Nhung khi xa hOi da phanchia thanh cac giai cap thi ngOn ngii cd bid'n thanh ngOn ngu giai ca'p

Nhung ngudd ung ho tmh giai cap cua ngOn ngu cho rang, xa hOi cdgiai cap ddi khang thi ddu tranh giai cdp se dan den su tan ra cua xahOi, se lam cho cac mdi lien hO giffa cac giai ca'p bi ma't Ndu khOng cdxa hOi thdng nha't ma chi edn cac giai ca'p thi cung khOng cd ngOn ngQthdng nh^t nua Su thuc nguoc lai Mu tranh giai cap khOng dan denphan liet xa hOi, cac giai cdp ddi dich van phai liOn hO vd kinh td vdinhau, giai ca'p tu san vdn phai dua vao giai ca'p vO san d£ ma sdng, giaicap vO san cung phai ban minh cho giai cap tu san d£ kidm mieng an.Nhu vay, neu khOng cd ngOn ngu chung cho cac giai ca'p thi xa hOi sengitng san xua't, se tan ra v& khOng tdn tai vdi tu each la mOt xa hOi nua.Nhung ngudi ung hO tmh giai ca’p cua ngOn ngG con viOn ra su tdntai cua hai ndn van hod trong chd dO tu ban : van hod tu san va van hodvO san Theo ho, vi ngOn ngS va van hoa cd quan hO mat thidt vdi nhaucho nOn da cd hai nen van hod thi ta't phai cd hai ngOn ng£i: ngOn ngfftu san va ngOn ngu vO san Sai 1dm cua ho la d chO Idn lOn van hod vd

ngOn ngu* Van hoa la he tu tudng, thuOc ki£n true thircmg tMng, n6 bi£nd6i ndi dung tuy theo mdi giai doan phat tri^n mod cua xa hdi, con ngOnngu la phuong tien giao tiep luOn ludn cd tmh toan dan, phuc vu ca vanhoa tu san lAn van hoa vd san.

Co le hoc thuyet ve tmh giai cap cua ngdn ngu chi co co so ft nhi6ud su tdn tai cua cac tieng long, biet ngu giai cap Trong khi van dungngdn ngu chung, cac giai cap deu loi dung no de phuc vu cho nhu c&urieng cua minh, vi vay da dua vao ngdn ngu chung nhung tir ngu riengcua ho Giai ca'p quy tdc pttong ki£h, giai ca'p tu san thong tri co nhungeach noi, nhung tur ngu dung rieng trong gidi minh goi la cao sang, doilap vdi ngdn ngu cua qu&i chung nhan dan Tuy theo muc dfch mdit^ng Idp khac cung co nhung tir ngu rieng cua minh Nhung nhung bietngii £y chua phai la rigdn ngubod vi chung khong co he thong nguphapva tir vung co ban rieng ; chung chi luu hanh trong nhung pham vi hepchur khong the dung lam phuong tien giao tiep chung cua xa hdi Changqua, do chi la mdt md nhung tir rieng biet, phan anh nhung y thirc dacbiet cua mdi giai ca'p ma thoi Vi the', tieng long va biet ngu la nhungnhanh phu cua ngdn ngii dan toe, thie'u han tmh doc lap cua mot ngdnngii va chi song mdt each va't vudng -

3 Kien true thuong t^ng.khdng true tie'p lien he vdi san xua't, nd chilien he vdi san xua't mdt each gian tiep qua co sd ha t^ng Cho nen, kie'ntrue thuomg t£ng khdng phan anh tire thi va true tiep nhung thay doitrinh dd phat tri^n cua cac luc lugng san xua't, ma chi phan anh sau khico so ha tfing da cd nhung thay doi, khi nhung thay doi trong san xua'tda gay ra nhung thay ddi trong co sd ha tdng Dieu do chung to phamvi tac dong cua kie'n true thuofng tdng la nho hep va cd han Trong khido, ngdn ngu lien he true tie'p vdi hoat dong san xua't cua con ngudd, vakhdng nhung vdi hoat ddng san xua't, ma con ca vdi moi hoat dong khaccua con ngudi, trdn tat ca moi llnh vuc cong tac, tit san xua't den hatdng, tir ha t^ng deh thuomg tdng Cho nen, ngdn ngu phan anh tire thi

vi true tiSp nhung thay ddi trong san xuit, chii khdng dpi nhflng thayddi phai xay ra trong ha ting trudc da Pham vi tic ddng cua ngdn ngu:rdng hem thupng ting rit nhiiu vi hiu nhu khdng co giori han nio ci.

Khi thuySt tfnh giai cip cua ngdn ngS vi vise xdp ngdn ngS vio kiSntrue thupng ting bi phan dii, Marr ben chuy^n huong, list ngdn ngu:vio hang nhung lire lupng san xuit cua xa hdi, ddng nhit ngdn ngu: vdicong cu san xuit Qua nhiSn, ngdn ngO va edng cu san xuit diu khdngthudc kien true thuomg ting, dSu khdng co tfnh giai cip, co thd phuc vucho tit ca cac giai cip Nhung, giua ngdn ngu vi edng cu san xuit cdmdt diem khac nhau cor ban Do li : edng cu san xuit thi tao ra cua caivit chit, con ngdn ngu khdng tao ra cai gi ca, hay chi tao ra nhung lotinoi mi thoi.

Nhu viy, ngdn ngu khdng thudc ha ting, khdng thudc thuomg ting,cung khdng phai li edng cu san xuit Ngdn ngu li mdt hien tuomg xahoi dac biSt Cai yeu to chung hien co trong tit ca cdc hiSn tupng xahoi, ke ca ha ting Un thuomg ting, li phuc vu xa hdi, Nhung, yS'u tdchung hien co trong moi hien tuomg xa hdi chi co biy nhiSu thdi Diethu riSng biSt cua ha ting li nd phuc vu xa hdi vS mat kinh te Dae thiriSng biet cua thuomg ting li nd phuc vu xa hdi bing nhung y niem vSchfnh tri, phap If, mi thuit vi nhiiu mat khac nua, vi tao cho xa hdinhung thiet chituomg duemg vi chfnh tri, phap If vi cac mat khac nua.Viy dac thu riSng biet cua ngdn ngu, dac thi giup ta phin biet ngdnngu vdi cac hien tupng xa hdi khac li gi ? Li ngdn ngu phuc vu xa hdi,lim phuemg tien giao tiip giua moi nguoti, lim phuomg tiSn trao dii ykien trong xa hdi, lim phuomg tiSn giup cho ngucri ta hiiu biit lin nhauvi cung nhau to chtfc edng tac chung trSn moi Imh vuc hoat ddng cuacon ngucri, ca trSn linh vuc san xuit lin quan hS san xuit, ca trSn linhvuc chfnh tri lin vin hoi, ca trSn linh vuc sinh hoat xa hdi lin sinh hoatthuomg ngiy Nhung dac thu iy chi riSng ngdn ngu: mdi cd, vi chfnh vichi ngdn ngu mod cd nSn ngdn ngu' mdi thinh dd'i tupng nghiSn cun cuamdt khoa hoc riSng biSt li : ngdn ngu hoc.

B-CHtfC NANG CUA NGON NGU"

I - NGON NGLTLA PHUONG TIEN GIAO TIEP TRONG YEU NHATCUACONNGUOl '

Khdng ai cd th4 phu nhan ngdn ngS la phucmg tidn giao tidp cua conngudfi Ngay ca nhung bd lac lac hau nhdt ma ngudi ta moti phat hien racung dung ngdn ngu dd noi chuydn v6i nhau Ngoai ngdn ngu, conngudi con c6 nhung phucmg tidn giao tiep khac nhu cu chi, cac loai da'uhidu, kf hidu khdc nhau (ki hidu totin hoc, den tin hidu giao thdng, tinhidu hang hai ), nhung k£t hop am thanh cua am nhac, nhung ket hopm^u sac cua hdi hoa, v.v nhung ngdn ngu la phucmg tian giao tieptrong ydii nhat cua con ngudi So voti ngdn ngu thanh tieng, ngdn ngucir chi that ngheo nan va han che Do chang qua chi la mdt sd rdt itnhung ddng tac gian dom nhu lac d£u, gat d£u, nhun vai, nheo mat,khom lung, vly tay, chi tay, v.v Co nhung cu chi mot so ngucti hieuvdi nhau, nhidu khi “y nghTa” cua cac cir chi cung khdng ro rang danden chd ngucti tao cfr chi nghi mot dang, ngucti tiep thu hieu mdt neo.

Nhung ki hidu va da'u hieu khac nhau nhu den tin hieu giao thdng,ki hidu toan hoc, tin hidu hang hai, v.v thi chi dugc ap dung trongnhung pham vi han chd, chti khdng phai la phucmg tidn giao tiep toanxa hdi Ban than nhung da'u hidu, ki hidu nhu the mud'n hieu dugc vanphai dung ngdn ngu thanh tieng de giai thich Chinh vi vay, cu chi vanhung da'u hidu, ki hidu khac nhau chi la nhung phucmg tidn giao tiepphu, b6 sung cho ngdn ngu thanh tid'ng.

Am nhac, hdi hoa, didu khac co nhung kha nang rat vi dai, nhung novan bi han chd va co tinh cha't phien didn so voti ngdn ngii Am nhac,hdi hoa va didu khac khdng thd truydn dat khai nidm va tutucmg ma chikhoti gqi chung trdn co so nhung hinh anh, cam xuc da gay ra dugc dngudi nghe va ngucti xem Nhung tu tudmg ma cac tac pham am nhac,

hOi hoa, gay ra o ngudi nghe va ngudi xem cd tinh chat mo hd, khOngro ret va rat khac nhau b nhung ngudi khac nhau Ca am nhac lan nghdthuat tao hmh deu khOng thd truyen dat dirge nhung tu tuong va tinhcam chinh xac, ro rang va ho&n toan xac dinh Vi vay, khOng thd dungchung lam phuong tien giao ti£'p thay cho ngOn ngu.

Chmh nhd ngon ngir ma con ngudi cd thd hieu nhau trong qua trinhsinh hoat va lao dong, ma ngudi ta co the didn dat va Um cho ngudikhac hidu dirge tu tirong, tinh cam, trang thai va nguyen vong cua minh.Cd hidu biet lan nhau, con ngudi mdi co the ddng tarn hiep lire chinhphuc thidn nhien, chinh phuc xa hOi, Um cho xa hOi ngay cang tien Un.Tnrdc het, ngon ngir U mOt cong cu da'u tranh, san xua't Tuy ngonngir khOng san xua't ra cua cai vat cha't, nhung nd cd thd thd hien hoatdong san xua't, cd the giup ngudi ta gUnh la'y tri thurc edn thie't de da'utranh san xua't, cd the giup ngudi ta ciing hiep tdc san xua't, do do thucday san xudt ngay cang phat trien.

Ngon ngir khong cd tinh giai ca'p, nhung lai la cOng cu da'u tranh giaicap Cac giai cap khac nhau ciing sir dung ngon ngir de da'u tranh vdinhau Dang va Nha nude ta luon luon chu truong diing ngOn ngir dantoe lam vu khi tuyen truydn, giao due tu tuong each mang, tap hgp qudnchung vao mat tran chung thong nha't de da'u tranh vdi ke thu Ngdn ngirdan tdc da dugc sir dung rong rai de tuyen truyen, phd bien duong loi,chmh sach cua Dang va Chinh phu, de dOng vien qudn chung tich cuetham gia da'u tranh each mang CuOc khang chiO'n chd'ng MT cun nudekhOng chi tidn hanh tren mat tr|n quan su ma ca tren mat tran chinh triva ngoai giao Tren mat tran chinh tri va ngoai giao thi vu khi da'u tranhkhong phai la sung dan ma la ngdn ngir D£u tranh each mang bieu hiOno ca tren ITnh vuc van hod, trong nhung cudc but chidn v£ quan di£mkhoa hoc, nghd thuat, van hoc Vay nOn, ngudi edm but phai la mOtchien si edeh mang, sir dung ngOn ngu nhu mdt vu khi d£ tid’n hanh ddutranh edeh mang trdn mat tran van hoa vd tu tudmg.

Cdch mang khoa hoc kT thuat va cdng cudc cai each giao due er nudeta hidn nay ddi hoi phai giai quydt nhung nhidm vu giao tidp va nangcao ch£t luqng cua hoat ddng giao tidp vd mat ndi dung va hmh thurc.Cd nhu vay chung ta mdi dua dupe nhung kien thurc khoa hoc dang tangl^n khdng ngdng v&o cac ITnh vuc cua ddi song, dd trer thanh luc luqngsan xua't chu ydu Co nhu vay chung ta meh trang bi duqc cho sinh vifcnnhung kidn thurc moi nhdt, dd ho co thd van dung sang tao nhung kidnthirc thu nhan duqc, tu xay dung cho minh nhung phuong phap lam viseddc lap.

II - NGON NGQLA PHUONG TIEN CUA TU* DUY.

Chuc nang giao tidp cua ngdn ngu g£n lien vdi churc nang thd hidntu duy cua no, boi vl viec giao tidp bang ngdn ngu chi co the giup ngudita trao ddi tutudng, tinh cam vdi nhau, do do hidu bidt lan nhau va cungnhau td churc cdng tac chung tren moi linh vuc hoat dong neu ban thanngon ngu tang tru nhung kinh nghiem, nhung tu tudng va tinh cam cuacon ngudri Neu ngon ngu chi la nhung td hop am thanh dem thudn thind khdng the trd thanh phuomg tidn giao tiep duqc Tuy nhien, khdngthe ddng nha't churc nang giao tiep vdi churc nang thd hi£n tu duy cuangdn ngu, hoac la cho churc nang the hien tu duy chi la mdt churc nangphu thudc vao churc nang giao tiep Churc nang giao tiep chi the hien khico hanh dong giao tiep, turc la khi ngudi ta diing ngon ngu de trao ddivdi nhau Trong thuc te, ngudi ta cd thd ndi mdt minh, doc mot minhhoac vidt ra gia'y ma khdng nham trao ddi vdi ai ; ngudi ta cd the suynghl thdm lang ma khdng phdt ra lei Cd chu y tdi nhung trudng hopnhu vay, chung ta moi tha'y churc nang thd hien tu duy la mdt churc nangco ban cua ngdn ngd, ddc lap vdi churc nang giao tiep.

Vay, churc nang thd hidn tu duy cua ngdn ngu la nhu thd nao ? Trongtac phdm He tu tuang Dftc, Mdc va Angghen da viet: Ngay tit dan, dacd mdt riti ro d^ nang ten"tinh thdn do la su ridro bi mot vat chat

Idm “hoen 6*\ vd vdt chat ddthehidn a day ditai hinh thitcnhitng lopkhdng khichuyen ddng, nhitngthanhdm, tdm lai Id ditcri hinhthitc ngdnngit Ngdn ngU cungc6xitanhity thitc vdy, — ngdnngit Idy thitc thuctai, thitctien^x\ CAn nhd rAng, chu nghTa MAc quan nidm y thiic theonghTa rdng cua danh tit, tile 1A six phan Anh tdn tai noi chung Y thurcbao gdm ca tinh cam lAn y chi cua con ngubi, nhimg bd phAn hop thAnhchu ydu cua y thiic la tu duy Nhir vAy, ngdn ngii vA tu duy cung ra doimdt luc, ngay tCir dAu chiing da quAh quydn vori nhau, khdng tach rdinhau, ngdn ngii la hidn thuc true tidp cua tu duy Ban thAn thuAt ngii titduy duqc hidu theo hai nghTa : 1) Kha nang phan Anh thuc td ducri dangkhai nidm, ph An doAn vA kdt luAn Vori nghTa nay, tu duy ddng nhA't voritu tuong, tiic la kdt qua cua quA trinh suy nghT, quA trinh tu duy ; 2) BanthAn quA trinh phan Anh cudc sdng duori dang tu tuong, hay noi mdtcAch don gian la ban thAn quA trinh suy nghl, quA trinh hinh thanhtutuong.

Chile nang thd hidn tu duy cua ngdn ngii bieu hidn o ca hai khiacanh:

1 Ngdn ngii la hidn thuc true tidp cua tu tuong Khdng co tit nAo,cAu nAo mA lai khdng bidu hidn khAi nidm hay tu tuong Nguqc lai,khdng co y nghT, tu tuong nAo khdng tdn tai duori dang ngdn ngii Ngdnngu 1A bieu hidn thuc t€ cua tu tuong.

2 Ngdn ngu true tiep tham gia vAo quA trinh hinh thAnh tu tuong.Moi y nghT, tu tuong chi -tro ndn ro rAng khi duqc bidu hidn bAng ngdnngu Nhung J nghT chua bieu hidn ra duqc bAng ngdn ngu chi 1A nhungnghT khdng ro rAng, phan Anh cAi hidu lo mochiikhdng phai hidu bidtthuc su QuA trinh di tim cAi til cAn thidt dd n6i cung 1A quA trinh lAmcho y nghT, khAi nidm tro ndn ro rAng, c6 thd hidu duqc vori ngudti nghe

(l)Sdd, tr.8.

cung nhu vdi chmh ban than minh Mdc va Angghen da vi£t : Susansinh ra ytuang,bieutwangva y thvtctrade het la gan lien true tiep vamdt thiet vai hoat ddngvat chat va vai giaodich vat chdt cua con ngucri

—d6 langdn ngu: cua cubesong thuc te^\

C^n nhd rang, ngdn ngu cua con ngucri khdng phai chi tdn tai dudidang thanh ti£ng ma cd th£ tdn tai dirori dang bidu tugng am thanh otrong 6c, dang chit vidt 6 trdn gia'y Khi nghe mdt tit thi mdt bidu tugngam thanh xua't hidn, khi noi mdt tit thi mdt bidu tugng chuydn ddng phatam xua't hidn, khi nhin mdt tit dugc in hoac viet ra thi bidu tugng thigiac cua tit xu£t hien Cho ndn, chiic nang cua ngdn ngu vdi tu duykhdng chi thd hidn khi ngdn ngii dugc phat thanh Icri ma ca khi ngucrita im lang suy nghi hoac viet ra gia'y Bang nhung thi nghidm cu thd,nha ngdn ngu.hoc xd viet Bdrdpxki da chung minh su t6n tai cua “ledndi bdn trong’* khi ngued ta im lang suy nghi Ong da l£y dien cue hinhkim bang thep gan vao co mdi dudi hoac ddu luoi cua ngucri dugc thinghidm rdi bao ngucri nay tfnh nhdm trong 6c nhung phep tfnh nhu tfnhnhan va tien hanh suy nghi thdm lang Kdt qua ia ngucri dugc thinghidm tuy suy nghi th^m lang, khdng noi ra tieng, cung khdng tha'ykhi quan ngdn ngu hoat ddng rd ret, nhung trudc sau van co thay doididn vi hoac nhidu hoac ft Nhung bien ddi dien vi nay vita khdp vdinhung bidn ddi dien vi khi phat ra am thanh ngdn ngu Didu do chungto co su hoat ddng cua “leri noi bdn trong” Ldi n6i bdn trong chmh laleri noi cam, khdng dugc phat thanh am, tac ddng ngay vao chu thd Lerindi bdn trong xay ra khi ngucri ta suy nghi thdm lang Leri noi bdn trongcon thd hidn ca trong trudfng hgp mdt ngucri nam vung nhidu thur tiengbao gicr cung bi£t minh dang suy nghi bang thit ti£ng nao Nhu vay,ngdn ngii va tu duy thtfng nha't vdi nhau Khdng cd ngdn ngu thi cungkhdng c6 tu duy va ngugc lai khdng c6 tu duy thi ngdn ngucung chi la

(l)SJd, tr.8.

nhirng am thanh trd'ng rdng, thuc chat ia cung khdng co ngdn ngu.Nguori ta noi rang y tuang nay sinh trong tri nao, trudc khi dirge bidudien thanh led noi, rang tu tudng phat sinh khdng edn ngu lieu, khdngedn cai vd ngdn ngir boc ngoai Noi nhir the' that la sai Bat cur nhirng ytudng nao xua't hien trong ddu de ngucri ta va xua't hien v£o luc naochang nua, thi nhirng y tudng a'y cung chi xua't hien va tdn tai dugc lanhd vao ngir lieu, la nhd vao tir ngd va cau Tu duy dem thu<in tach khdingir lieu, tach khdi “chat tu nhien” cua ngdn ngu la khdng thd co dugc.Nhirng muu toan tach rdi ngdn ngu va tu duy the hien d Marr,Duyrinh va nhirng ngucri khac deu khdng cd co so tdn tai Hay nghe mdtcau noi “ddng dai, ngay ngd” (chu diing cua Angghen) cua Duyrinh dadugc Angghen nhac lai : Ke nao machidiing ngdn ngu moi suynghi

dugc, thi ke ay chua bao gid cam thdydugc the nao la tuduy tritutugng,tuduy thuc sidx\ V&y, th£ nao la tu duy trim tugng, tu duy trimtugng khac vdi nhan thirc cam tmh d dau va neu tu duy trim tugngkhdng phan biet vdi nhan thirc cam tinh d chd nd gan bd vdi ngdn nguthi, nhu Angghen da cham bidm, dong vat deula nhiengnha tutudmgtruutugng nhat, thuc sunhat,vi tu duycua chiing chang bao gief bi rdi

Ion len visucanthiep sd sang cua ngdn ngu cd. Marr tdeh rdi ngdn ngukhdi tu duy vi chua nhan th£y su tdn tai cua Idi noi ben trong Ong viet:

Ngdnngu chi tdn tai la khi nao ngdn ngu dugc bieu dien thanh dmthanh, contac dong cuatuduy thi cd the xay rama khdng tubieulqP\

Khuynh hudng ngugc lai, ddng nhat ngdn ngu va tu duy, coi ngdnngir va tu duy chi la mdt, cung khdng dung ndt Chu nghTa Mac quanniem ngdn ngu va tu duy thdng nha't vdi nhau nhirng khdng the ddngnh^t Su khac nhau giua ngdn ngu va tu duy thd hien d chd :

(1) Sdd, tr 9.(2) Sdd,tr 140.

1 Ngdn ngu ia vat cha't con tu duy la tinh th£n Ngdn ngu la vat cha'tbcfi vi ta't ca cac don vi cua nd nhir tir, hinh vi, cau, deu la am thanh,co nhung thudc tinh vat chat nh£t dinh (dd cao, dd dai, ) Tu duy naysinh va phu thudc vao mot vat chat duoc to chiic dac bidt la nao, nhungban than nd lai co tinh cha't tinh th£n Tu duy khdng cd nhung dac tinhcua vat chat nhu khd'i luong, trong luong, mui, vi,

2 Tu duy cd tinh nhan loai con ngdn ngu cd tinh dan tdc Moi nguoideu suy nghT nhu nhau cho ndn quy luat tu duy la quy luat chung chotoan nhan loai Nhung cac y nghi, cac tu tuong lai duoc bieu hien bangnhung each khac nhau, trong cac ngdn ngu khac nhau Ngdn ngu naocung phai bieu hien tu duy, nhung mdi ngdn ngu bieu hidn theo eachrieng cua minh, cho ndn ngdn ngu cd tinh dan tdc.

3 Nhung don vi cua tu duy khdng ddng nha't vdi cac don vi cua ngdnngu Ldgic hoc nghidn cuu cac quy luat cua tu duy, phan biet khainiem, phan doan va suy If Nhung don vi nay khdng trung vdi cac donvi ngdn ngu nhu tir, hinh vi, cau, Nhidu ngucri da c6 lap mot the songsong giua khai nidm vdi tir, phan doan vdi cau, nhung su thuc khdnghan nhu vay Mot khai niem co the bieu hien bang cac tir khac nhau,trong cac ngdn ngu khac nhau cung nhu trong ciing mot ngdn ngu.Nguoc lai, mot vo ngQ am cd th£ tuong ling nhidu khai niem khac nhaunhu trong truong hop tir da nghTa va tir dong am Ngoai ra, cd nhung tirkhdng bi£u thi khai nidm (than tir, dai tir, danh tir rieng ), nhung caukhdng bieu thi phan doan (cau hoi, cau c£u khien) va caQ thanh phancua phan doan cung khdng triing vdi thanh ph£n cau Tom lai, ngdn nguva tu duy la thd'ng nha't nhung khdng ddng nha't Chirc nang cua ngdnngu dd'i vdi tu duy la ngdn ngu thd hien tu tuong va true tiep tham giavao vide hinh thanh tu tuong.

’ Nhung ket luan trdn day cd thd ap dung dd'i vdi truong hop nhungngudi cam-did'c hay mu-cam-di^c hay khdng ? Nd'u ngdn ngu ia edngcu cua tu duy thi nhung ngucri nay cd tu duy hay khdng va.nd'tb cd thi

dua trdn co sb nho ? Nhung ngubi cam di£c, cd nang khid'u tu duy vacd tir tuong, nhung tu tuong cua nhimg ngubi cam di£c chi dirge hinhthanh vh chi cd th£ tdn tai trdn co sb nhimg hinh anh, nhung cam giac,nhung tuong hinh xay ra trong dcri sdng thubng ngby, vd nhimg vat th£cua ngoai gioi va vd nhimg mdi quan hd gifia nhung vat th£ ay vdi nhau,nhb nhan thtfc cua thi giac, xue giac, vi giac, khun giac Ngoai nhunghinh anh, cam gidc, hinh tuong ay ra, tu duy cua ho trdng rdng,khdng cd ndi dung gi ca, tire lb khdng tdn tai Tinh hinh b nhimg ngubimu-cam-diec cd le cung tuong tunhu vay, nhung cd ph<n han chdhon,bbi vi ho thidu han mdt giac quan la thi giac Vi sdng trong tap thd loaingubi, duoc su giup do thubng xuydn cua tap thd do, cho ndn nhimgngubi cam—diec va mb—cam-didc cd thd tidn bd hon loai ddng vat.Hidn nay, ngubi ta da tao ra nhung ngdn ngO cam giac cho ngubi camdiec va mu-cam-didc, nhung ngubi cam-didc hay mii-cam-diec chicd thd hoc duoc c£ch suy nghl bang thii tifihg dac biat cua minh khiduoc su giup do thubng xuydn cua nhung ngubi xung quanh, duoc suhd tro cua ngdn ngu thanh tidng Ddng thbi, nang luc suy nghl cuangubi cam-didc hoac mh-cam-didc bang thii tidng do cd thd dat dendau la mdt v£n dd ebn phai nghidn cun Ddu sao thi b nhung ngubi ddcung khdng th£ cd tu duy trim tuong nhu b nhimg ngubi binh thubngduoc.

Chuang hai

NGUdN GOC VA SU PHAT TRIENCLIA NGON NGU’

A - NGUON GOC CUA NGONNGU"

I - NQI DUNG VA PHAM VI CUA VAN DE

Noi tori ngudn gd'c cua ngdn ngtf cdn phai phan biet hai v£n de hoantoan khac nhau : vdn dd ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngu noi chung va vdn dengudn gdc cua cac ngdn ngu cu thd Va'n dd ngudn gdc ngdn ngu: noichung mudn noi tori loai ngucri da sang tao ra ngdn ngu trong qua trinhphat trien lich sir cua nd nhu thdnao, loai ngucri bat ddu noi chuydn vdinhau, bat ddu dung cdng cu giao tidp quan trong nhdt, cdng cu de thehien tu duy nhu thd nao Van de ngudn gdc cua cac ngdn ngu cu thd lainoi tori qua trinh sinh ra cua mdt ngdn ngu cu the nao do Ngudn gdccua cac ngdn ngu cu thd la mdt van de thudn tuy ngdn ngu hoc, no c6

thd duorc nghidn cftu bang nhung phuomg phap thudn tuy lich su vangdnngu hoc Nghidn cun ngudn gdc cua mdt ngdn ngu cu thd phai dua vaokdt cdu cu thd cua ngdn ngu a'y, dua vao su phat trien lich su cua cac tailidu ngu: am, tur vung, ngu phap cua ngdn ngu a'y Neu co du tai lieungucri ta cd thd rut ra nhung kdt luan kha chmh xac vd ngudn gdc cuangdn ngu: nao d6.

Van dd ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngu: noi chung gan lien vcri ngudn gdccua xa hdi loai ngudi N6 vira la van dd ngdn ngu hoc, viTa la van ddlich str xa hdi loai ngucri Mudn nghien cuu van dd nay cung cdn co suhidu bidt vd kdt ca'u cua cac ngdn ngu cu thd, song chi chitng a'y thdi thichua du ma cdn phai cd kidn thirc vd lich su van hod, lich su xa hdi,nhan loai hoc, tarn If hoc, lich sir phat tridn cua tu duy, v.v nua Matkhac cung khdng thd chi ra mdt cdch khoa hoc ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngu

ndi chung ma chi co thd dua ra gia thuydt ft nhidu dang tin cAy ma thdi.Ndi dung cua chuorng nay dd cAp den vAn dd ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngunoi chung, con ngudn gdc cua cAc ngdn ngu cu thd co thd xem chuorng 8.II - MQT SO GIA THUYET VE NGUON GOC CUA NGON NGU*

Ngay tit thcri cd dai ngudi ta da quan tAm ddn vAn dd ngudn gd'c cuangdn ngu Nhung sud't trong mdt then gian dai tir thcri cd dai den thcritrung dai ngudi ta vAn lAn Ion vAh dd ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngu veri vAnde If luAn nhAn thirc Tit cuoctranh luAn vd ban ch At cua tdn goi va dd'ituotag giua Demderit va Platdn thcri cd Hi Lap, cho tori cuoc tranh luAngiua phai duy danh va duy thuc thcri trung cd chung quy vAn xoayquanh vAh de ngdn ngudo con ngudri tao ra hay do tu nhien (thuemg dd)tao ra Chi tit thcri ki Phuc hung tro di, vAn dd nguon goc cua ngdn ngu:moi duoc roi duofi nhung Anh sang mdi Sau dAy la mot so giai thuyetvd ngudn goc cua ngdn ngu.

1 Thuyet tiromg thanh

Thuyettuong thanh manh nha tit thcri cd dai, phat tridn manh vao theki XVII — den the ki XIX va den nay vAn co ngudri ung ho Theo Ifthuyet nay, toan bd ngdn ngu noi chung va cac tir rieng bidt cua nd ddula do y muon tu giac hay khdng tugiac cua con ngudi bAt chudc nhungAm thanh cua the gidi bao quanh.'Su bAt chudc Am thanh ma cac hocgia noi tdi ham nhung ndi dung khac nhau Ndi dung su bAt chudc Amthanh, theo Platon va Augustin thcri cd dai thuc chA't la dung dac diemcua Am thanh de md phong dac diem cua su vAt khAch quan Thf du,trong tieng Hi Lap [r] la mdt Am rung, Am thanh phat ra nhd su rungdong cua ludi cho ndn nd da duoc diing dd goi tdn sdng ngoi la su vAtco dac diem luu dong Trong tieng Latin, Am mel (mAt ong) cd tmhmdm mai, bidu thi mdt thur gi ngpt ngao, edn Am acer (thep ) thi biduthi mot thd gi cung ran,

Quan niem phd bien nhA't vd su bAt chudc Am thanh la con ngudidiing cor quan phAt Am cua minh md phong nhung Am thanh do sir vAt

phdt ra, nhir tidng chim kdu, ti£ng gio thdi, tidng nude chay, v.v Thf

du, cai xe may kdu bich bich nen c6 ten goi “edi binh bich”, conmeo

kdu meo meo ndn mdi goi la “meo”, v.v

Trong ngdn ngu hoc hidn dai, su bat chudc dm thanh edn duqc giaithfch la dung dac didm cua tu thdbd may phat dm md phong dac diemcua su v&t khach quan Thf du [ku], [gu] hoac [nu] cd dac diem am tronmdi, trong nhidu ngdn ngu deu duoc diing de tao nen tfir can cua nhungtCr bidu thi cac su vat co dac diem “hinh lorn”, “trong rdng”, “hinh tron”hoac “keo dai” (khi phat am mdi keo dai ra trudc) -

Co sd cua nhung quan nidm trdn la d chd, trong ta't ca cac thii tiefngdeu co mdt sd luqng nhat dinh cdc ttr tuqng thanh va tCr sao phong,thf du cac tur : meo, bo,binh bich, lorn khom, ep,up, mim, v.v trongtieng Viet.

2 Thuyet cam than

Thuyet cam than phat tridn manh vao the ki XVIII - XX Nhungngudi chu trueng thuyet nay nhu Rutsd, Humbdn, Stangdan, v.v deucho rang ngdn ngu loai ngudi bat ngudn td nhung am thanh cua mdng,gian, budn, vui, dau don, v.v phat ra luc tinh cam bi xue dong Trongmot sd trudng hop, do la nhung than tur - nhung tin hieu cua cam xueva y chi cua chung ta Trong cac trudng hop khac thi co the xem xetmdi lien he gian tidp giua am hudng cua tur va trang thai cam xue cuacon ngudi: nhung ket hop am td nao do gay ra trong tarn hdn cua chungta nhung a'n tuomg gid'ng nhu nhung a'n tuqng ma cac suvat da gay chochung ta Co so cua thuyet nay la su tdn tai trong cac ngdn ngu nhungthan tir va nhung td phai sinh td than td Chang han, cac td : oi,di, aha, chaodi, v.v trong tieng Viet hay ax, ox, axarb, oxarb v.v trongtidng Nga, v.v

3 Thuyet tieng keu trong lao dong

Thuydt n&y xua't hien vao thd ki XIX trong cdc edng trinh cua cacnha duy vat nhu L Nuare, K Biukher Theo thuyet n&y ngdn ngu da

xua't hidn ttr nhirng tidng kdu trong lao ddng tap thd Mdt ph£n cd thdla nhirng tie'ng hdn hdn do hoat ddng co nang ma phat ra, nhip theo laoddng, nhirng am thanh dd sau nay trcr thanh ten goi cua ddng tac laoddng, mdt phan la nhirng tie'ng kdu cua ngircri nguydn thuy mud'n ngirdikhac den giup minh trong qua trinh lao ddng, v.v Li thuydt nay cungco co so thirc td' trong sinh hoat lao ddng cua con ngircri hidn nay.

4 Thuyet khe udc xa hoi

Thuyet nay bat ngudn tir mdt sd' y kid'n cua nha tridt hoc cd daiDdmdcorit, thinh hiinh vao thdki XVIII vdi Adam Xmit va Rutsd Theothuyet nay, ngdn ngir la do con ngircri thoa thuan vdi nhau ma quy dinhra Adam Xmit noi khd irdc xa hdi la kha nang dMu tidn lam cho ngdnngir hinh thanh Rutsd lai cho rang, loai ngircri trai qua hai giai doan :giai doan d^u la giai doan tur nhidn, con ngircri la mdt bd phan cua tunhidn, ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngir la cam xuc (xem tren) Giai doan saula giai doan van minh, ngdn ngir la san phdm cua khe' irdc xa hdi.

5 Thuyet ngdn ngir cir chi

Thuyet nay thinh hanh vao thd ki XIX va d£u XX Nhirng ngircri chutnrong thuyet nay cho rang ban d£u con ngircri chira co ngdn ngil thanhtidng, de giao tidp vdi nhau ngircri ta dung tirthd cua than thd va cua tay.Vuntcr (thd ki XIX) cho rang bd dieu vd nguydn tac cung gidng vdi amthanh, du la bd dieu tay hay am thanh cung ddu la ddng tac bidu hidn.Marr (d£u thdki XX) khang dinh ngdn ngtt cir chi tdn tai crich day mdttridu den mdt tridu nrcri nam cdn ngdn ngu* am thanh chi cd cdch daynam van ddn nam mircri van nam Theo dng,ngdn ngir cir chi cd thd biduthi tir tirong, khai nidm hinh tirgng hod, cd thd dung lam cdng cu giaotiep gitra cac thanh vidn trong cung mdt bd lac va vdi ca cac bd lackhac, cd thd ia cdng cu phat tridn khai niem cua minh Ngdn ngir thanhtieng luc ddu chi ia ngdn ngu" cua cdc dao si dung dd giao tidp vdi cdcvat td cua minh Ong ndi: ban ddu cdi ngdn ngir thanh tidng dirge dhngtdi khdng thd khdng cd tfnh chdt th£n bi, tir cri bidt cua nd dirge xem

nhir mOt thtr gi huydn diOu khidh ngubi ta phai trong vong ta quytrong nd nhir giu gin cai bi mat khOng th£ cho ngirbi khdc

nhir bay gib ngirbi ta van khOng d£ cho ai bi£t thir ngOn ngtf cu& n£acfldi san rifing bidt, huy£n diOu vay.

TrOn day chung tOi chi so luge trinh bay cdc gia thuy# c°ngudn gdc cua ngOn ngih ViOc nhan dinh vO chung se ti£n hanh a

muc sau.

Ill - VAN DE NGUON GOC CUA NGON NGU*

hi£u ngudn gOc cua ngOn ngir, cdn phai lam sang to hai vdn de :diOu kiOn nay sinh ngOn ngu va tidn than cua ngOn ngir la nhimg cai gi ?So di cdc giai thuyOt dr trOn hoac sai 1dm hoac khOng hoan toan dung lavi chira phan biot dirge hai van d6 do.

1 Dieu kien nay sinh ra ngon ngfir

Chung ta co th£ khing dinh rang ngOn ngir ra dcri hoan toan khOngphai do y muOn bat chirdrc am thanh cua tu nhiOn hay nhu cdu bieu hiencam xue cua ngirbi nguyOn thuy Ngon ngir ra doi cung khOng phai dosir cdn thiOt phat ra nhimg tieng kOu trong lao dOng tap the, do khe irocxa hOi hay nhu cdu giao tiep cua cac dao si vdi cac vat to.

Bat chirdrc am thanh khOng th£ coi la dieu kiOn nay sinh rangOn ngir,bbi vi ban than sir bat chirdrc am thanh khOng noi lOn su bat chirdrc nhirvay Id de lam gi Nhu cdu bieu hiOn tinh cam cung khOng phai la dieukidn nay sinh ra rigOn ngir DOng vat vd tre so sinh cung biO't bi£u hientinh cam nhimg chung ddu khOng co ngOn ngir Neu lo&i ngirdri chi vibi$u hiOn tinh cam md tao nen ngOn ngO thi ve can ban loai ngirbikhOng th£ tao ra ngOn ngir dirge bdri vi ho sorm da co cOng cu de bieuhifin tinh cam rdi Thuyet tidng kOu trong lao dOng dirdmg nhir cung n6id£n nhu cdu phO'i hgp Idn nhau trong lao dOng tap th£ nhimg van khOngnoi ro dirge didu kiOn nay sinh cua ngOn ngii bdri vi n£u nhu vay thinhimg dOng vat co th£ phat ra tidng thef vd cd dbi sO'ng tap th£ cung co

the tao ra ngdn ngft Thuyd't kh& udc xa hdi lai con phi li hem bbi vimuon cd kh£ udc xa hdi dd tao ra ngdn ngu thi phai co ngdn ngu da.Ngubi nguydn thuy chua co ngdn ngu khdng the nAo bAn bac vdi nhauve phuemg an tao ra ngdn ngu duoc Con ve nhu cAu noi chuydn cua cacdao si vdi thAn thanh mA Marr dua ra thi chAng cAn ban den lam gi vikhdng co thAn thanh Dh cho do md tin, ngubi nguydn thuy tin co thAnthanh chang nua, cai goi la nhu cAu do cung khdng th£ thuc dAy tao rangdn ngu bbi vi khdng phai ai cung la dao si, mA ngdn ngu thi moingucri deu v&n dung Hom nfta, nhung tai lidu thu duoc khi khai quAtKim tu thapAi CAp da chftng minh rang phu chu cua dao sT c6 xua noichung la mot loai bien hinh cua ngdn ngu toAn dAn.

Tom lai, tA't ca nhung giai thuydt trdn day deu khdng giai thich duocngdn ngu da nay sinh trong dieu kien nao Ngubi giai thich mot eachkhoa hoc, sAu sAc cai didu kien tao ra ngdn ngu cua loai ngubi chfnh laAngghen Trong tac ph Am Tacdung cua lao ddng trong suchicyen bientir vuan thanhngucri, dng viet : Dem so sanh con ngucri vai cac loaidongvat, ta se thay rdrang ngdnngu bat ngudntir trong laodongvdcung nay sinh vailao dong,do la eachgiai thich duy nhd't dung vengudn goccua ngdn ngi/}\ Nhu vAy, theo Angghen, lao dong chAngnhung la didu kien nay sinh ra con ngubi mA con la dieu kien sang taora ngdn ngu nua Vi sao vAy ?

Bude quye't dinh trong qua trinh vuem bien thanh ngubi la su kidndbi tay duoc giai phong Nhb co ddi ban tay duoc giai phong, con ngubico the che tao ra ebng cu lao ddng, dieu mA bA't eft mdt loai vuem naocung khdng thA lam duoc Nhb cd cong cu lao dong mA lao dong cuacon ngubi trb nen lao ddng cd sang tao khac hAn vdi lao dong ban nAngcua con vat Kidh true cua loAi ong vA loAi ki£n cung kha tinh vi, nhungchung khdng co sang tao, khdng tu giac Chung chi lao ddng bang coquan thuAn tuy sinh vAt hoc chft khdng cd edng cu cho ndn khdng cd su

(1)£W,tr 15

tiS'n bd nao trong lao ddng, mai nghin nam sau chung van lam nhu baygicf ma thdi Nho lao ddng bang cdng cu ma tu duy cua con ngudi daphat tri£n Angghen viet: Dandanvdi suphat triencuaban tayva vdiqua trinh lao dong, con ngudi bat ddu thd'ng tri gidi tu nhien vasu

thd'ng trido, cdmoi Ian tie'n len mot budc, la nd md rong themtarn mat

cua con ngudi Trong cac dot tucmg tu nhien, con ngudi ludn ludn phathien ra duoc nhung dqc tinh mdi maid trudc den nay chua tdng duacbiet den^\ Chd khac, Angghen cung noi, co so mat thiet nhdt, ban chdtnhat cua tu duy con ngudi lai chmh la str bien doi cua gicri tu nhidn macon ngudi gay ra chii khong phai chi la ban than gidi tu nhien ; tn tuecon ngudi phat trien nhd vao vide con ngudi da biet thay doi gidi tunhien nhu the nao Nhu v|y, theo Angghen, nang luc tu duy triru tucmgcua con nguoi da lorn len cung vdi lao dong Nhung, tu duy khong theton tai tr£n trui, thoat khdi ngu lidu, cho ndn tu duy h'mh thanh thi ngonngu cung ra doi Ngdn ngu cung co xua nhu y thuc vay Tren li luan,ngudi ta hoc hoi each dem nhung vat ngoai gioi co the thoa man nhuCciu cua minh phan biet voi het thdy nhung vat khac Sau nay, khi da dattoi mot muc dd phat trien nao do, va sau khi nhung nhu c£u cua minhva nhung h'mh thai hoat dong de thoa man nhung nhu c5u cua minh deutang len dMn va phat trien thdm mdt budc nua, thi ngudi ta lai dat choca mdt loat su vat nhung ten goi khac nhau va ngubd ta can cd vao kinhnghiem da co ma phan biet cac su vat do vdi nhung su vat khac cuangoai gidi.

Mat khac, ngon ngu chi sinh ra la do nhu cdu, do su edn thiet phaigiao tiep Nhu cdu giao tiep a'y cua con ngudi cung lai do lao dongquyet dinh Su phat tri£n cua lao ddng da dua den ket qua tat yeu la thatchat them nhung mdi quan he giua cac thanh vidn cua xa hdi, bang eachtao ra ra't nhieu trudng hop de cho con ngudi giup do Un nhau, hop tacvoi nhau, va lam cho mdi ca nhan cang ngay cang co y thttc rd rdt hon

(1) SJJ.tr 15.

dd'i vdi Igi fch cua su hop tdc a'y Tom lai, nhung con ngudi dang dirgehinh thanh do da dat ddh mdc ddi vori nhau ho cd nhung didu c£n phainoi mdi dirge Do tu duy triru tirgng phat tri£n ndn ndi dung ma conngudi c£n trao ddi vdi nhau ngay cang phong phu Ngugc lai, nhu clugiao tid'p cang phong phu ddi hoi tu duy triru tirgng cang phat tridn hem.Ro rang, lao ddng quydt dinh sir ra ddi cua ngdn ngu Mdt mat, laoddng lam cho ngudi ta cin thifit phai cd ngdn ngu dd ndi vori nhau, matkhac lao ddng lam cho ngudi ta can phai cd ngdn ngu de tidh hanh tuduy, hinh thanh tutudng, lay nd lam ndi dung giao tidp vdi nhau.

Nhu vay, lao ddng quydt dinh nhu c£u tao ra ngdn ngu Nhung chicd nhu c£u thi van chua cd ngOn ngu ma con ngudi con phai cd khanang tao ra ngdn ngu nua Kha nang tao ra ngdn ngii cua con ngudinguydn thuy cung bat ngudn tir lao ddng Mudn cd ngdn ngu phai cd tuduy trim tugng va kha nang phat am ro rang, cd nhu v|y thanh qua cuatu duy triru tugng mdi trd thanh y£u td ngu nghTa cua ngdn ngii Trongkhi vach ra tac dung cua lao ddng trong vide hinh thanh tu duy trirutugng, Angghen ddng thdi cung chi ra qua trinh hoan thidn cua co thd-con ngudi nhd lao ddng Sau cudc tranh chap hang nghin nam, khi tayphan bidt vdi ban chan va dang di thang dung cua minh dugc xac dinhthi con ngudi tach ra khdi loai vugn va cd co sd d£ phat trien ngdn ngutirng am tidt tach bidt Trong tac pham Tac dung cua lao dongtrong suchuyen bien tvt vucni thanh ngudi, dng phan rich cu th£ hem tdc dung cualao ddng ddi vdi vide hoan thidn co quan phat am cua con ngudi : caiMu quan chua phat tri£n cua loai vugn nhd udn giong ma da bien ddidin ddn nhung chac chan, dd cd thd thich dng vdi mdt Idi phat am ngaycang phat trien thdm mai, va cac khi quan cua mdm cung din din luydntap dugc each phat ra l£n lugt cac am gay gon Ndu loai vugn trudc daycd mai mai di bdn chan ma khdng bao gid ddng thing minh Idn dugcthi con chau cuand - tdc la loai ngudi - se khdng th£ nao tu do sir dungbd ph6i va cac thanh hiu cua minh dugc va do dd se khdng th£ nao ndidugc, nhu th£ vd can ban, se cd th< Um cham su phat tri&i y thde cua

-Tom lai, ban than con ngubi cling nhir tu duy trim tuomg va ngdnngtt cua nd cling ra dbi mdt luc dudi tdc dung cua lao ddng Ngdn ngu:va ttf duy trim tuomg cua con ngubi la d<u hidu phan bidt con ngubiva con vat Ngdn ngG am thanh ludn ludn la ngdn ngu duy nhdt cualoai ngubi.

2 Tien than cua ngdn ngur loai ngubi

Mdnh dd ngon ngUbat nguon tittrong lao dong thuc ra chi moikhang dinh di#u kidn nay sinh ngdn ngu chtr chua ndi rd ngdn ngu danay sinh tir nhung cai gi Nhung giai thuydt vd ngudn gdc cua ngdn ngutrudc Mac, ndu nhu khdng giai thich duoc nhung di#u kidn tao ta ngdnngu thl ft nhidu d#u huomg vd ti#n than cua ngdn ngu loai ngucfi Hi#nnhidn, ti#n than cua ngdn ngu: khdng th# la tu th# cua tay hay cua thanth# nhu Marrva mdn phai cua dng chu trucmg Thira nhan tu the cua tayhay cua than th# la tidn than cua ngdn ngu la chua co co so Lich sirkhdng hd bi#t co mdt xa hdi loai ngubi nao du lac hau d#n dau changnua lai khdng co ngdn ngu thanh ti#ng Nhan chung hoc khdng he bietco mdt dan tdc nhd be, lac hau nao - dii cung c6 Id hay con cd Id hemngucfi chau Uc hay dan D£t Lira th# ki trudc, chang han, lai khdng congdn ngu thanh tidhg Cho ndn, gia thuy#t luc d£u con ngubi chua cdngdn ngu thanh tidhg va tu duy triru tuomg, rnud'n didn dat cai tu duytien Idgic do ngubi ta dbng ngdn ngu: ctr chi, tiic la dbng tu the cua tayva cua than th# la khdng cd co sb Ta't nhidn thbi xua cung nhu bay gibcon ngubi cd the dbng cu chi cua tay, dua than th#, tham chi cua mat d#to y nhat dinh nhung nhumg cir chi do va am thanh cua ngdn ngu: khdngcd tfnh chat k#thira lich sir nao boi vi cir chi dua vao a'n tuomg thi giaccon ngu am dua vao an tuomg thmh giac.

Mdt s6 ngubi can cu: vao su khic nhau v# ban cha't va chuc nang cuangdn ngu vdi cac am duefe bat chudc, ti#ng kdu trong lao ddng va ti#ngkdu cam than d# phu nhan gia tri ti#n than cua nhung thrr do la khdngdung Ngubi va vuom cung khac nhau v# cha't nhung vuem van la ti#nthan cua ngubi ; chG vid't va dd hoa nguydn thuy khac nhau v# cha'tnhung dd hoa nguydn thuy van la ti#n than cua chu: vidt.

Theo chung tOi, ngOn ngu vdi tu each la he thO'ng tin hieu thur haiphai bat ngudn tit he thong tin hieu thur nha't dr con ngudri He thO'ng tinhieu thur nha't la tat ca nhung a'n tupng, cam giac va bidu tupng thu dupetit bO'i canh tvr nhien ben ngoai thOng qua nhirng phan xa, kich thich drdang moi cam giac : thfnh giac, thi giac, xue giac, v.v He thO'ng tinhieu thu nhat tie'n hanh giao tie'p trong pham vi tu duy hinh tupng, mptmat nd lay hinh tuomg ma bp mdy cam giac nhan duqrc lam cai bieu hiencon cai dupe bieu hien la tur duy hinh tuomg Su giao tie'p nhu vay ra'tdem so vi nd khdng cd tu duy thru tupng Nhirng d£u sao cung van cdtac dung giao tie'p Ching han, mpt ngucri nguyen thuy keu len mpttie'ng, nhung ngudi khac lap tuc xum lai, bed vi tie'ng keu do lam chonguoi khac bie't la cd thtfc an, Pham vi cua he thO'ng tin hieu thtr nha'tdr con nguoi nguyen thuy ra't rOng Bat cii hinh tuomg nao ma bp maycam giac hinh thanh nen ddu cd thd tro thanh “cai bieu hien” cua hethong tin hieu thur nha't Nhung khOng phai ngOn ngu bat ngudn tir tatca he thong tin hieu thur nha't Vi ngOn ngir la'y ngu am lam vat kichthich vat chat, la'y khai niem lam nOi dung chinh cua nhung vat kichthi'ch a'y, cho nen chi bO phan he thO'ng tin hieu thu nha't nao cd tac dunggiao tiep l£y am thanh lam vat kich thich moi tro thanh ngOn ngu.

Nhu vay, cd thd mpt phan cua su bat chudc am thanh la ngudn gdccua mot so thanh phln ngOn ngu Nhung phai la nhung am thanh macon nguoi mO phong am thanh do su vat phdt ra dd Urn tin hieu giaotiep Su bat chudc am thanh theo edeh hidu cua PlatOn va Augustin thencd dai, cung nhu su bat chudc am thanh vdi tu each la dbng dac diemcua tu the bp may phat am de mO phdng dac diem cua su vat khachquan khOng thd la tidn than cua ngOn ngii Ngay chung ta van chua Ifgiai dupe rd rang nhung mdi quan he tupng thanh a'y, huO'ng hd ngudringuyen thuy thdi xua.

Tuong tu, nhung bp phan tidng keu trong lao dOng, tie'ng keu camthan cd tac dung giao tidp vdi tu c£ch la he thO'ng tin hieu thtr nha't, dduco thd tro thanh nhung bO phan ca'u thanh cua ngOn ngir sau nay.

B - SIT PHAT TRHsN CUANGON NGC

I - QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN CUA NGON NGU"

T6 chuc xa hdi ddu tien cua loai nguoi la thi tOc Do la tap hopnhung nguoi cung dong mau MOt so thi toe than thuOc ket hop voinhau tao thanh bO lac Cac bO lac lien ket vdi nhau thanh cac bo toe haylien minh bO lac Cac dan toe hien dai diroc hinh thanh t€r cac bO lac,bd tOc nhu the Thue ra, sir phat trien tit cac thi tOc, bO lac nguyOn thuyden cac dan tOc ngay nay khOng theo mOt con dudng thang duOt ma traiqua nhung chang dudng khuc khuyu, quanh co, rift phuc tap, trong do,qua trinh thO'ng nha't va qua trinh phan li chang cheo lan nhau NgOnngu phat sinh va phat tridn cung vdi xa hOi loai ngudi cho nen no cungtrai qua nhirng chang dudng khuc khuyu, quanh co, cung phai theo quyluat thO'ng nha't va phan li nhir the Nhimg qua mOi chang dudng, ngOnngu cung duoc thay doi vd chat Nhin lai toan bO qua trinh phat triencua ngOn ngu, co the tha'y nhung budc nhu sau : ngOn ngu bO lac, ngOnngu khu vuc, ngon ngu dan tOc, ngOn ngu* van hod dan tOc va ngOn ngucOng ddng tuong lai.

1 Ngon nguf bo lac va cac bien the cua no

M6i b6 lac bao gdm nhieu thi toe, vi cac thi tOc trong mOt bO lac coquan he ra't chat che vdi nhau cho ndn khOng co ngOn ngu rieng chotirng thi tOc ma ca bO lac co mOt ngOn nguchung Nhu vay, nhung ngOnngu ddu tiOn cua loai ngudi la nhung ngOn ngu bO lac Trong thuc te thi

eft mdi bO lac c6 mOt ngOn ngu 0 chO nao co hai bO lac da suy yfc'u hoplai vdi nhau thi ra't ft khi trong chng mot bO lac ngudri ta lai noi hai ngOnngu ra't gdn nhau Do su phan chia cua mOt bO lac da hinh thanh mot sobO lac dOc lap, co ho hang veri nhau Cung vdi su phan li do, ngOn ngucua cac bO lac n&y cung phat trien nhung net ridng dOc lap Do la nhungbi£n the v£ mat cOi ngudn cua cung mOt ngOn ngii bO lac Khi hop nha'tmOt sO' bO lac thanh lien minh bO lac, tuy cac ngOn ngu bO lac a'y vangiu diroc tmh cha't cOi ngudn cua minh va cd thd phat tridn nhung net

chung trong di£u kien hop nhat cua lien minh bd lac, nhung d£u saolien minh bd lac cung chi cd tinh chat “lien minh”, thudng ia tarn thdicho nen ngdn ngu rieng cua titng bd lac van gift vai trd chu ydu.

2 Ngdn ngiif khu vuc

Cac b6 lac, bd tdc, lien minh bd lac den mdt luc nao do thl tan ra,nhudng budc cho cac dan tdc ra ddi Su xua't hien va phat tridn cua cacdan tdc gan li£n vdi viec mo rdng va tang cudng cac mdi lien he kinhtd, chmh tri va nha nude.

Dan tdc la mot khd'i edng ddng On dinh, hmh thanh trong lich sir,dua tren co so edng ddng vd ngdn ngu, vd lanh thd, vd sinh hoat kinht£va vd cdu tao tarn If bidu hien bang edng ddng vd van hoa Nhu vay,dan tdc co the bao gdm cac bd lac hoan toan khac nhau, noi tie'ng khacnhau (chlng han, dan tdc Y hien dai la do ngucri La Ma, Giecmani,Etorusco, Hi Lap, Arap hop thanh ; Dan tdc Phap la do nguoi Gdloa,La Ma, Borotdng, Giecmani, v.v hop thanh) va edng ddng ngdn ngula mdt trong nhung dac trung cua dan tdc Tuy nhien, su hmh thanh cuadan toe va ngdn ngu dan tdc la ca mdt qua trinh, nd ta't phai trai quanhung budc qua dd Trude khi thdng nh£t thanh ngdn ngu chung cuatoan dan tdc da didn ra su thdng nha't ngdn ngu trong pham vi timg khuvuc Ngdn ngu khu vuc chmh la budc qua dd tren con dudng phat tridnngdn ngu dan tdc Neu thcri edng san nguydn thuy, mdi bd lac sdng tachbiet vdi bd lac khac, giua cac dia phan cu tru rieng cua mdi bd lac iamdt mien d£t dai rdng Idn khdng thudc cua ai ca, thi sau nay do su phattrien cua kinh te, su phat tri£n cua thu edng nghiep, chan nudi vathuong mai, do su xu£t hien cua nd le ngay cang nhi£u, do su phan hoatrong ndi bd cac bd lac thanh cac giai cap, v.v ma hmh thde cu trutach biet dd khdng edn nua Cdc thi tdc, bd lac 6 xen ke nhau trong mdtkhu vuc nhung mdi lien he vdi thi tdc, bd lac ddn dan mdt di, nhudngchd cho nhung mdi lien he mdi vd kinh td, chmh tri, giua nhung ngudithudc cdc thi tdc bd lac khac nhau cung sd'ng trong mdt khu vuc Nhucdu do ddi hoi phai cd ngdn ngu chung thdng nhdt va ngdn ngff cua

timg khu vac da ra dcfi Ngdn ng& khu vuc la phucfng tidn giao tidpchung cua ta't cA moi ngudi trong mdt vung, khdng phan bidt thi tdc haybd lac Nd la tidng ndi trdn bd lac Cac ngdn ngu khu vuc nam trongmdt qudc gia thdng nha't, vd kdt c£u, cd thd rdt gdn nhau nhu cac tidngdia phucfng d Nga, cd thd r^i't xa nhau nhu cdc tidng dia phucfng d Direhay Trung Qudc.

3 Ngdn ngu dan toe va cac bien the cua nd

Su phat tridn cua dan tdc va cua nha nude dad£y manh su thong nhdtbdn trong vd kinh td va chmh tri cua xa hdi, da tang cuong va mtf rdngnhung mdi lidn hd khac nhau giua nhung con ngudi trong qua trinh laoddng, trao doi kinh td va quan hd ndi bd qudc gia, v.v Tinh hinh dodoi hoi phai cd mdt ngdn ngu chung cho loan xa hdi: ngon ngudan tdcra dbi Ngdn ngu dan tdc la phucfng tien giao tiep chung cua toan dantdc, ba't kd su khac nhau vd lanh thd hay xa hdi cua ho Tuy theo hoancanh lich su ma su hinh thanh cua dan tdc va ngdn ngudan toe mdi nofi,mdi thdi ki mdt khac, theo nhung con dubng khac nhau Mac vaAngghen da viet : Trong bat eft ngdn ngft phattrien nao hien nay, cainguyen nhan khiencho motngdn ngft phat sinh mdt each tiephat, duefe

ndng len thanhngdn ngftdan toe, thi mot phdn la dongdnngftdo duqrc

phattrien mot each lich su tft chd nd duqcchudn bi day du ve tailieu,

nhu ngdn ngft La Ma vd ngdn ngftGiecmani chang han,mot phdnladosu giao dich va hdnhop cua cac dan toe,nhutieng Anh chang han;mdt phdnnftaladocac phuang ngft tap trung thanh ngdn ngft dan toetho'ng nhat va sutqp trung do lai do sutap trungkinh te,chinh tri quyetdinh{}\ Nhu v|y Mac va Angghen da ndi den ba con duemg hinh thanhndn ngdn ngu dan tdc :

a) Tftchat lieuvon cd, thi du, tidng Phap.

Trude khi ngdn ngu dan tdc Phap hinh thanh thi trdn da't Gdloa da cdsu pha trdn cua tidng Latin vdi tidng Xentich Trdn co so nay ph£t tri£n

(l)Sdd, tr 53.

thanh nhieu tieng dia phuang tren da't Phap De'n thcri Phuc hung, tie'ngdia phuang mi£n Pari da chiem uu th£, ddn ddn phat tri£n thhnh ngdnngu d&n tdc vao th£ ki XVI - XVII.

b) Dosupha Iron nhieu dan toe, th! du, ti£ng Anh.

Cac tie'ng Angld Xacxdng vd'n ngu tri tren da't Anh tur thcri cd, denthe ki IX va X, do sir x£m luge cua nguori Dan Mach ma c6 su pha trdnvai tieng Dan Mach Til the' ki XI-XVI, do su x&m luge cua ngucriNoocmang ndn lai dugc pha trgn mdt Idn nua vdi tieng Noocmang Nhuvay, ngdn ngu dan tdc Anh hien dai hinh thanh tren co so tieng diaphuang Luan Don, la do su pha trpn cua ba thii tiehg Angld Xacxdng,Dan Mach, va Noocmang.

c) Do sutap trungcua cdctieng dia phuang, thi du, tieng Nga.Ngon ngu dan tpc Nga hinh thanh vao the' ki XVI - XVII cung vdisu thanh lap quO'c gia Matxcova, trdn co scr khdu ngu Matxcova co tfnhcha't chuyen tiep cua tieng dia phuemg mien Bac va mien Nam.

Ngon ngu dan tdc hinh thanh trong then kl co cac giai ca'p, vl vdy nochua du dieu kien de co the thd'ng nha't hoan toan BOn canh ngdn nguchung cua toan dan van tdn tai nhung bien thd dia phuang xa hoi cuano Nhung tieng dia phuang trudc day, nher tang cucrng ma rang giaoluu van hoa va trao ddi kinh te ma ddn ddn phat trien ngay cang nhieucac hien tugng ngu am, tur vung va ngii phap chung cho toan dan tdc,nhung nhung hien tugng khac nhau giua cac dia phuang van con nhieu.Noi chung, su khac biet giua cac phuong ngdn trong ngdn ngu dan tdcthe hien chu yeu a ngtt am, sau dd den ttr vung, con su khac nhau vengu phap ft th£y han.

Vi xa hdi chia ra cac giai cdp, mdi giai cap cd quy£n Igi, tap quan,tarn If, v.v rieng, cho ndn trong khi van dung ngdn ngudan tdc chung,mOi giai cdp cd the tao ra cdc bien th£ ngdn ngu ridng cua giai capmlnh Chang han, ngdn ngu cua bon quj tdc Phdp the ki XVIII khde vdingon ngir cua nhffng ngucri blnh dan, nhung bdc thg n6, nhung cd

hang rau, bac danh xe ngua, v.v Vua quan a ta trudc day cung dungnhung tur ngu xa la dd'i vcri quang dai qu^n chung nhan dan

4 Ngdn ngur van hoa va cac bien the cua no

Su ra doti cua ngdn ngu van hoa la mdt cai md'c 16m tren con duongthd'ng nha't ngdn ngu dan tdc Thue ra ngon ngu van hoa da co thd hinhthanh a mdt so nuorc ngay d thbi ki truorc khi dan tdc phat tridn Khi donhan dan timg dia phuong van noi ngdn ngO rieng cua minh, nhung trenpham vi toan qud'c gia c£n phai co phuomg tidn giao tiep chung, phucvu trudc het cho nha thcr, ton giao, cho viec viet sach va cong viec hanhchinh Nhu c£u a'y da de ra ngon ngu van hod Nhung ngon ngu van hoatrong thbi kl nay chi la ngon ngu trdn phuomg ngon, duqc dung tronghanh chinh, gia'y to, truemg hoc, tdn giao, noi chung la ngdn ngu sachvd Thubng thuong ngudi ta dung tur ngu hay tieng nude ngoM lam ngonngu van hoa Tieng Latin da la ngdn ngu van hoa cho r«£t nhieu nude ochau Au RAt nhi6u tac ph^m van hoc, khoa hoc duqc viet bang tiengLatin 0 Viet Nam, suot mdt thdi gian dai chu Han da duqc dung lamvan tu chinh thde cua nha nude Sac phong, chieu chi, tho phu, thi cudeu dung chu Han Nhung ngon ngu van hoa nhu vay, xa la dd'i voingdn ngu dan tdc Chi khi cac dan toe phat trien, ngon ngu vanhod dantoe moi hinh thanh Ngdn ngd van hoa dan toe dua tren ngdn ngu noicua toan dan tdc Nhung no khac voi ngdn ngu noi dan toe o su thd'ngnha't he't stfc to 16m trong ket ca'u cua nd Ngdn ngu van hoa hoat dongtuan theo nhung quy tac chat che duqc goi la chudnmuc Nd lua chonnhung don vi, nhung pham tru ngdn ngtf dap umg nhieu nha't cho nhungydu c£u cua toan dan tdc, tudc bo nhung han che' cd tinh ch£t diaphuong va xa hdi, lam cho chung tro thanh nhung hien tuqng co tmhthd'ng nha't dd'i vdi toan dan tdc Ngdn ngu van hoa dan toe va ngdn ngudan tdc phan biet nhau d chd mdt dang thi chung ta co ngdn ngii“nguydn lieu”, edn mdt dang thi lai ia ngdn ngu da duqc ngudi lanhnghS got giua che tao ndn Ngdn ngu noi toan dan ia nguon bd sung vdtan cho ngdn ngu van hoa, nguqc lai ngdn ngu van hoa ia don b£y 1dmcho dan tdc va ngdn ngu dan toe ngdy edng thd'ng nha't Lenin viet :

tren loan the giai, thai ki thang lai hoan todn cuachit nghia tic ban dotvai chedophong kien,ganlien vaicac phongtrao dan tdc, casdrkinh teciia cac phong trao ayla a chd:mudh cho sanxuat hang hodhoantodn

thang lai thi giai cap ticsan phdi chiem dicac thi tricang trongnicac;nhicng lanh thd madancircling ndi chung mot thvttieng,phdidicac thd'ngnha't thanhqud'c gia va moi trd ngai ddi vai sic phattrien cua tieng ndi

ayvasic cung cd'cuatieng ndi dotrongvan hoc, canphdi dicac gat bdS1^

Ngdn ngu van hod la bieu hidn tap trung nhat cua tinh thd'ng nha'tciia ngdn ngu dan tdc, nhung no khong phai la nha't dang md cung cdnhirng bien thd khac nhau Tiiy theo hoan canh va muc dich giao tiepkhac nhau, ma vide lua chon cac phuong tien bidu hien khdng gidngnhau Do do dan den su t6n tai cua cac phong each chiic nang khacnhau Phong each chiic nang cua ngdn ngu Id nhirng bien thd cua ngdnngu dirge hinh thanh trong qua trinh phat trien lich sir Mdi phong eachphuc vu cho mdt mat, mdt llnh vuc nao do cua dcri sd'ng xa hdi Mdiphong each sir dung nhirng phuong tidn ngdn ngu, trudc het la cac tirtieu bieu cho minh Nhirng phong each chu yeu la : 1) Phong each hdithoai ; 2) Phong each sach vo Phong each sdeh vd cd thd chia ra :phong each chfnh ludn, phong each khoa hoc va phong each hanhchfnh Phong each cua cac tdc phdm van hoc nghd thuat la mdt loaiphong each dac biet, nd cd the mang nhirng dac trung cua nhiduphong each.

Ngdn ngu van hod cd thd tdn tai dudi hinh thiic ndi cung nhu viet.Ndi tdi ngdn ngff van hoa, la ndi tdi thtf ngdn ngu thdng nha't, chudnmuc cua dan tdc Nhung khong phai ta't ca nhung gi dugc dung trongcac tac ph&n khoa hoc, chfnh tri, van nghd, v.v ddu la chudn muc.Ngdn ngu van hoa la san ph&n chung cua xa hdi, edn bieu hidn cu th£cua nd trong cac tac ph&n rieng biCt, ngoai cai phdn chung con cdsu van dung, sdng tao cd tinh cheft cd nhan Cho ndn cd thd ndi caidich cua ngdn ngir van hod phai la ngdn ngu chudn Nhung dd dat den

(l)Sdd, tr 97.