Luận văn thạc sĩ a study on the vietnamese english translation strategies in the series of bilingual handbooks vietnamese culture frequently asked questions published by the the gioi publisher

1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES PHẠM THU GIANG A STUDY ON THE VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN THE SERIES OF BILINGUAL HANDBOOKS "VIETNAMESE CULTURE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS" PUBLISHED BY THE THẾ GIỚI PUBLISHER Nghiên cứu phương pháp dịch Việt – Anh sách song ngữ “Những câu hỏi thường gặp văn hóa Việt Nam” Nhà xuất Thế Giới ấn hành M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English linguistics Code: 602215 Hanoi - 2010 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES PHẠM THU GIANG A STUDY ON THE VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN THE SERIES OF BILINGUAL HANDBOOKS "VIETNAMESE CULTURE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS" PUBLISHED BY THE THẾ GIỚI PUBLISHER Nghiên cứu phương pháp dịch Việt – Anh sách song ngữ “Những câu hỏi thường gặp văn hóa Việt Nam” Nhà xuất Thế Giới ấn hành M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English linguistics Code: 602215 Supervisor: Dr Trần Xuân Điệp Hanoi - 2010 z TABLES OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement i Abstract ii Table of contents iii List of abbreviations v Part I - Introduction Rationale Aims of the study Scope of the study Methodology of the study Organization of the study Part II - Development Chapter 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definitions of translation 1.2 Translation methods and strategies 1.2.1 Translation methods 1.2.2 Translation strategies 1.3 Foreign language translation 11 1.4 Translation of cultural texts 11 Chapter 2: VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 13 USED IN THE BILINGUAL HANDBOOKS 2.1 Modified literal translation 13 2.2 Changes in grammar 15 2.2.1 Changes in the order of word groups 15 2.2.2 Changes of grammatical word class 17 2.2.3 Modulation 18 2.2.4 Sentences split or merged 19 z 2.3 Choice of vocabulary 21 2.3.1 Using words of more general meaning 21 2.3.2 Descriptive equivalents 22 2.3.3 Addition 23 2.3.4 Subtraction 25 2.3.5 Using different words or phrases 26 2.4 Translating culture-bound terms, names and titles, and poems 28 2.4.1 Translating culture-bound terms 28 2.4.2 Translating names and titles 30 2.4.3 Translating poems 31 2.5 Some opinions on expressive richness of the translations 32 2.5.1 Relevant equivalents 32 2.5.2 Poorer equivalents 33 2.5.3 Richer equivalents 33 2.6 Some opinions on language style of the translations 34 2.6.1 Formality 34 2.6.2 Conciseness 35 2.6.3 Clarity 37 Part III - Conclusion 39 Recapitulation 39 Implications 40 Limitations of the study 41 Suggestions for further study 42 REFERENCES APPENDIX z LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SL Source language SLT Source language text TL Target language TLT Target language text PT "Popular Theatre" WC "Wedding Customs" SF "Spring Festival in Northern Việt Nam" z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 PART I - INTRODUCTION Rationale In a globalized world, translation has played an indispensable role in facilitating international exchanges and cooperation in various fields, one of the most important of which is culture because culture is the background of every human communication There have been a large number of studies on translation methods and strategies but many of which just focus on general techniques supposed to be applied to all pairs of languages in the world and few works are concerned with specific problems in certain pairs of language, especially those related to culture Even within one pair of languages, first language translators and foreign language translators encounter different challenges While the first language translator can depend much on their long-built habitual use of the target languages, the second language translators often work with more awareness than feeling, more analysis and reasoning than intuition Therefore, to some extent, foreign language translators are more interested in translations strategies which help them their work rationally For those reasons, the study on the translation strategies in the series of VietnameseEnglish handbooks “Vietnamese culture frequently asked questions” published by the Thế Giới Publisher has been carried out from the perspective of a Vietnamese student The books cover different cultural aspects of Vietnam, therefore demonstrating many interesting translation strategies in use, especially those to deal with culture-specific terms The study is expected to offer practical advice for Vietnamese-English translators with detailed and thorough analysis of the strategies used in the set of the books Aims of the study The study is carried out with the following aims: - Finding out common strategies used in some books of the series "Vietnamese culture frequently asked questions." - Taking a close look at expressive power and writing styles of the translations to understand the reasons hidden in the translators' use of certain strategies - Drawing out some possible implications of the study results for Vietnamese-English translators 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 10 Scope of the study More than twenty handbooks on “Vietnamese culture frequently asked questions” have been released so far The set of the books prominently features Vietnamese culture with different aspects such as arts, festivals, customs, and architecture and so on Yet, within the limit of the research, the paper is not supposed to cover the whole series of the books The three small books chosen are “Popular Theatre” (Chèo), “Spring Festivals in Northern Việt Nam” and “Wedding Customs” which are all edited by Hữu Ngọc and Lady Borton and published by Thế Giới Publisher in 2008 Strategy is a broad term which may refer to global strategies (those dealing with whole texts) and local strategies (those dealing with text segments) (Bell, 1998) However, within the limit of the minor thesis, the author would like to focus on local strategies which are specific activities affecting micro-units of the text Translation procedures studied by Vinay, Darbelnet, New Mark, Nida are the main source of reference for the author to carry out her research scientifically Studies by other experts would also be considered when necessary It is certainly hard for the author to mention a great number of differences between Vietnamese and English in her analysis The author would not study the alteration in the transfer process related to basic grammatical differences such as the order of nouns and adjectives, the possessions, the verb tenses and so on Her main concern is the strategies which translators, especially learners or novice translators may not be aware of in their work, such as omission, addition, alteration and so on Methodology of the study 4.1 Research question The main research question raised in the paper is: What translation strategies were used in the three selected book of the series "Vietnamese culture frequently asked questions" published by the Gioi Publisher? The answer to the question will help readers to realize some common Vietnamese-English translation strategies used in the bilingual handbooks “Vietnamese culture frequently asked questions” The study may also help sharpen the translators’ awareness of some outstanding differences between the nature of English and Vietnamese languages in use so that they can learn to produce natural-looking texts in their translation 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 11 4.2 Methods Data corpus: Cultural scholar Huu Ngoc and American writer Lady Borton work together to bring us the series of bilingual handbooks on Vietnamese culture The set of books provide the readers with basic knowledge of the Vietnamese culture such as the Tet holiday, water puppetry, Hue cuisine and so on The pocket-sized books are designed for readers of different backgrounds Firstly, the books are a valuable reference for foreigners who are interested in the Vietnamese culture The books also offer useful practice for English native speakers who want to study Vietnamese Thirdly, tourist guides and officials of foreign affairs benefit a great deal from the books in their business Besides, the books are useful for English teachers and students with interesting contents and comparatively simple language The three books, “Popular Theatre”, “Spring Festivals in Northern Việt Nam” and “Wedding customs”, were chosen with careful thoughts Chèo, an authentically Vietnamese theatre form, festival and wedding customs are the themes which may involve many culture-specific terms, conceptions, idioms or allusions which pose considerable challenges for the translators Therefore, the researcher would discover more helpful strategies to deal with culture-related problems which remain very controversial in the area of translation The "Popular Theatre" covering 99 pages tells stories about chèo with six main parts: background, popular plays, artists, music, chèo villages, and future development The "Wedding Customs" with 83 pages discusses different customs, from the past to present, from the North to the South and some emerging issues in modern wedding rites The thickest handbook "Spring Festivals in Northern Việt Nam" with 133 pages describes many famous spring festivals, some of which belong to minority groups such as Tày and Thái peoples Over 300 sentence pairs were collected from the three selected handbooks to examine how and why the strategies are used to produce comprehensible and acceptable target language texts Data analysis: A mechanical listing of noteworthy and typical examples of translations in the books which, together, cover a wide range of strategies is done first The author does not solely depend on the methods and strategies already studied by many researchers presented in the literature She tries to seek more specific techniques employed by the translators and 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 12 discover their particular challenges, especially those related to culture-bound terms, and how they overcome their challenges The author attempts to reason the use of the strategies and, in a few cases, adds some evaluation on the results or the effectiveness of the translations Finally, the author draws a conclusion on the strategies in Vietnamese-English translation of the books and then gives some suggestions for translators and further studies This study is carried out by the combination of the following methods: - Deductive and inductive methods Deductive method is the important method used in this research The author makes the description and interpretation of the strategies used in the translations based on the studies by some famous linguists, translators and other researchers contributing to the field However, the author also needs inductive method to arrive at necessary conclusions about common strategies used and the reasons beneath - Qualitative and quantitative methods This study is much more qualitative than quantitative in nature because it heavily depends on the author's own interpretation of translation examples Qualitative method offers the opportunity to gain insight into the translators' decision-making during their transfer process, thus seeking out the "why" Quantitative method is sometimes used to add necessary details and figures to the findings - Descriptive and contrastive methods: Descriptive is the main method of this study A detailed description of the translation versions would help the readers acquire profound understanding of the translation strategies For many cases, the author needs to explain the differences between English and Vietnamese to clarify the translators' intention hidden in their decision-making process In other words, the contrastive method helps to explain the effectiveness of the strategies utilized Organization of the study Part I is the Introduction which allows the readers to get the general idea of what the thesis is about It provides the rationale for the study, aims of the study, the scope, the method and the organization of the study Part II is the Development, which consist of three chapters Chapter I briefly introduces some necessary theoretical points from different backgrounds The author begins by reviewing different views of translation theories with the focus on translation strategies Following that a review of foreign language translation and translation of cultural texts is undertaken 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main ideas and findings of the study; draws out some important implications for Vietnamese-English translators, presents limitations of the study and lastly, suggests some ideas for further research 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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poor, ordinary man his own age That would be too embarrassing! Mọi người tới dự để xem Throngs of people gather to watch SF p44, 45 điệu múa "rồng bay" the dance of "hovering dragon." …lời khấn người khác …I overheard others' prayers lọt vào tai SF p58, 59 Ơ mai mơ có bán phố Huế, Ô mai mơ is available on Huế SF p62, 63 Hàng Đường chợ Street, Đường (Sugar) Street in Hà Nội, and in the market across the country Tương truyền trò chơi bà Lê According to legend, the game SF p64, 65 Chân, nữ tướng Hai Bà began with Madam Lê Chân, a Trưng general under the Trưng Sisters Có người lại cho chầu văn xuất phát từ hát giai điệu nhà chùa mà từ điệu hát dân gian dâng Thánh Mẫu Thượng Ngàn Thánh Mẫu Thủy Cung Others say that chầu văn was either SF p75, 76, 77 adapted from songs and tunes performed in pagodas or from folk song rhythms dedicated to the Mother Goddess of the Mountain or the Mother Goddess of the Oceans Họ chẳng từ chối cho They will never refuse you a bed for SF p82, 83 bạn nhờ qua đêm the night Tuy nhiên, chủ hàng quán chèo kéo du khách mua hàng nhiều, làm du khách không thưởng thức bầu khơng khí tơn giáo xung quanh However, owners of the numerous SF p82, 83 shops, stalls, and stands pester visitors to buy their goods, distracting them from the setting's religious ambiance Chúng chủ yếu nhờ vào tiền We rely mainly on people's SF p82, 83 quyên góp dân để tu sửa đền, contributions to maintain the Phủ phủ Giầy Temples Các nguồn tài khác không dễ Other sources of financing are not SF p84, 85 kiếm easily available Ngày mười sáu, rước tượng tám vị On the sixteenth day, a procession SF p94, 95 vua Lý từ đến tới chùa Cổ Pháp carries the statues of the eighth Lý nơi Lý Công Uẩn tu lúc nhỏ Kings fro the Temple to the Cổ Pháp Pagoda, where Lý Công Uẩn spent his childhood as a Buddhist monk 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 68 Mỗi phường có người trưởng Each guild has a chief who is SF p106, 107 phường có kinh nghiệm hát xoan experienced in xoan and skilled in có nhiều mối quan hệ xã hội social relations Việc đòi hỏi hai người chơi This requires that both players be SF p128, 129 phải bình tĩnh, thơng minh, phối calm, clever, and act as a team hợp tốt Table 11: Translating culture-bound terms, names and titles, and poems Source language Target language Source Chèo bắt nguồn từ âm nhạc múa Chèo originated in the tenth century PT p14,15 dân gian, trò nhại, từ kỷ from folk music and dance, specially thứ 10 trò nhại – simple mimetic skits kịch lấy từ truyện viết It drew on nôm stories, which were PT p16,17 chữ Nơm Vietnamese verse narratives written in modified Chinese characters Ví dụ, Quan Âm Thị Kính kể Thị Kính, the Goddess of Mercy PT p18, 19 cô gái nết na tên Thị Kính (Quan Âm Thị Kính), for example, is a story about a good woman, Thị Kính Xúy Vân Kim Nham có Xúy Vân in the play Kim Nham has a PT p18, 19 chồng xa nhà husband who is a long way from home Nhạc đệm tối thiểu cho hát chèo The minimum accompaniment for PT p26, 27 gồm hai nhạc cụ đàn nguyệt chèo singing is two string đàn nhị, sáo instruments, the nguyệt and nhị, and a flute Ta chợ Dốc Ngồi gốc đa Thấy em bán rượu, em mặc áo nấu già, ta lý khăn xanh Khăn xanh có rí đội đầu Nửa thương bên vợ, nửa sầu bên On the way to the Dốc Market, I rest PT 042, 43 under the shadow of a banyan-tree Suddenly, I meet you, a rice-alcohol vendor You wear a dark brown blouse I am attracted to you But I am wearing a green kerchief One side reminds me of my wife, and the other of my children.” Từ nhỏ, cô bé hát nhiều From the time she was little, she PT p48, 49 điệu chèo, tuồng, cải lương could sing many styles of music such as chèo (popular opera), tuồng (classical opera), and cải lương (amateur musicals) Khi Thị Mầu tức giận với tiểu ném dùi trống xuống, dùi rơi trúng mõ, quay quay hồi mõ When her character became angry PT p50, 51 with the monk and threw down the drumstick (dùi), it hit the wooden tocsin (mõ) and hovered, spinning above it 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 69 Ở đó, bà đóng nhiều vai chèo cổ, chèo đại Thị Mầu "Quan Âm Thị Kính," Châu Long "Lưu Bình - Dương Lễ," chị Ba Đẹp "Lọ nước thần," Dương Vân Nga "Thái Hậu Dương Vân Nga," Tấm "Tấm Cám," chị Trúc "Sông Trà Khúc," nữ du kích "Đường trận địa." …she played the principal PT p54, 55 characters in numerous chèo plays, both classical and modern: Thị Mầu in "Thị Kính, the Goddess of Mercy," (Quan Âm Thị Kính), Châu Long in "Lưu Bình and Dương Lễ," Miss Ba Đẹp (Beautiful Ba) in "The Magic Queen Mother Dương Vân Nga" (Thái Hậu Dương Vân Nga), Tấm in "Tấm and Cám", Miss Trúc in "The Trà Khúc River" (Sông Trà Khúc), and the guerilla in "The Way Back to the Front" (Đường trận địa) Ngồi chèo ra, chị cịn hát ca trù, She also sings other forms of PT p64, 65 chầu văn, xẩm, quan họ traditional music such as ca trù, chầu văn, xẩm, and quan họ …biết rõ chị từ hồi thu They have known her since her fee PT p64, 65 giá một, hào rưỡi bài, đủ was one or 1.5 hào (one-tenth of a để mua hai kem đồng) for a recorded song, enough to buy two ice screams …hai kịch "Quán ba cô" His scripts, The Three Sisters' PT p70, 71 "Lê Quý Đôn" ông đoạt Giải Restaurant (Qn Ba Cơ) and Lê Nhất Giải Nhì… Quý Đôn (the name of a celebrated Vietnamese scholar), won the first and second prizes respectively… Các sắc thái tình cảm - vui buồn, đau khổ - nhân vật phải toát lên qua tiếng hát, kể từ giọng kim, giọng thổ, giọng đồng… Each feeling - whether happy and PT p74, 75 joyful or sad and miserable - is expressed with a certain unique nuance of voice: metal voice (kim), earth voice (thổ), copper voice (đồng), and so on Ngày xưa, chiếu chèo sân đình có hồ, nhị, sáo Bộ gõ ln đóng vai trị gồm trống con, trống cái, trống cơm, la, mõ The traditional instruments used on PT p74, 75 a chèo sân đình stage include the hồ and the nhị, two double-stringed instruments; and the sáo, a bamboo flute The percussion also plays a major role and includes a small drum (trống con), large drum (trống cái), the horizontal cylinder-like drum (trống cơm), gong (thanh la), and the wooden tocsin (mõ) Trong chèo đại, có sử dụng thêm nhạc cụ khác để làm phong phú thêm phần đệm thập lục, tam thập lục, nguyệt, tiêu In modern chèo, other musical PT p76, 77 instruments enrich the background music The sixteen-stringed zither (thập lục), hammer dulcimer (tam thập lục), double-stringed lute (nguyệt), and the flute (tiêu) add 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 70 their harmonious influences Chị Nguyễn Thị Xuất, làm nghề Nguyễn Thị Xuất, who sells rice PT p78, 79 tráng bánh cuốn… pancakes (bánh cuốn)… Ăn no lại nằm khoèo Having had a good meal, I lie idle PT p86, 87 Nghe tiếng trống chèo vỗ bụng But as soon as I hear the sounds of xem chèo drums, Chẳng thèm ăn chả ăn nem I tap my belly and set off to watch the performance Thèm no cơm tẻ, thèm xem hát chèo Turning down high-class pork pies and spring rolls, I just want to eat simple rice and watch popular chèo …một vị vua Hùng gả gái yêu công chúa Mỵ Nương cho Sơn Tinh (thần núi), người đánh bại Thủy Tinh (thần nước) …A Hùng king gave the hand of his WC p12, 13 beloved daughter Princess Mỵ Nương to the Genie of the Mountain, who had just defeated the Genie of the Water Các học giả ghi nhận người có cơng giới thiệu nghi lễ nhân cho Việt Nam Nhâm Diên, thái thú Trung Hoa, người cai trị Cửu Chân từ năm 29 đến năm 33 sau công nguyên Scholars credit Ren Yan, a Chinese WC p12, 13 governor who ruled jiuzhen from 29 to 33 A.D., with introducing Chinese nuptial rituals to Việt Nam …quyển "Thọ Mai Gia Lễ" ông Hồ Sĩ Tân (1690 - 1760) tiếng thơng dụng, cịn sử dụng đến thời cận đại …"Thọ Mai Gia Lễ" written by the WC p12, 13 Vietnamese scholar Hồ Sĩ Tân (1690 -1760), is a well-known example of this and continues to be used in modern times Chu Hy, nhà triết học xuất Zhu Xi, an eminent twelfth-century WC p12, 13 sắc Trung Hoa kỉ 12 Chinese philosopher Ngày nay, đám cưới thông These days, an ordinary wedding in WC p20, 21 thường Hà Nội cần có ba nghi lễ: Hà Nội calls fro three ceremonies: chạm ngõ, ăn hỏi lễ cưới chạm ngõ (gate touching), ăn hỏi (engagement), and lễ cưới (wedding rite) Biểu tượng kí tự chữ Hán có nghĩa hai lần hạnh phúc, tiếng Việt gọi song hỷ Vương An Thạch (1021-1086), nhà trị Trung Hoa tiếng đời Tống, tạo biểu tượng The symbol is the Chinese character WC p24, 25 for "double happiness," (song hỉ in Vietnamese) and (shuagxi in Chinese) Wang Anshi (1021-1086), a famous Chinese politician during the Song Dynasty, created the symbol Ông Vương nhận chủ nhà Wang realized that the house owner, WC p24, 25 địa chủ tên Mã (Ngựa), a landlord named Mã (Horse), was 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 71 mời khách qua lại viết câu inviting passers-by to create a pair đối đối lại of perfect parallel sentences by writng a second sentence to match Sau định ngày lành tháng tốt, thầy bói sử dụng nguyên tắc để phân biệt tốt cho ngày After determining an auspicious day, WC p30, 31 the soothsayer uses the same principle to discern the auspicious doube-hour for that day Nạp thái: Nhà trai đến thăm nhà Nạp thái: The groom's family visits WC p32, 33 giá để bày tỏ ý định rể the bride's family to announce the muốn cưới cô dâu làm vợ groom's intention to marry the bride …lễ vật trầu cau, mứt sen, chè …gift such as betel nuts, candied WC p34, 35 bánh cốm lotus seeds, tea and bánh cốm (cốm cake))… Ví dụ liền anh, liền chị, người đào tạo thành đơi hát làng quan họ không lấy For example, the liền anh (man WC p40, 41 singer) and liền chị (woman singer) who had trained together as partnes in a quan họ (traditional couple singing) village could never marry one another Dao phay chín em bắt chọn I would rather die by the sword có mình, Than abandon my love Chết thời em chịu chết WC p44, 45 Biểu bng tình em khơng bng …theo "Lịch sử hồng tộc Bắc kỳ" nhà truyền giáo nhà ngôn ngữ học Alexandre de Rhodes… …and Histoire du royaume de WC p48, 49 Tonkin (History of the Royalty of Tonkin) by the missionary and linguist Alexandre de Rhodes… Cô dâu thường mặc áo dài để lễ Brides commonly wear áo dàis, the WC p44, 45 trước bàn thờ tổ tiên… Vietnaemse long dress, for the traditional ceremony before the ancestral altar… Thách cưới Making the Groom's Family Pay WC p68, 69 Tháng Giêng tháng ăn chơi, The first month is for enjoyment, SF p12, 13 Tháng Hai cờ bạc, The second, for gambling, Tháng Ba hội hè! The third, for festivals! Dù ngược xuôi Wherever you may go, to the south SF p20, 21 or the north, Nhớ ngày giỗ Tổ mồng mười tháng ba Remember the anniversary of Việt Nam's ancestors In the tenth day ò the third lunar month 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 72 Khách từ thuyền hân hoan chào Pasengers in one boat excitedly SF p50, 51 khách thuyền kia: "Nam mô a di đà greeted those of another with "Nam Phật" mô a di đà Phật" ("Salutations to the Buddha Amida" …một nàng công chúa tên Bà Chúa Ba tu hành năm đắc đạo thành Đức Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát …a princess named Bà, who led a SF p54, 55 monastic life for nine years there and became the Bodhisattva, Quan Âm (Kouan Yin) Sau thắp hương để giải oan… After lighting joss sticks tat the SF p54, 55 pagoda in order to Giải Oan (clear any bad luck) Những người lên đồng, hầu bóng People who entered trances and SF p70, 71 bị coi mê tín dị đoan practiced possession by spirits were considered superstitious Thỉnh mời đệ thiên tiên Tặng phong xa giá xe loan ngự Phủ Giầy, Vân Cát quê… We beg you to come and join us, SF p72, 73 Holy Mother, We offer you this royal palanquin for your travel Back to your native village of Phủ Giầy… Tay cầm bán nguyệt xênh xang Bao nhiêu cỏ lại hàng tay ta! My hand swing a crescent-moon SF p80, 81 sickle to and fro Masses of grasses surrender under my hand Họ bán đồ ăn, đồ uống, quà lưu They sell food, drinks, sourvenirs, or SF p84, 85 niệm viết sớ sacred pleas in Chinese characters Ban đầu, thi có tên hội At first, this contest was called the SF p86, 87 Thánh Tiên, sau đổi thành hội Thánh tiên Festival (Festival of the vật Liễu Đôi Two Gods), but later the name was changed to the Liễu Đôi (Wrestling Festival) Khi kiệu tới nơi, dân làng làm lễ, Once the palanquin arrives, the SF p88, 89 cún Thánh Ông chuối, oản trà villagers hold a ceremony and offer Thánh Ông bananas, cone-shaped sticky-rice cookies, and tea Nghi lễ quan trọng tổ chức The most important ritual, held on SF p98, 99 vào ngày lễ rước tám the first day, is the procession of the vị… eight wooden tablets… Dân làng mở cửa lại đền, minh chứng cho tinh thần bất diệt truyền thống uống nước nhớ nguồn dân tộc Việt Nam Villagers have re-opened the temple, SF p100, 101 a testimony to the undying spirit of the Vietnamese people and their tradition of paying homage to their origins 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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calling and responding to each other Trai du gối hạc khom khom cật The boy bends his knees Gái uốn lưng ong ngửa ngửa lòng The girl bends her back SF p126, 127 Bốn mảnh quần hồng bay phấp The four red panels of her skirt fly phới in the air Hai hàng chân ngọc duỗi song Two parallel lines of stretched legs song Khớp ngựa ngựa ô I use black horses to pull my gold SF p130, 131 palanquin Ngựa anh đóng, anh đóng kiệu vàng (ư…) And put silver horseshoes on the horses' feet Anh tra khớp bạc, lục lạc đồng đen… Happily, I carry my sweetheart to my palace Là đưa ý a đưa nàng, đưa nàng Anh đưa nàng dinh 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northern invaders xâm lăng phương bắc Table 13: Poorer substitues Source language Target language Hề cốt mua vui cho khán giả, Buffoons amuse có cảnh buồn especially in sad stories Source audiences, PT p20, 21 chăm sóc Lưu Bình đến nơi đến and care for him in a manner which PT p36, 35 chốn để Lưu Bình yên tâm học would allow him to pursue his hành studies …Thiệt Thê bỏ Chu Mãi Thần, Thiệt Thê leaves Chu Mãi Thần PT p36, 37 làm lẽ Tuần Ty, hòng sống and takes up a new, luxurious life as sống giàu có a concubine of Tuần Ty Bẩm thượng quan, tiểu ni bị ép Your Highness, the young Buddhist PT p44, 45 duyên nên đến tự xin cắt tóc nun decided to follow a religious life tu at my pagoda to escape her destructive marriage Xét nữ nhi tuổi non, lại có đức She is very young and deeply PT p44, 45 tin nên bần tăng mở rộng cửa religious I adopted her to help her chúng sinh đưa qua hoạn nạn escape her unfortunate fate Không ngờ ông lý thấy tiểu ni mà sinh lòng trăng gió, lùa tuần đinh vào chùa quấy nhiễu, vu oan để tiểu ni làm lẽ However, now the village chief PT p44, 45 wants to force the beautiful nun to marry him So, he dispatched his patrol to harass the pagoda and accuse us Hoa Tâm gái gia đình Hoa Tâm was born into a farming PT p48, 49 cố nông… family… Xem họ biểu diễn, nghĩ diễn viên sân khấu ban đêm lại nông dân, ban ngày chân lấm tay bùn đồng Watching their skilful performance, PT p78, 79 one can hardly believe the artists on the stage at night are farmers who work in the rice paddies by day Nhưng đoàn nghệ thuật truyền …yet professional theatre PT p86, 87 thống loay hoay tìm companies in these traditional art 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 75 khán giả forms struggle to find audiences …nhịp điệu êm dịu thủng thẳng tiếng hát chầu văn hòa trộn với tiếng đàn nguyệt lắng trầm cung bậc thấp, lúc lanh lảnh cung bậc cao… …the tender and slow rhythms of SF p72, 73 the chầu văn verses mingled with the rising and falling tones of the đàn nguyệt… Vào buổi trưa, cụ bô lão At midday, village elders light SF p98, 99 làng thắp hương để tưởng niệm incense to honour the kings vị vua Table 14: Richer substitues Source language Target language Source Diễn viên chèo sử dụng điệu để thể sắc thái tình cảm khác từ tức giận, buồn đau đến vui sướng nhằm hút người xem Chèo actors use melody and words PT p74, 75 to portray a range of emotions from anger to sorrow to joy in order to evoke feeling from the audience …câu chuyện nhân vật chèo diễn qua vố số cảnh hoạt động xuyên suốt đời nhân vật nam hay nữ … stories involving chèo characters PT p24, 25 unfold through numerous scenes, and activities throughout the hero's or heroine's life Thị Mầu tưởng tiểu đến đàn ông, đem lòng yêu "chàng" hay đến chủa để nhìn thấy "chàng." She mistakenly believes that the new PT p32, 33 monk is a man, falls in love with "him," and visits the pagoda often to catch a glimpse of "him." Dương Lễ thi đỗ làm quan Dương Lễ passes the examination PT p34, 35 and prospers as a mandarin Được hỏi nguyên nhân Asked about his recipe for success, PT p70, 71 thành công, ơng cười, nói… he said, smiling… …chèo cịn cần thiết đủ để thu …chèo is still vital enough to attract PT p94, 95 hút khán giả audiences Bầu không khí quanh tơi lúc The atmosphere in which I was now PT p52, 53 xóa hết bao căng thẳng đời wrapped had succeeded in erasing thường life's daily stress Table 15: Formality Source language Target language Source Không giống ô-pê-ra châu Âu buộc Unlike European opera in which a PT p26, 25 ca sĩ phải thuộc lòng lời singer must memorise arias Hoa Tâm trơng cịn trẻ quá… Her appearance was so youthful PT p48, 49 that… Chị miệt mài hát, thu băng Her other activities are singing, PT p64, 65 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 76 giảng dạy chèo trường recording and teaching chèo at art nghệ thuật schools Những tên Phạm Văn Điền, Đào Thị Na, Hà Quang Bổng, Cao Kim Trạch trở nên quen thuộc Some Khuốc performers such as PT p82, 83 Phạm Văn Điền, Đào Thị Na, Hà Quang Bổng, and Cao Kim Trạch have become household names Kịch nói phương Tây khác với kịch hát dân tộc kết cấu, văn chương, cách xây dựng hình tượng nhân vật, đoạn kết Western-style dramas are different PT p86, 87 from traditional Vietnamese operas in terms of structure, language, character development, and denouement Người nông dân miền Nam Southern farmers were too poor to WC p44, 45 nghèo nên lấy nhiều vợ practice polygamy Dân làng hát để thờ cúng vị Villagers sing to worship their genii, SF p22, 23 thần họ, để đón chào du khách, to welcome visitors, and to find để hiểu mutual understanding …lấy cớ ngày lễ, người ta vi in the name of the festival, people SF p14, 15 phạm điều mà bình thường violate normal social prohibitions bị xã hội cấm đoán Thuyền để chở bốn người; The boat’s capacity was four; by SF p50, 51 lúc chở tới tận sáu now, it was overloaded with six người Như làm đất dẻo thơm This adds elasticity and fragrance SF p66, 67 .năm 1009 Lý Công Uẩn lên when Lý Công Uẩn ascended the SF p96, 97 throne Bất nhà vua mắc lỗi, Whenever the king made a mistake, SF p98, 99 nhà vua xin lỗi trước dân he offered a public apology and sửa lỗi corrected his error …màn diễn gồm điệu …the main acts consist of dances SF p108, 109 múa, hát phản ảnh sống and songs that reflect the daily life thường nhật người dân thuộc of people from all social strata đủ tầng lớp xã hội Người dân tộc Thái… cho phép mường kính trọng chữa lành bệnh cho nhiều người phù thuốc đứng lên tổ chức lễ hội Thái people… allow any who SF p116, 117 commands community respect or who cures many patients by magic or medicine to initiate a festival Table 16: Conciseness Source language Target language Source 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 77 Thanh niên, niên Young people, especially those in PT p12, 13 thành thị, quay lưng lại với loại the cities, turned their backs on the hình nghệ thuật art form Các thông điệp đạo đức chèo phản ánh lòng từ bi hỉ xả Phật giáo đức hạnh Khổng giáo, có đề cao Khổng giáo quan hệ xã hội hòa hợp Chèo’s moral messages reflect the PT p18, 19 benevolence of Buddhism and the virtures of Confucianism, including the latter’s emphasis on harmonious social relationship Trào lộng chèo ln gắn với trữ tình Trữ tình đặc trưng quan trọng khác chèo, chèo thể cách thắm thiết xúc cảm tình cảm cá nhân người, phản ánh mối quan tâm chung nhân loại… Satire in chèo is always linked to PT p22, 23 romance, another significant feature Chèo is romantic because it expresses people's individual emotions and feelings and reflects the common concerns of all people… Kính Tâm…xin sữa bà mẹ Kính Tâm…beg for milk from PT p32, 33 cho bú nursing mothers Bà bước với với ông, sinh She married him and had two sons PT p53, 54 hai trai, gái Người and a daughter, Diễm Lộc gái Diễm Lộc Làng Khuốc có nhiều hoạt động để The village has many activities to PT p84, 85 bảo tồn vốn quý chèo, có preserve its chèo tradition, including câu lạc chèo hoạt động tích cực an active chèo club Song khơng đạo diễn "cách tân" however, many have bastardized PT p88, 89 cách cẩu thả nghệ thuật truyền the traditional art thống Thu nhập thấp làm cho vài gia đình nơng thơn mắc nợ nhiều năm chi phí mức cho đám cưới, cặp vợ chồng gia đình họ phải điêu đứng vay nợ Lower incomes in the countryside WC p22, 23 force some families into debt for years, with excessive cost victimizing the couple and their families Người Việt Nam ngày bỏ Modern Vietnamese have dropped WC p44, 45 số tục lệ hôn nhân cũ some of the old marital practices yet đồng thời lại trì làm hồi have maintained or revived others sinh số tập tục khác Những gia đình danh giá khơng Respectable families would not WC p46, 47 chấp nhận người ngoại quốc accept a foreigner, no matter how cho dù người có trội distinguished …thành kiến cố hữu chống lại hôn Ingrained prejudice nhân người khác interracial marriage chủng tộc against WC p48, 49 Về thịt gà tình hình cịn tệ As for chicken, the situation was WC p72, 73 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 78 nữa: thưởng thức even worse: We enjoyed hương vị thơm ngon thịt gà delicacy twice a year at most nhiều hai lần năm that Dân làng tổ chức hội hàng năm Villagers organize a festival every SF p94, 95 ba hay bốn năm lần lại tổ year and a large festival every three chức lễ hội thật lớn or four years …màn diễn gồm điệu múa, hát phản ảnh sống thường nhật người dân thuộc đủ tầng lớp xã hội Nhứng điệu mùa hát ca ngợi kỳ diệu thiên nhiên kể lại tích truyện cổ …the main acts consist of dances SF p108, 109 and songs that reflect the daily life of people from all social strata These praise the wonders of Nature and retell ancient stories 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 79 Table 17: Clarity Source language Target language Trong chương trình khơng có The programme chèo đại modernized plays Vở chèo có nhiều cảnh sinh động, đầy kịch tính cảnh “Mụ quán bán hàng,” “Xúy Vân giả dại,” “Phù thủy đuổi ma” Source included no PT p14, 15 This play hays many lively, dramatic PT p40, 41 scenes, such as “The Perfidious Woman Laying out Her Wares,” “Xúy Vân Feigns Madness,” and “Magician Exorcising Evil Spririts.” Thị Kính chống xứng đơi vừa Thị Kính and her husband, Thiện Sĩ, PT p30, 31 lứa, sống hạnh phúc are a well-matched and happy couple Trong câu nói ấy, Hà Văn Cầu thể In this Cầu has turned out to be a PT p70, 71 chất Hán học đậm nét - Confucian scholar, for Confucians "nhất tự vi sư, bán tự vi sư." remember the famous saying about respect for teachers: "One word is a teacher; half a word is a teacher." …các diễn viên nhạc công chèo cổ phải theo nhịp độ tình cảm vai trị tích hát để bẻ nắn điệu …classical chèo artists and PT p74, 75 musicians modify melodies depending on the mood of the circumstances and on their interpretation of each character and of the story Các cụ làng đứng xây dựng The elderly built a stage at the PT p80, 81 sân khấu làm chỗ cho đội luyện tập, communal house for the troupe to biểu diễn practice and perform Một lần cụ làng xem "Mối tình ven sơng" thấy khơng hài lịng với mũ vương miện nhân vật nam, liền định phải mua mũ Once, while watching a rehearsal of PT p80, 81 Love Story by the River (Mối tình ven song", the village elders were not happy with tan actor's royal hat and decided to buy a new one Người Thiết Trụ xa quê đóng góp cho đội Có người ủng hộ 50 trang phục, đủ từ quần áo người hầu đến xiêm y công chúa Even those who have left the village PT p82, 83 to settle elsewhere contribute A native of Thiết Trụ Village, who is living away from home, donated over fifty costumes, everything from a maid's uniform to a princess's dresses Những tên Phạm Văn Điền, Some Khuốc performers such as PT p82, 83 Đào Thị Na, Hà Quang Bổng, Cao Phạm Văn Điền, Đào Thị Na, Hà Kim Trạch trở nên quen thuộc Quang Bổng, and Cao Kim Trạch have become household names Một vài đám cưới kéo dài đến vài Some wedding last two days ngày 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z WC p20, 21 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 80 Biểu tượng kí tự chữ Hán có nghĩa hai lần hạnh phúc, tiếng Việt gọi song hỷ Vương An Thạch (1021-1086), nhà trị Trung Hoa tiếng đời Tống, tạo biểu tượng The symbol is the Chinese character WC p24, 25 for "double happiness," (song hỉ in Vietnamese) and (shuagxi in Chinese) Wang Anshi (1021-1086), a famous Chinese politician during the Song Dynasty, created the symbol Chú rể mặc áo khốc ngồi màu đen xanh thẫm đội khăn quấn màu đen cịn quần giày theo kiểu châu Âu thông thường As for the groom, he wore a black or WC p62, 63 dark blue tunic and a black turban His slacks and shoes were the usual Western style that most men had already adopted Chẳng mà đường dài ngắn Soon the long way will seem shorter SF p56, 57 lại Theo phong tục đồ cúng lễ thần thánh ăn nên giàu chất nuôi dưỡng cho thể xác tâm hồn According to rites, the offerings had SF p58, 59 been tasted and infused with deities's spirit; they were rich in nutrients for both body and soul Ô mai mơ có bán phố Huế, Ơ mai mơ is available on Huế Street, SF p62, 63 Hàng Đường chợ Đường (Sugar) Street in Hà Nội, and in the market across the country Tương truyền trò chơi bà Lê According to legend, the game began SF p64, 65 Chân, nữ tướng Hai Bà with Madam Lê Chân, a general Trưng under the Trưng Sisters Tuy nhiên, chủ hàng quán chèo kéo du khách mua hàng nhiều, làm du khách không thưởng thức bầu khơng khí tơn giáo xung quanh However, owners of the numerous SF p82, 83 shops, stalls, and stands pester visitors to buy their goods, distracting them from the setting's religious ambiance Chúng phải cố gắng nhiều We've tried very hard to achieve a SF p84, 85 đạt thu nhập 700 kg per capita income of 700 kilos of rice thóc/người/năm per year (US$ 180) Trong số có ba vị thần thiên nhiên như: Cao Sơn Đại Vương, Thủy Bá Đại Vương, Bạch Lệ Đại Vương Among them, three are of natural SF p96, 97 origin: Cao Sơn Đại Vuwong (the God of Mountain), Thủy Bá Đại Vương (the God of Water), and Bạch Lệ Đại Vương (the God of Farming) Gà chọi hay phải đầu công, A good fighting cock must have the SF p124, 125 cốc, mắt ốc, cánh vỏ trai, cổ small head of a peacock, the body of dài, khỏe a cormorant, deep eyes, wings neatly wrapped like a shell, and a long and strong neck 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