(Luận văn) grammatical cohesionin “ the wind in the willow” by kenneth grahame and their equivalents in google translate’svietnamese translations

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ THỊ NGỌC THẢO lu an n va gh tn to GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN “THE WIND IN THE p ie WILLOWS” BY KENNETH GRAHAME AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS d oa nl w EQUIVALENTS IN GOOGLE TRANSLATE’S an lu CODE: 8.22.02.01 ll u nf va FIELD: English Linguistics oi m z at nh Supervisor: LÊ NHÂN THÀNH, Ph.D z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN LÊ THỊ NGỌC THẢO lu an va n LIÊN KẾT NGỮ PHÁP TRONG “GIÓ QUA RẶNG LIỄU” to TRONG BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT CỦA GOOGLE p ie gh tn CỦA KENNETH GRAHAME VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG d oa nl w TRANSLATE Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh lu ll u nf va an Mã số: 8.22.02.01 oi m z at nh Người hướng dẫn: TS LÊ NHÂN THÀNH z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I confirm that the thesis “Grammatical cohesion in “The Wind in the Willow” by Kenneth Grahame and their equivalents in Google Translate’s Vietnamese Translations” is my work except where reference is made in the text of the thesis No other person’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or lu diploma an n va tn to p ie gh Binh Dinh, 2021 oa nl w d Lê Thị Ngọc Thảo ll u nf va an lu oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was completed with the support of many people First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Le Nhan Thanh, my supervisor, for his patience, guidance and professional advice during the process of completing this thesis Without his expertise and encouragement, I would not have been able to finish this study I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to all my lecturers who have lu an taken part in my MA course at Quy Nhon University and provided me with n va useful and interesting knowledge and experience as well as their inspiration tn to which helped me conduct my research ie gh Last but not least, I feel deeply indebted to my family members for p their support and motivation whenever I needed to finish the thesis d oa nl w ll u nf va an lu oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si iii ABSTRACT The study aims to examine the quality of Google Translate’s Vietnamese translations of the grammatical cohesive devices in “The Wind in the Willow” by Kenneth Grahame in terms of translation errors To fulfil this aim, 10934 reference ties and 770 conjunction ties found in 2306 English sentences containing the references and conjunctions in “The Wind in the Willow” and their equivalents in GT’s Vietnamese translations were lu an examined to classify the translation errors in the Vietnamese translations in n va terms of grammatical cohesion using Costa et al.’s (2015) model The tn to research employs both quantitative and qualitative content analysis in this gh study to collect data and analyze it to answer the research questions The p ie results of the study show that GT cannot achieve accuracy in translating the references with contextual meaning and GT shows better quality in translating w d oa nl the conjunctions than the references ll u nf va an lu oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi lu an CHAPTER INTRODUCTION n va 1.1 Rationale 1.2.1 Aim gh tn to 1.2 Aim and Objectives p ie 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Questions w oa nl 1.4 Scope of the Study d 1.5 Significance of the Study lu va an 1.6 Organization of the Study u nf CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW ll 2.1 The Theory of Cohesion m oi 2.1.1 Definition of cohesion z at nh 2.1.2 Grammatical cohesion z 2.1.3 Previous studies 29 @ gm 2.2 Errors in translation 33 l 2.2.1 Definition of translation errors 33 m co 2.2.2 Classification of translation errors 33 an Lu 2.2.3 Conceptual Framework 36 2.3 Google Translate 42 n va ac th si v 2.3.1 Machine translation 43 2.3.2 Overview of Google Translate 44 2.3.3 Previous studies on Google Translate 47 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 51 3.1 Research Methods 51 3.2 Data Collection 56 3.3 Data Analysis 60 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 64 lu 4.1 References and Conjunctions in “The Wind in the Willows” and an n va their Equivalents in GT’s Vietnamese Translations 64 4.1.2 Types of conjunctions 71 gh tn to 4.1.1 Types of references 64 p ie 4.2 Types of Translation Errors 78 w 4.2.1 Semantic errors 79 oa nl 4.2.2 Lexis errors 82 d 4.2.3 Orthographic errors 84 lu va an 4.2.4 Grammar errors 85 u nf 4.2.5 Discourse errors 85 ll 4.2.6 No translation errors 86 m oi 4.3 The Quality of Google Translate’s Vietnamese translations of z at nh English Grammatical Cohesive Devices 87 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 90 z gm @ 5.1 Summary of the main Findings 90 l 5.2 Limitation of the Study 93 m co 5.3 Implication of the Study 93 an Lu 5.3.1 Implication for teachers and students of translation 93 5.3.2 Implication for translators 94 n va ac th si vi 5.4 Suggestions for Future Research 94 REFERENCES 95 APPENDICES lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w ll u nf va an lu oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si vii ABBREVIATIONS (a) Abbreviation Abbreviation Definition an C.av Conjunction: adversative C.ca Conjunction: causal C.te Conjunction: temporal DE Discourse errors DER Discourse errors of references GE Grammar errors GEC Grammar errors of conjunctions GER Grammar errors of references Google Translate n va Conjunction: additive ie lu C.ad gh tn to p GT Lexis errors of references Machine translation va an lu Neural machine translation ll u nf NMT d MT Lexis errors of conjunctions oa LER nl LEC Lexis errors w LE Orthographic errors OEC Orthographic error of conjunctions OER Orthographic error of references R.co Reference: comparative R.de Reference: demonstrative R.pe Reference: personal SE Semantic errors SEC Semantic errors of conjunctions oi m OE z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si viii SER Semantic errors of references SMT Statistical machine translation (b) Conventions In the text: ITALICS are used for emphasis, examples or technical terms; BOLD words are used to mark the first use of technical terms In numbered examples: lu an BOLD and UNDERLINED words in examples are the features under n va discussion p ie gh tn to d oa nl w ll u nf va an lu oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si 93 which made the target translations incomprehensible when GT translated the English sentences containing the references and conjunctions into Vietnamese Besides, the incompetence of GT in adjusting or conforming to appropriate target communicative situations showed its low quality in translating the English references into Vietnamese GT had better quality in translating the English conjunctions than it did the English references 5.2 Limitation of the Study Hard as the researcher has tried, there are still some limitations due to lu time constraints and other unexpected factors Firstly, the study evaluated the an quality of GT by analyzing the translation errors in GT’s Vietnamese va n translations of two grammatical cohesive devices, including references and gh tn to conjunctions whereas the other two grammatical cohesive devices, which are p ie substitutions and ellipsis were not analyzed Therefore, the findings cannot be applied to all types of grammatical cohesion oa nl w 5.3 Implication of the Study On carrying out this research, I hope this research will offer some d an lu benefits to teachers and students of translations as well as translators u nf va 5.3.1 Implication for teachers and students of translation Firstly, the findings of this thesis give teachers and learners insights ll oi m into the translation errors committed by GT in translating the grammatical z at nh cohesive devices from English to Vietnamese Taking these mentioned errors into consideration when teaching how to translate English grammatical z gm @ cohesive devices, teachers can ask their students to pay more attention to the context and the functional aspect of grammatical cohesive devices rather than l m co just their basic meanings Moreover, teachers and learners are also provided with insights into GT’s quality in translating two kinds of grammatical an Lu cohesion (references and conjunctions) Teachers and students are supposed n va ac th si 94 to be aware of potential errors to avoid such problems when translating grammatical cohesive devices and students should just take GT’s translations as a reference for consultation 5.3.2 Implication for translators First of all, the results of this thesis give translators clear evidence of GT’s translation errors as well as the overview of GT quality in grammatical cohesive device translations Specifically, GT helps translators boost their process of learning in terms of literal translations of texts with acceptable and lu relatively accurate outcomes However, it is advisable that translation should an be wary of GT’s translation of figurative items or similar genres Because GT va n cannot achieve accuracy and fluency when translating conjunctions, gh tn to translators should just consult these unreliable translations as references and p ie make any changes to conform to the target context and cultural background without distorting the intended meanings oa nl w These results also give evidence for those who work in technology and linguistic fields to supplement larger-scale of references related to d an lu grammatical cohesion to improve the overall quality of GT in translating the u nf va grammatical cohesive devices, especially in English-Vietnamese pair by building a parallel corpora for statistical machine translation in the future ll oi m 5.4 Suggestions for Future Research z at nh Other researchers who develop interest in a similar topic may find the following recommendations useful for their future works Firstly, this thesis z just focuses on evaluating GT’s translation errors in only two out of four gm @ grammatical cohesive types, which are references and conjunctions l m co Therefore, further researches should be carried out with a larger scope Secondly, the effect of GT’s translation errors in cohesion on Vietnamese an Lu readers should be taken into consideration n va ac th si 95 REFERENCES English sources Aiken, M (2019) An Updated Evaluation of Google Translate Accuracy Studies in Linguistics and Literature, 3(3), 253–260 Aiken, M., & Balan, Sh (2011) An analysis of Google Translate accuracy Translation Journal, 16(2) Retrieved from http://translationjournal.net/journal/56google.htm Almahasees, Z M (2020) Diachronic Evaluation of Google Translate, lu Microsoft Translator and Sakhr in English-Arabic Translation The an n va University of Western Australia Translation using Google Translate Journal of English Language Teaching, 5(1), 1–14 p ie gh tn to Anggaira, A S., & Hadi, M S (2017) Linguistic Errors On Narrative Text w Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation New York, oa nl NY: Routledge d 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Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage White, M D & Marsh, E E (2006) Content Analysis: A Flexible n va ac th si 100 Methodology In Research Methods (Eds Lynda M Baker) Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45 Yule, G (2010) The Study of Language (4th ed.) Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Vietnamese source Ban, D Q (1998) Văn liên kết Tiếng Việt (3rd ed.) HaNoi, VietNam: Education Publishing House Them, T N (1985) Hệ thống liên kết văn Tiếng Việt HaNoi, VietNam: lu Education Publishing House an Data Sources va n Grahame, K (1908) The wind in the willow London, England: Methuen to gh tn Publishing Ltd ie Dictionary p Wehmeier, S., et al (Eds.) (2005) Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (3rd oa nl w ed.) Oxford University Press Online Dictionary d ll u nf va an lu https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ oi m z at nh z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si AP.1 APPENDICES Sample Analysis English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions (1) Error types Nguyễn Tâm (2) (3) (4) Chuột chũi làm Chuột The (R.de) Mole had (5) Chũi NE lu an been working very hard việc chăm làm việc chăm n va all the (R.de) morning, buổi sáng, dọn dẹp suốt buổi sáng his nhà nhỏ để quét dọn tổ (R.pe) little home nhỏ bé mình (R.pe) vào dịp (R.pe) p ie gh tn to spring-cleaning Đầu tiên chổi, First with Thoạt đầu dùng sau bụi; sau chổi, sau thang khăn lau; tiếp đó, d brooms, then with lu oa nl w mùa xuân an dusters; then on u nf va ladders and steps and bước ghế, với trèo lên thang, chairs, with a brush and bàn chải lên bậc cửa ll oi m a pail of whitewash; till thùng sơn trắng; cho ghế với SER z at nh (C.te) he (R.pe) had đến (C.te) bàn chải dust in his (R.pe) throat (R.pe) có bụi cổ xơ nước vôi mắt, cổ SER z and eyes, and splashes họng @ gm of whitewash all over vệt trắng mắt dính đầy aching and (R.pe), lông đen cánh tay đau nhức vấy đầy nước vôi, an Lu weary arms back m co an l his (R.pe) black fur, and khắp lông đen bụi khắp n va ac th si AP.2 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions Error types Nguyễn Tâm lưng đau nhừ mỏi mịn đơi tay rã rời Spring was moving in Mùa xuân Mùa xuân the (R.de) air above and chuyển động chuyển lu an in the (R.de) động earth khơng khí bên khoảng va below and around him trái đất bên không bên n (R.pe), penetrating even xung quanh tn to his mặt đất, LER (R.pe) dark and (R.pe), thâm khắp xung quanh, chí thâm p ie gh lowly little house with nhập its (R.pe) spirit of divine nhà nhỏ bé tối tăm nhập vào SER nl w discontent and longing (R.pe) nhà nhỏ bé, tầm d oa với tính khao khát thường tối om khí an lu thiêng liêng va nỗi bất ll u nf bình khát khao m thần thánh It was small wonder, Sau đó, (C.te) có Rồi, chẳng SEC oi (C.te), that z at nh then he thắc mắc nho nhỏ ngạc nhiên z (R.pe) suddenly flung (R.pe) đột ném bàn chải SER @ down his (R.pe) brush nhiên vứt bàn chải xuống sàn nhà mà gm l on the (R.de) floor, said xuống sàn nhà, nói nói “Bực thật!” m co ‘Bother!’ and ‘O blow!’ ‘Làm phiền!’ Và ‘Ôi “Điên ruột!” and also ‘Hang spring thổi!’ Và ‘Hãy cịn nói “Cái trò an Lu cleaning!’ and bolted out lau chùi mùa xuân!’ dọn dẹp vào dịp n va ac th si AP.3 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions of the (R.de) Error types Nguyễn Tâm house Và lao khỏi nhà mùa xuân chết without even waiting to mà không cần chờ tiệt!” lao vọt put on his (R.pe) coat đợi để mặc vào áo khỏi nhà mà LER khốc anh chí khơng kịp mặc lu áo khoác an (R.pe) Something up above was Một Một điều n va (R.pe) him gọi ta phía SER anh imperiously, and (C.ad) (R.pe) he (R.pe) made for the bướng bỉnh, cách khẩn thiết mời gọi nó, bước SER p ie gh tn to calling (R.de) steep little tunnel (C.ad) (R.pe) tới đường nl w which answered in his làm cho đường hầm vừa nhỏ vừa d oa (R.pe) case to the (R.de) hầm nhỏ dốc đứng trả dốc dẫn tới lối by residences are với xe ngựa chở với mặt trời u nf whose animals (R.pe) vật cư trú gần va owned an lu gravelled carriage-drive lời trường hợp trải sỏi LER ll nearer to the (R.de) sun hàng thuộc sở hữu khơng khí m oi động vật có nơi and air z at nh gần mặt trời khơng khí z So (C.ca) he @ (R.pe) Vì (C.ca), Thế hì hục SEC gm scrabbled scrooged he then (C.te) (R.pe) đào bới, vừa hối LER an Lu (C.te) and and vẩy vẩy sau lại nạo vét SEC m co and l scraped and scratched cào xé cào xé đào bới nạo vét SER (R.pe) lại cào xé cào xé n va ac th si AP.4 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions scrooged again Error types Nguyễn Tâm and cào xé, làm việc bàn chân nhỏ bé scrabbled and scratched bận rộn với bàn chân vừa lẩm and scraped, working nhỏ (R.pe) bẩm mình, busily with his (R.pe) lẩm bẩm với “Chúng lu an little paws and muttering mình, va to himself, ‘Up "Chúng ta lên ta nào! Chúng ta lên we (C.pe) thôi! Cuối nào!” n (R.pe) go! Up we (R.pe) (R.pe) to nghe đánh SER (R.pe) snout came out (R.pe) bước ánh Mũi thị bên SER p ie gh tn go!’ till at last, pop! his đi! Mõm anh “bốp” cái! into the (R.de) sunlight, sáng mặt trời, anh đầy nắng thấy lăn thấy nl w and he (R.pe) found (R.pe) d oa himself (R.pe) rolling in (R.pe) lăn lộn tròn thảm cỏ an lu the (R.de) warm grass bãi cỏ ấm áp ấm áp đồng cỏ lớn đồng cỏ rộng lớn ‘This (R.de) is fine!’ he Điều (R.de) “Thảm tốt! Anh (R.pe) mịn ll oi m (R.pe) said to himself nói với ‘This (R.de) so với qt vơi! SER lớp vơi trắng!” z @ The (R.de) thật!” is better Điều (R.de) tốt “Còn mịn LER than whitewashing!’ SER thầm nhủ z at nh cỏ u nf va of a great meadow sunshine Ánh nắng gay gắt Ánh nắng chiếu gm l struck hot on his (R.pe) lơng anh vào làm nóng SER m co fur, soft breezes caressed (R.pe), lơng nó, his (R.pe) heated brow, gió nhẹ vuốt ve vầng gió nhẹ mơn an Lu and (C.ad) after the trán nóng bỏng man vầng trán SER n va ac th si AP.5 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions Error types Nguyễn Tâm (R.de) seclusion of the anh (R.pe), hầm hập nó, cellarage he (C.ad) sau ẩn dật sau thời gian (R.de) (R.pe) had lived in so hầm, anh lâu sống tách SER long (R.co) the (R.de) (R.pe) sống lâu biệt lu an carol of happy birds fell (R.co), tiếng hót hầm mình, va on his (R.pe) dulled chim hạnh tiếng chim hót ríu n hearing almost like a phúc rơi vào thính rít đập vào thính SER tn to giác mờ mịt anh giác ù shout gh p ie (R.pe) gần giống gần một tiếng hét off all his Nhảy khỏi bốn chân Nhảy vọt nl w 10 Jumping tiếng quát d oa (R.pe) four legs at once, (R.pe) chân, LER joy of lúc, niềm niềm vui an lu in the (R.de) bốn va living and the (R.de) vui sống niềm vui sống vui ll u nf delight of spring without mùa xuân mà nguồn m its (R.pe) cleaning, he không cần dọn dẹp, mùa xuân không SER pursued his anh (R.pe) theo đuổi cần quét dọn, oi (R.pe) z at nh (R.pe) way across the đường tiếp tục hành trình (R.de) meadow till he (R.pe) qua đồng cỏ qua đồng cỏ cho z the (R.de) hedge on the (R.pe) đến hàng bờ giậu phía up!’ at bên an “Cố lên!” Một “Dừng lại!” NE an Lu elderly rabbit said rào phía bên m co (R.de) further side l gm @ reached 11 ‘Hold anh đến tới LER (R.pe) the thỏ già khoảng bác thỏ già từ n va ac th si AP.6 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions Error types Nguyễn Tâm (R.de) gap trống nói lỗ hỏng bờ giậu thò đầu quát 12 ‘Sixpence for the (R.de) Sixpence cho đặc “Nộp sáu penny NE lu an privilege of passing by quyền qua đường phép va the (R.de) đường riêng private riêng! n road!’ tn to này!” 13 He (R.pe) was bowled Anh ta (R.pe) bị Bác ta sun SER p ie gh over in an instant by the quấy rối ngay vòi lại (R.de) impatient and Mole thấy anh chàng Mole, thiếu kiên nhẫn Chuột Chuỗi dáng nl w contemptuous side of the chạy dọc theo bên khinh khỉnh túc an hedge chaffing cạnh hàng rào tắc dọc bờ va (R.de) người vẻ bực bội lu (R.de) miệt, d oa who trotted along the khinh rabbits as they thỏ khác (R.co) giễu cợt m (R.co) ll u nf the (R.de) (R.de) other chọc ngoáy giậu, vừa vừa oi (R.pe) peeped hurriedly chúng (R.pe) thỏ khác vội z at nh from their (R.pe) holes lút nhìn từ lỗ ghé mắt dòm qua LER z to see what the (R.de) chúng (R.pe) để xem cửa hang xem có hàng nói chuyện mà om sauce!’ he Onion- ‘Nước sốt hành tây! “Thật láo xược! (R.pe) Onion-sauce!” m co 14 ‘Onion-sauce! sòm l gm @ row was about Anh Thật láo xược!” SER an Lu remarked jeeringly, and (R.pe) giễu cợt nhận Chuột Chũi bình n va ac th si AP.7 English sentences containing the No references and Vietnamese Vietnamese sentences translated sentences by GT translated by conjunctions Error types Nguyễn Tâm was gone before they xét, họ biến câu đầy vẻ (R.pe) could think of a trước họ (R.pe) nhạo 7ang SER satisfactory kịp nghĩ câu trả lời hút trước lũ thoroughly thỏa đáng reply thỏ kịp nghĩ lu câu trả đũa an n va thật thỏa đáng STUPID you 'Bạn thật “Mày ngu SER (R.pe) (R.pe) are! ‘Why didn’t ngôc! Tại bạn mất! Sao mày SER you (R.pe) tell him (R.pe) khơng nói với khơng bảo nó…” SER p ie gh tn to 15 ‘How (R.pe)—’ ‘Well, why anh (R.pe) - ’“ “Ồ, mày SER YOU (R.pe) Chà, ‘You (R.pe) (R.pe) khơng nói- ’‘ mày SER have reminded Bạn (R.pe) nhắc nhở nó…” SER an lu might bạn khơng nói…” “Lẽ d say—’ oa nl w didn’t va him (R.pe)—’ and so nhắc nhở anh vân vân, cách it (C.av), was of theo thơng nhiên cách then thường; muộn, mà oi course, but m way; ll u nf on, in the (R.de) usual (R.pe) - ’và vân vân, chiếu lệ, song cố z at nh (R.de) much too late, as (C.av), tất nhiên, lúc lần z is always the (R.de) (R.de) @ case m co l gm muộn, an Lu n va ac th si