Thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng thủ công mỹ nghệ của nước chdcnd lào

THC’dW DAI HOC KUSH TK QUOC DAW KHAMBAY SITHIRAJVONGSA daihocktqd tt th6ngtinthWvien PHONG LUAN AN-TU LIEU I * THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THU CONG MY NGHE CUA NlTOC CHDCND LAO Chuyen ngdnh: KINH TE & QuAn LY TH JONG MAI LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH if • • Ngtidi hildng dan khoa hoc: PGS.TS NGUYEN THLfA LOC -T-H s H HA X&i - 2010 LO»I CAM ON Vai long biet an chan thanh, tac gid xin cam an Dang va Chinh phu hai nude Lao, Viet Nam da ho tra cho tac gid sang hoc tap tai Viet Nam Tac gid xin to Idng biet an sau sac tai PGS.TS Nguyen Thua Loe da danh nhieu thai gian quy bau hucmg dan, chi bao va gop y cho tac gid suot qua trinh hoan luan van y Tac gid xin gui lai cam an tai cac thay cd giao Khoa cung nhu cac thay cd Truang Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan, cung vdi cac ban be r truang va gia dinh da giup da tac gid suot qua trinh hoc tap, nghien cuu tai Nha truang Tuy nhien han che ve thai gian nen cd the luan van cd nhung khiem khuyet Tac gid rat mong nhan duac su dong gop y kien quy bau cua cac thay cd va cac ban doc Ha Noi, thang nam 2010 Tac gid luan van KHAMBAY SITHIRAJVONGSA MUC LUC • • TRANG PHU BIA DANH MUC CAC CHI VIET TAT DANH MUC BANG BIEU, HINH VE TOM TAT LUAN VAN LCHMCfDAU CHlfONG 1: CO Sd LY THUYET VE THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THU CONG MY NGHE CUA MOT QUOC GIA 1.1 Xuat khau va thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 1.1.1 Vai tro va cac hinh thuc xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 1.1.2 Khai niem ve thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 1.1.3 Vai tro thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 1.2 Cac bien phap cua Nha niroc de day manh xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 10 r o 1.2.1 Tang cuong nghien cuu thi truong xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 10 r r 1.2.2 Nhom giai phap tai chinh, tin dung khuyen khich san xuat thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 12 1.2.3 Nang cao kha nang canh tranh cac mat hang thu cong my nghe 13 1.2.4 Nhom giai phap the che, to chuc 14 1.3 Nhung nhan to anh huong den thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 15 1.3.1 Cac nhan to thuoc moi truong vT mo 15 1.3.2 Cac nhan to thuoc moi truong vi mo 17 r r 1.3.3 Cac nhan to noi tai cua doanh nghiep xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 19 1.4 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua mot • so nuoc va bai hoc • cho nuoc Lao 20 1.4.1 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua mot so nude 20 1.4.2 Bai hoc thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cho nude CHDCND Lao 25 CHUONG 2: THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU VA THUC DAY XUAT • • KHAU HANG THU CONG MY NGHE CUA NL(JC CHDCND LAO 27 2.1 Khai quat dac diem san xuat hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao 27 2.1.1 Dac diem tu nhien cua nuoc CHDCND Lao 27 2.1.2 Dac diem kinh te - xa hoi cua nude CHDCND Lao .30 r 2.1.3 Khai quat dac diem san xuat hang thu cong my nghe cua nuoc CHDCND Lao 34 2.2 Thye trang thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao 35 r *> 2.2.1 Thuc trang xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao 35 2.2.2 Cac bien phap thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao 47 2.3 Danh gia ve thuc trang thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao 59 2.3.1 Nhung tuu 59 2.3.2 Han che va nguyen nhan 60 CHUONG 3: PHl/ONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THU CONG MY NGHE CUA NUOC CHDCND LAO TRONG THCH GIAN IOl 66 3.1 Phuong hird’ng thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nuo’c CHDCND Lao 66 3.1.1 Quan diem va muc tieu thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao tir den nam 2015 66 3.1.2 Phuong huong thuc day phat trien xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao tu den nam 2015 70 3.2 Giai phap thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nuo’c CHDCND Lao den natn 2015 .75 3.2.1 Doi moi nghien cuu thi truong xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 75 3.2.2 Can quy hoach cac vung, lang nghe san xuat thu cong my nghe de xuat khau 76 > r a 3.2.3 Can ho tro tin dung cho cac ho san xuat, lang nghe va cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 77 > r 3.2.4 Tang cuong cung cap thong tin ve moi truong kinh doanh cho cac don vi tham gia san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 78 r r r r n 3.2.5 Tang cuong moi lien ket gitra cac nha san xuat va xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 79 3.2.6 Tang cuong dao tao, boi duong nang cao trinh do, tay nghe cho nguoi lao dong 81 3.3 Kien nghi vd*i Chinh phu Lao va cac co’ quan, ban nganh co lien quan 83 KET LUAN 86 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 88 DANH MUC CAC CHL VIET TAT sx San xuat XK Xuat khau XNK Xuat nhap khau USD Dong la My ND Nghi dinh NDCM Nhan dan each mang LDCs Cac nuoc kem phat trien GSP Quyen iru dai HTCMN Hang thu cong my nghe TCMN Thu cong my nghe GDP Tong san pham quoc noi EU Lien minh Chau Au CP Chinh phu GD Giai doan CHDCND Cong hda Dan chu nhan dan BTBTC Bo truong Bo tai chinh ASEAN Hiep hoi cac nude Dong Nam A DANH MUC BANG BIEU, HINH VE BANG BIEU Bang 2.1: Co cau nen kinh te theo nghanh qua cac giai doan 32 Bang 2.2: Xuat khau cua nude CHDCND Lao giai doan 2005 - 2008 38 Bang 2.3: Xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao giai doan 2005 - 2008 40 Bang 2.4: Co cau hang thu cong my nghe xuat khau 43 Bang 2.5: Thi trudng XK hang TCMN cua Lao giai doan 2005 - 2008 45 HINH VE r Hinh 2.1: Toe tang trudng GDP cua Lao qua cac nam 30 Hinh 2.2: Co cau nen kinh te cua Lao qua cac nam 33 Z Hinh 2.3: Xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao 41 Z Z Hinh 2.4: Co cau hang thu cong my nghe xuat khau cua Lao 44 Hinh 2.5: Thi trudng XK hang TCMN cua Lao 45 TRlfdW DAI HOC KINH Tfe' QUOC I»AA 8r>£O^GSG8 KHAMBAY SITHIRAJVONGSA THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG THU CONG MY NGHE CUA NlftfC CHDCND LAO / Chuyen nganh: KINH TE & QuAn LY TH JONG MAI TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY • Ha JVoi - 2010 • i LCJI Md DAU Sir can thiet phai nghien ciru de tai De ton tai va phat trien cac doanh nghiep phai kinh doanh co lai theo f f ~ f nguyen tac hach toan kinh doanh lay thu bu chi, neu thua 16 keo dai se lam cho dbi song cua ngubi lao dong gap nhieu kho khan, dan den mat von, mat kha nang toan, lam cho sir ton tai cua doanh nghiep bi de doa va pha \ f *> f san, giai the la dieu kho tranh khdi Mat khac, Xuat nhap khau hang Thu cong my nghe hien la mot linh vuc quan trong linh virc kinh doanh xuat khau F ? Cac doanh nghiep luon quan tarn va tim kiem, mb rong thi truong va day manh xuat khau hang thu cong My Nghe cua Lao thi truong the gibi Ben canh nhung uu the ve sir doc dao va dac trung cua mat hang, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat nhap khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao dang phai F \ F gap nhieu kho khan vubng mac, gay can tro cho viec xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe Xuat phat tir nhung dieu tren de tai: “Thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nude CHDCND Lao" duoc chon lam luan van tot nghiep thac si kinh te Muc dich nghien ciru - Nghien ciru nhung van de ly luan co ban ve thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe - Phan tich thuc trang thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua cua nuoc CHDCND Lao, rut nhung ket luan danh gia co ban lam co sb de giai phap tang cubng xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe \ F \ F - De xuat cac giai phap nham tang cubng xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe dieu kien hoi nhap quoc te hien cua CHDCND Lao Doi tuong va pham vi nghien ciru F \ F - Doi tuong nghien ciru: Nghien ciru ly luan co ban ve thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe 75 3.2 Giai phap thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nirdc CHDCND Lao den nam 2015 3.2.1 Doi moi nghien ciru thi trudng xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe Su chuyen dich tu thi trudng Dong Au sang cac thi trudng mdi nhu: Thi trudng EU, thi trudng Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Dai Loan la mot diem sang mdi cho hoat dong xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao Hien nay, thi trudng hang hoa the gidi cang trd nen da dang va bi phan doan; su phat trien da dang cua thi trudng hang hoa gan lien vdi thi trudng dich vu thuc day phat trien thi trudng hang hoa the gidi; dudng bien gidi ve thi trudng giua cac quoc gia gan nhu khong hay "md dan" di xu the hoi nhap quoc te cua cac quoc gia; "khoang each" giua cung va cau hang hoa cang dupe thu hep; canh tranh tren thi trudng hang hoa the gidi se dien cang gay gat tren ca goc do: “nen kinh te, doanh nghiep va hang hoa” Trong co che thi trudng, bat ky moi hoat dong kinh doanh nao cua doanh nghiep cung phai gan vdi thi trudng Nam vung dupe cac thi trudng, hieu biet dupe cac quy luat cua thi trudng la het sue quan Doi vdi doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat nhap khau thi cong tac nghien cuu thi trudng la rat can thiet can phai dupe quan tam thoa dang Tren co so khai quat tinh hinh thi trudng the gidi va khu vuc Mot mat phai giu vung thi trudng da hinh nhat la thi trudng EU, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Dai Loan va Trung Quoc Cac nha kinh doanh xuat, nhap khau nen chu dong tim kiem thi trudng mdi nhat la cac nudc Uc, Chau My (nudc My, Canada, Mexico), Chau Phi, hay thi trudng cac nudc thuoc chau A nhu: An Do, Singapo Tuy nhien, de xam nhap dupe vao cac r •> thi trudng mdi nay, thi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe \ r can phai xay dung cho minh mot lo trinh nhat dinh, tu khau nghien cuu thi trudng (cac nhu cau, thi hieu, mau ma va chung loai hang hoa) , lua chon thi 76 truong muc tieu, tien hanh dua san pham vao tieu thu thu va se tien hanh tieu thu dai tra rong khap, nham chiem linh thi truong 3.2.2 Can quy hoach cac vung, lang nghe san xuat thu cong my nghe de xuat khau Hien nay, nhom hang thu cong my nghe xuat khau chi chiem tren dudi 10% tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Lao, vdi nhung mat hang chu yeu la san pham tu go, may tre dan, to lua Vi vay, nam tdi de tang hang thu cong my nghe xuat khau thi nudc Lao can khan truong xay dung va quy hoach cac vung, cac lang nghe dang bi mai mot (vi san pham khong cd dau ra, hoac dau gia qua re ) de lam tang ca ve so lugng va chat lugng, gop phan lam tang sire canh tranh tren thi trudng khu vuc va the gidi Tren co so phai tinh toan nhu cau cua tung nhom hang vdi tung thi trudng va thuc trang cac vung, lang nghe san xuat hang thu cong my nghe, can phai lay lang nghe cd quy md ldn, cd sue phat trien va lan toa lam phat trien vung, lang nghe truyen thong va lan truyen sang cac vung va lang lan can Tuy nhien, cac vung, lang nghe goc can phai dong vai tro chu dao viec sang tao cac mau mot, kieu dang mdi a r a Ben canh viec phat trien cac vung, lang nghe truyen thong, thi Nha nudc Lao can cd chu truong phoi hgp vdi cac lang nghe lan can, cac vung san xuat nguyen lieu dau vao cho qua trinh san xuat, de qua trinh san xuat, luu z z thong hang hoa mot each thong xuot, tranh tinh trang khan hiem nguyen lieu A A Z dau vao, dieu se lam thay doi gia san pham san xuat ra, nhu vay se lam giam sue canh tranh giua hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao vdi cac nudc Z khac Mat khac, Chinh phu Lao va cac doanh nghiep tham gia xuat khau hang A Z thu cong my nghe can thao go nhung kho khan (von, ky thuat, thong tin 77 nguyen lieu dau vao va gia san pham dau ) cho cac lao dong, ho san xuat hang thu cong my nghe, de ho yen tam horn qua trinh san xuat 3.2.3 Can ho tro* tin dung cho cac ho san xuat, lang nghe va cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe Trong nhung nam qua, nude Lao da ban banh chinh sach tin dung, su dung dong bo cac cdng cu tai chinh, tin dung, cac quy ho tro xuat khau de khuyen khich xuat khau Thuc te cho thay chinh sach da phat huy duoc tac dung, gop phan thuc day xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe Tuy nhien, viec san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe hien cd nhung net rieng biet giai doan hien nhu: Cac doanh nghiep, cac ho san xuat hay cac hop tac xa chu yeu la doanh nghiep vua va nho, von san xuat it, nen khong cd kha nang md rong san xuat, mua them cdng cu, may moc phuc vu cho san xuat, hay gap cac hop dong ldn khong cd du von de mua nguyen lieu phuc vu cho san xuat, hay khong cd tai san dung lam tai san bao dam de di vay von ngan hang, nhin chung viec tiep can von vay tir ngan hang la rat kho khan Do vay, thdi gian tdi, nudc Lao can phai cd chinh sach tin dung phu hop de ho tro san xuat lang nghe cung nhu cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe duoc tiep can von vay tu ngan hang mot each de dang, thuan loi hon ca ve each thuc vay, thdi gian vay, ' yr? uu dai hon Cac ngan hang dan phai cap du von cho cac ho san xuat, cac hop tac xa de ho cd the tu trang bi may moc, thue lao dong de cd the tu ky ket > r hop dong mua ban hang thu cdng my nghe vdi cac doi tac nudc ngoai 78 doanh nghiep xuat khau thuan lpi sang cac thi truong moi ngoai cac thi da xuat khau nhu: Thi truang EU, thi truang Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Dai Loan - Dam bao su binh dang thuc su quan he tin dung ngan hang tren co sb phap luat giua cac phan kinh te Mb rong kha nang tiep can nguon tin dung tu cac ngan hang cung nhu cac dinh che tai chinh Don gian x f *> f f hoa thu tuc vay von va yeu cau the chap tai san cua ngan hang va cac to chuc tin dung - Xue tien lap ngan hang chuyen doanh cua khu vuc doanh nghiep vua va nho, thu hut su tham gia cua cac doanh nghiep, ke ca cac doanh nghiep lbn vbi su ho tro cua Nha nubc va cac to chuc quoc te F F - Thuc hien lai suat uu dai cho doanh nghiep vua va nho san xuat, kinh doanh xuat khau sang cac thi truong EU, Nhat ban, Han Quoc va Dai Loan co hieu qua, san xuat san pham mbi hoac nghien cuu ung dung khoa hoc cong nghe mbi 3.2.4 Tang cuong cung cap thong tin ve mbi truong kinh doanh cho cac A A A A A don vi tham gia san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe Trong nen kinh te thi trubng, cac don vi tham gia san xuat, kinh doanh F \ F X F F F can phai giai quyet ba van de: “san xuat cai gi, san xuat nhu the nao va san xuat cho ai” Tuc la cac don vi tham gia san xuat hang thu cong my nghe can phai san xuat va xuat khau nhtrng mat hang ma thi trubng co nhu cau, chu khong phai san xuat va xuat khau nhung mat hang ma cac don vi co F Ft Hien nay, cac don vi tham gia san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe la cac ho nong dan, hop tac xa va cac doanh nghiep vua va nho, ho deu X F F X F khong co du dieu kien tiep xue, nam bat cac thong tin ve mbi trubng kinh \ F doanh Bbi vay, thbi gian tbi, Nha nubc Lao can phai cung cap cac thong 79 tin ve thi truong nhap khau cho cac don vi (thong qua van ban, bao tri, truyen hinh, truyen hay internet ) Cac thong tin can phai duoc minh bach hoa, co su binh dang giua cac don vi viec nhan thong tin, tranh truong hop co su gian lan, hoi lo viec cung cap thong tin, dan den tinh trang co don vi thi nhan duoc trudc, co don vi lai nhan sau qua lau hay khong nhan duoc, hoac nhan duoc nhung lai la thong tin khong sat vdi thuc tien Nha nudc Lao cd the thu thap thong tin qua dudng ngoai giao, qua cac dai su quan cua Lao d cac nudc ma Lao xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe, hay thong qua cac hien dinh Dac biet thdi gian tdi, Lao can phai lap mot trung tam chuyen nghien cuu cac nhu cau, thi hieu cua khach hang thuoc thi trudng cu va nhung khach hang thuoc thi trudng da md rong Mat khac, Chinh phu Lao can phai cho phep, khuyen khich lap cac hiep hoi Z \ Z quoc gia, hay hiep hoi cac tinh ve xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe, de thong 7 qua hiep hoi cd the giai quyet nhung kho khan, vudng mac ma cac don vi tham gia san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe dang gap phai de tung budc giup ho thao go 3.2.5 Tang cirdng moi lien ket giua cac nha san xuat va xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe Z Z Z Z Mdi lien ket giua nha san xuat va xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cd the xay theo hai hudng sau: Thu nhat: Thu nhat la su lien ket cua nhung nha san xuat hang thu cong my nghe vdi hoac giua cac nha kinh doanh xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe vdi Ket qua cua su lien ket se tao cac hiep hoi, cac to chuc hop tac hay hop tac xa Cac don vi cd the lien ket vdi theo md hinh to hop tac phu hop vdi chu doanh nghiep cd quy md nho, vdi linh vuc san xuat kinh doanh khong doi hoi ky thuat cao Con hop tac theo md hinh hop tac xa 80 la sir lien ket giua cac chu ho kinh doanh vdi nhau, vdi md hinh nay, chu ho lira chon mot hoac mot so khau, hay cdng doan, mat hang, mot so chi tiet cua san pham qua trinh san xuat, kinh doanh de tham gia hop tac cung r •> r r san xuat va kinh doanh Con doi vdi hinh thuc lien ket theo kieu hiep hoi nganh nghe la sir lien ket dien tren nhieu mat cua qua trinh san xuat nhu: Lien ket quan ly, quy trinh san xuat, tieu thu san pham, thong tin thi trudng Thuc te hoat dong cua cac hiep hoi d mot so nudc cho thay (O Viet Nam, Thai Lan hay Trung Quoc ), day la hinh thuc to chuc phu hop de ho tro, lien ket va xay dung tinh than cong dong cua cac doanh nghiep nham xay dung va phat trien san xuat, kinh doanh va xuat khau Nhin chung, cd sir lien ket giua nhung ngudi san xuat, ngudi kinh doanh vdi se giup cho cac don vi san xuat, kinh doanh dat duoc loi r r y r the ve quy md, giam gia san xuat, xay dung duoc quy trinh san xuat r x •> r tien tien hon, tao dieu kien nang cao chat luong quan ly theo tieu chuan r r r •> r •> quoc te, va xay dung duoc mang ludi phan phoi san pham vung chac, on dinh va hieu qua Thu hai, la sir lien ket giua cac don vi san xuat vdi nhung don vi kinh doanh xuat khau, sir lien ket duoc thuc hien thong qua cac hop dong mua ban va tieu thu hang thu cdng my nghe Thong qua hop dong, cac don vi xuat khau cd nguon hang on dinh, chat luong cao, mat khac cac don vi san xuat cung cd nguon tieu thu dau on dinh, dupe ho tro ve von, thong tin thi trudng, cac ky thuat mdi de san xuat nhieu loai hang hoa cd mau ma cang dupe khach hang ua chuong Ngoai ra, cac nha san xuat va kinh doanh xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe cd the lien ket vdi viec xay dung thuong hieu, xue tien 81 thuong mai, cung to chuc cac cuoc triem lam gidi thieu san pham ca d r r nuoc va quoc te Qua nghien cuu thuc te cho thay, hien cac moi lien ket d Lao van chua duoc phat trien, nham phat huy sue manh cua tap the Vi vay, nhung nam tdi, Chinh phu Lao can co chinh sach ho tro cho cac don vi tham gia san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe lien ket lai vdi nhau, de viec san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao cang duoc phat trien 3.2.6 Tang cuong dao tao, boi duong nang cao trinh do, tay nghe cho ngudi lao dong Trong cac hoat dong san xuat, xuat khau noi chung va san xuat, xuat •> x r r khau hang thu cong my nghe noi rieng thi nguon luc la yeu to vd cung quan trong, cd vai tro quyet dinh den su cong cua qua trinh san xuat, xuat khau Vi vay, cac don vi san xuat, xuat khau can phai thuong xuyen cham lo, dao tao va boi duong thuong xuyen cho doi ngu can bo va ngudi lao dong, de ho cang gidi ve chuyen mon, vung ve tay nghe, cd nhu vay se lam tang nang suat lao dong, tang hieu qua kinh doanh cua cac don vi Vi vay, nhung nam tdi, cac don vi san xuat, kinh doanh xuat khau hang thu cong my A A A nghe can phai dao tao, boi duong va nang cao tay nghe cho ngudi lao dong theo cac phuong dien sau: ♦♦♦ Doi vdi doi ngu ngudi lao dong san xuat Hang nam cac don vi can phai cd ke hoach md cac ldp dao tao, boi duong va nang cao trinh do, tay nghe cho cong nhan, dac biet la dua may moc, thiet bi, day truyen, cong nghe vao san xuat Dinh ky to chuc cac cuoc sat hach, thi A r A tay nghe tren co so phan loai lao dong de cd ke hoach dao tao cho phu hop Doi vdi nhung lao dong cd tay nghe cao can tuyen duong nham khich le ngudi lao 82 dong Con doi vdi nhung lao dong tay nghe kem can phai co ke hoach dao tao, boi duong them, hoac cho lam ghep vdi nhung lao dong cd trinh tay nghe tot hon Mat khac, cac don vi can phai cd che khen thuong, luong bong theo nang luc cua tung ngudi lao dong, cd nhu vay mdi khich le ngudi lao dong lam viec va co gang hon Ngoai ra, cac don vi can quan tam tdi cac che khac cho ngudi lao dong nhu: Che an toan lao dong, bao hiem xa hoi, hay cho d cho cac lao dong d xa de ho cd the yen tam vao cong viec san xuat - Can xay dung ke hoach dao tao mdi, dao tao lai cho nhung doi tuong > % ' ve ky nang quan ly, trinh ky thuat, trinh ve xuat nhap khau, each thuc nghien cuu thi trudng, xu ly cac thong tin va van hoa kinh doanh de ho cang hoan thien hon ve nhung linh vuc ma ho dang lam Viec dao tao, cd the cac don vi tu to chuc dao tao, hoac cd the lien ket vdi cac trudng dai hoc, cac trung tam de ho dao tao giup - Tao dieu kien mdi trudng thuan lqi cho nhung doi tuong lam viec va cd nhung chinh sach uu dai thoa dang de ho yen tam lam viec, khong cd y dinh “nhay viec”, can co chinh sach giu cac nhan tai d lai lam viec vdi don vi x x r Mat khac, cac don vi can tao dieu kien cho nhung doi tuong dupe tu trang bi them cac kien thuc can thiet (hoc len dai hoc, sau dai hoc, hay hoc them cac van bang, chung chi) de phu vu cho quan ly va lam viec - Can dao tao, boi duong cho doi ngu nhan vien ky thuat lam nhiem vu ' giam dinh, kiem tra chat lupng hang hoa nhan hang, giao hang, nham dam x x r r bao dung yeu cau cua cac don dat hang Can han che tdi muc tdi da hang dupe xuat khau sang thi trudng nudc ngoai nhung lai bi tra lai hay phai ban giam gia 83 33 Kien nghi voi Chinh phu Lao va cac co* quan, ban nganh co lien quan \ f r Thu nhat\ Chinh phu Lao can soat lai va hoan thien he thong luat phap \ Z A Z A cho phu hop vdi hien tai va dan dan phu hop vdi luat phap quoc te, can ban hanh cac chinh sach khuyen khich cac loai hinh kinh te tham gia hoat dong san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe, mat khac, Chinh phu can xay dung mot san choi binh dang cho cac doanh nghiep tham gia xuat khau noi chung va tham gia xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe noi rieng Nhu vay, thdi gian tdi, Chinh phu Lao va cac co quan huu quan can phai lap ke hoach va xay dung mot lo trinh cu the ve xay dung va hoan thien he thong chinh sach, phap luat cua Lao, can tap trung vao cac luat nhu: Luat thuong mai, luat dau tu, luat canh tranh, luat ve thue quan, hai quan, luat tai chinh ngan hang, luat dat dai, luat giao due Noi dung cua cac van ban, luat phap can phai dupe the che hoa day du cac dudng loi chinh sach cua Nha nudc Lao, mat khac cung phai phu hop vdi hien tai va vdi luat phap, thong le quoc te, nham gop phan thuc day xuat khau noi chung va thuc day xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe noi rieng r a Thu hai: Chinh phu Lao can hoan thien cac chinh sach lien quan den r xuat khau: - Chinh sach tin dung nham ho tro xuat khau: Viec thuc hien chinh sach tin dung nham ho tro xuat khau muc dich de Z A Z A giup cac doanh nghiep vupt qua kho khan ve von, de cd dieu kien xuat khau nhieu mat hang thu cdng my nghe thi trudng nudc ngoai, hay tao cho AZ 9 A Z doanh nghiep cd nguon von du ldn de cd the ky ket duoc cac hop dong lon vdi ban hang nudc ngoai Tuy nhien, ban hanh chinh sach nay, co quan quan ly can tranh nhung sai sot cd the mac phai nhu: Tai tro tin dung ho tro Z Z rv/ Z khong dung doi tuong, thieu su binh dang viec nhan tin dung ho tro xuat khau 84 giua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau vdi Thieu minh bach giua cac nguon thong tin, hay cac thong tin khong minh bach den voi cac doanh nghiep - Chinh sach thuong vuot kim ngach xuat khau Viec thuc hien chinh sach thuong vuot kim ngach xuat khau can phai luu y vua lam dong luc thuc day cac doanh nghiep xuat khau, vua phu hop vdi nhung quy dinh cua khu vuc va thong le quoc te Vi vay, can phai co nhung \ r r F bien phap nham noi long doi vdi cac vung kho khan, khuyen khich them xuat khau cac mat hang nao ma dem lai loi ich trudc mat va lau dai cho xa hoi, han che viec thuong xuat khau cho nhung mat hang mang tinh xuat khau tho, so che thuan - Thuong tich xuat khau Viec thuong tich xuat khau bao gom giay khen, tuyen duong va gia tri (ve tien ) cua giai thuong khong ldn, nhung la dong luc de cac doanh nghiep thi dua va tang cuong tham gia va nang cao hieu qua xuat khau Vi vay, nam tdi, Chinh phu va cac co quan huu quan cua Lao can van dung that triet de cong cu nay, de khich thich hoat dong xuat khau cua Lao, viec thuc hien cong cu can theo hudng: + Chinh phu va cac co quan huu quan can phai dan mot co cau hop ly hon ve mat ngan sach de thuong cho hai loai hinh, vuot kim ngach xuat khau va thuong tich xuat khau \ r + Can nghien cuu xay dung va cong bo danh muc cac mat hang mdi va thi trudng mdi cho mot thdi ky du dai de cac doanh nghiep chu dong, chuyen doi co cau san pham va thi trudng xuat khau cua minh cho phu hop vdi cac tieu chuan duoc cong bo, thay vi viec xet thuong va cong bo nhu hang nam • hien dang ap dung 85 Thu ba: Chinh phu va cac ban nganh cd lien quan cua Lao can day manh va nang cao hieu qua cac hoat dong xuc tien thucmg mai giua nude Lao va cac nudc khac tren thi trudng the gidi \ r - Cac co quan ngoai giao, dai su quan can lam tot hon nua, nhiem vu va chuc nang cua minh de day manh va nang cao hieu qua hoat dong xuc tien r thuong mai giua nuoc Lao va cac nudc khac tren the gidi - Chinh phu Lao va cac co quan huu quan can phai xay dung mot chien luge va ke hoach nham xuc tien thuong mai dai han de xuc tien thuong mai, hudng tam vao thuc hien chinh sach thuc day xuat khau phuc vu cho qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nudc Lao - Khuyen khich, tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai vao Lao de tim hieu dau tu, nghien cuu va tim kiem ban hang ■\ z Thu tu: Chinh phu va cac co quan cd lien quan can cd ke hoach va hanh \ r ? dong nham tri on dinh kinh te, chinh tri nudc, tang cudng kiem soat gid, lam phat va kiem soat tot ty gid Viec quan ly lam phat, suy giam kinh te cd y nghia vd cung quan trong su phat trien cua dat nudc Mat khac, qua trinh on dinh kinh te, chinh tri va xa hoi thi nudc Lao can phai cd ke hoach quan ly ty gia hoi doai, \ z z chinh nhung dieu se anh hudng ldn den xuat khau cac mat hang noi chung va cac mat hang thu cong my nghe noi rieng 86 KET LUAN • Xuat khau noi chung va xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe noi rieng da gop phan dang ke vao phat trien kinh te chung cua dat nude, nang cao doi song cua ngudi dan, nhat la nen kinh te chuyen tu co che quan ly tap trung sang co che thi trudng cd su dieu hanh, quan ly cua Nha nudc Nhd co dudng loi doi mdi, CHDCND Lao da va dang dan vuot qua cac cuoc khung hoang ' > r kinh te - xa hoi nhung nam dau thap ky 90 va hien tai, khac phuc duoc tinh trang dinh don, tri tre, san xuat, xuat khau noi chung va san xuat, xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe noi rieng Mac du thdi gian qua, xuat khau noi chung va xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe noi rieng da phat trien tuong doi khdi sac, dong gop rat ldn vao phat trien kinh te chung cua dat nudc, cai thien doi song nhan dan Mot sd mat hang thu cdng my nghe (san pham lam tu go, may tre dan, to lua) da tao the manh cho CHDCND Lao tren thi trudng khu vuc va the gidi Cac chinh sach nham khich thich san xuat va xuat khau cua Chinh phu thdi gian vua qua cung da co tac dung to ldn Tuy nhien, de thuc day hon nua xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe, thi thdi gian tdi Lao can phai day manh \ r r hon nua viec tang cudng dau tu vao san xuat va xuat khau mat hang va 9 r r r # r tang cudng chuyen doi co cau kinh te, co cau chinh sach, sua doi mot sd chinh sach, luat phap cho phu hop hon vdi dieu kien mdi Xuat khau hang thu cdng my nghe cua CHDCND Lao hien van chua chu dong duoc thi trudng, nguon nguyen lieu phuc vu cho san xuat hang thu cdng my nghe van dua vao nguon tu tu nhien, chua chu dong hinh cac vung chuyen san xuat nguyen lieu de cung cap cho cac lang nghe, cac r vung san xuat hang thu cdng my nghe 87 Qua nghien cuu thuc te cho thay, viec thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua nudc CHDCND Lao van nhieu van de can duoc bo sung va hoan thien De tai cung chi duoc nhung mat da lam duoc (nhu: Lao da co chinh sach nham thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe, kim ngach xuat khau tu hang thu cong my nghe cung da gop phan cai thien can can toan quoc te va gop phan giai quyet lao dong d nong thon, lam tang thu nhap va doi song cua mot so bo phan ngudi lao dong, thi trudng xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe cua Lao cung dan dupe md rong, so lupng va chat lupng hang thu cong my nghe dang cd xu hudng tang dan ) va nhung mat chua lam dupe (Cac co che chinh sach nham thuc day xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe van chua dupe thong thoang va phu hop vdi dieu kien thuc te, so lupng va chat lupng hang thu cong my nghe de xuat khau van bo hep va han che, thieu sue canh tranh so vdi cac san pham cung loai cua cac nudc khu vuc, them vao so lupng cac doanh nghiep dau tu vao san xuat va xuat khau hang thu cong my nghe it, thi trudng van chua dupe nhieu ) De tai cung dua mot he thong giai phap va kien nghi doi vdi cac cap, ban vung nong thon, tang thu nhap cho ngudi lao dong va lam tang kim ngach xuat khau cua nudc Lao 88 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • • TIENG VIET Do Due Binh, PGS.TS Bui Anh Tuan (2002), Kinh te quoc te, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi r r y r r Nguyen Duy Bot (2004), Mot so van de thuong mai qudc te va phat trien thi trudng xuat khau cua Viet Nam, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi Nguyen Thi Huang (2001), (2003), Giao trinh kinh doanh quoc te, tap 1, NXB Thong ke Ha Noi, tap NXB Lao dong - xa hoi Nguyen Thua Loe, PGS.TS Hoang Minh Duong (2000), Giao trinh Quan tri kinh doanh thuomg mai, NXB Giao due Tran Chi Thanh (2000), "Giao trinh Quan tri doanh nghiep xuat khau", NXB Thdng ke - Ha Noi Tran Chi Thanh (2002), Thi truang EU va kha nang xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam, NXB Lao dong - Xa hoi Le Thi Anh Van (2005), Doi mdi chinh sach nham thuc day xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, NXB Lao dong TIENG LAO Bo Thuong mai, Thong ke xuat khau cua Lao tu 2000 - 2008 Bo Thuong mai,Thi trudng va mat hang xuat khau cac mat hang chinh cua Lao thdi ky 2003 - 2008 89 10 Bo Thuong mai, Nhung mat hang xuat khau di cac nude nam 2004 - 2008 r r > l.Bo Thuong mai, Ke hoach nam phat trien kinh te xa hoi lan thu (2006 - 2010), Vieng Chan nam 2005 12 Bo Thuong mai, Bai nghien cuu khoa hoc ve phuemg hucmg va phat trien thi trudng hang hoa nudc vdi ngoai nudc cua CHDCND Lao giai doan 2006-2010 13 Bo Thuong mai, Chien luoc phat trien thuong mai cua CHDCND Lao tu den 2020 , r r r 14 Chien luoc phat trien kinh te xa hoi tu den nam 2010, 2020 va ke hoach nam lan thu (2001 - 2007) 15 Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quoc lan thu VII cua Dang NDCM Lao (2001), Bao cao chinh tri cua Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang, Vieng Chan 16 Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quoc lan thu VIII cua Dang NDCM Lao (2006), Bao cao chinh tri cua Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang, Vieng Chan 17 Dinh hudng va gidi phap phat trien thi trudng nudc va ngoai nudc cua CHDNCN Lao thdi ky 2006 - 2010 va tam nhin den 2020 r 18 Leeber Lee boua pao (2006), 'Hoi nhap kinh te khu vuc cua CHDCND r r Lao”, Vien Nghien cuu kinh te quoc gia Lao 19.Trang web www.moic.gov.la