Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.Quản lý hoạt động giáo dục hướng nghiệp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở khu vực Bắc Trung Bộ đáp ứng chương trình giáo dục phổ thông 2018.MINISTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY DANG VAN HAI MANAGEMENT OF CAREER ORIENTATION EDUCATION ACTIVITIES FOR LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL AREAS IN RESPONSE TO THE 201.
MINISTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY _ DANG VAN HAI MANAGEMENT OF CAREER ORIENTATION EDUCATION ACTIVITIES FOR LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL AREAS IN RESPONSE TO THE 2018 GENERAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM DOCTORAL THESIS IN EDUCATION SCIENCE NGHE AN, 2023 THE THESIS WAS COMPLETED AT VINH UNIVERSITY Academic Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN THI HUONG Assoc Prof Dr PHAM VAN SON Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis is defended in front of the university-level thesis evaluation committee at Vinh University At the time: hours day month 2023 The thesis can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam; - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library and Information Center, Vinh University INTRODUCTION Rationale 1.1 Career orientation education is a crucial component of the national education system's curriculum, playing a significant role in contributing towards achieving comprehensive education goals and developing career-oriented competencies for students Given the requirements of the country's development and the emergence of Industry 4.0, the government has decided to revamp the general education program starting from the 2020-2021 academic year As part of this initiative, career orientation education has been identified as one of the 14 key components of the 2018 General Education Curriculum It is integrated throughout all subjects and educational activities, with a particular focus on the final years of the basic education phase and the entirety of the career-oriented education phase 1.2 The North Central Region is a vast area with diverse landscapes, abundant natural resources, harsh weather conditions, a significant population, a large labor force, and a relatively developed economy Education in the North Central region has made significant progress in recent years, particularly in the areas of universal education, building national standard schools, and excellent schools, resulting in many commendable achievements Despite these achievements, the overall quality of education, particularly in career orientation education, remains low, with approximately 90% of lower secondary students not meeting the required standards for advancement to high school each year This situation has led to a low quality of human resources in the North Central region, which has not met the labor demands of the localities, especially with regard to the increasingly higher requirements for both quantity and quality in the rapidly developing local socio-economic background in the context of international integration and Industry 4.0 The results of career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central region are below average, and the reasons for this can be attributed to several factors These include a lack of awareness regarding the role, meaning, and importance of career orientation education among managers, teachers, and students; insufficient capacity of the management team and teachers to effectively manage career orientation education activities; inadequate development of plans, organization, direction, inspection, and evaluation of career orientation education activities; failure in response to the requirements outlined in the 2018 General Educational Curriculum regarding content, methods, and forms of career orientation education; failure to integrate the characteristics and transmission of traditions, culture, and education of the people in the North Central region into career orientation education activities; and a lack of resources, including mechanisms, textbooks, facilities, equipment, and financial resources, to support career orientation education for students in the region, the country, and the 2018 General Educational Curriculum 1.3 The topic of career orientation education and management has garnered significant attention from both domestic and international researchers Several studies have been conducted on managing career orientation education activities for students in the context of Industry 4.0 and the implementation of the 2018 General Education Program However, no studies have been conducted specifically on lower secondary students in the North Central region Furthermore, these studies did not provide sufficient and unbiased evaluations of the state of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students, with respect to the requirements outlined in the 2018 National Educational Curriculum There is a need for scientific and comprehensive solutions that ensure the practicality and effectiveness of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students, in the current context of implementing the National Educational Curriculum 2018 From the above reasons, the author selects the issue "Management of career orientation education activities for lower secondary school students in the North Central region in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum" as the title of this thesis Research purposes After conducting theoretical and practical research, the following management solutions are proposed to improve the effectiveness of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region, in response to the requirements outlined in the 2018 General Educational Curriculum, and to facilitate general education renovation: Study subjects and objectives 3.1 Subject of the study Career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to the requirements of the 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2 Objects of the study Management of career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum Scientific hypotheses Although career orientation education and management activities for students in the North Central region have achieved some results, there are still deficiencies in the current context of general education innovation If appropriate management solutions for career orientation education activities for lower secondary students are proposed and implemented based on management functions, tailored to the characteristics of the North Central region, and in response to the content of career orientation education outlined in the 2018 General Educational Curriculum, it can enhance the effectiveness of career orientation education activities and meet the requirements of the General Educational Curriculum innovation Missions and scope of research 3.2 Research missions 5.1.1 Theoretical foundations for managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response tothe 2018 General Educational Curriculum 5.1.2 An evaluation of the present state of career orientation education and the management of related activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region 5.1.3 Proposed solutions for managing educational activities for lower secondary students in response tothe 2018 General Educational Curriculum will be presented The urgency and feasibility of the proposed solutions will be assessed, and a plan for testing the proposed solution will be organized 5.2 The scope of this research 5.2.1 The scope of research content The thesis will focus on analyzing the management of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region, with a particular emphasis on the role of school principals in aligning these activities with the 2018 General Education Program and management principles 5.2.2 The scope of survey area The thesis evaluates the current state of career orientation education and the management of career orientation education activities for selected lower secondary schools in the North Central region The research covers representative provinces such as Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Ha Tinh 5.2.3 The scope of time conducting the research The time allocated for conducting the baseline survey and testing the proposed solutions is during the academic year of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 Research approaches and methodologies 6.1 Perspectives on approach The thesis uses several approaches: Systematic approach, management function approach, labor market approach, practical approach, quality-oriented approach, and capacity-building approach 6.2 Research methodologies 6.2.1 Theoretical research methodologies This group of methods aims to collect theoretical information to build the theoretical basis of the topic 6.2.2 Practical approaches This group of methods aims to collect practical information to build the practical basis of the topic 6.2.3 Mathematical statistical methods Use SPSS statistics software to process the data obtained, compare and produce the research results of the thesis Arguments to defend 7.1 Career orientation education for lower secondary students is a crucial element of the 2018 General Educational Curriculum, as it plays a vital role in meeting students' educational requirements and addressing the human resource development needs in the context of international integration and Industry 4.0 To enhance the effectiveness of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum, it is essential to clearly define the functions and content of operational management This includes planning, organizing, implementing, directing, testing, evaluating, and paying specific attention to factors that influence career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 7.2 Career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region have been managed for several years, with some progress achieved Despite the comprehensive reforms in education and training, particularly the implementation of the 2018 curriculum, there are still certain inadequacies and limitations that impact the effectiveness and quality of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region To enhance the effectiveness of career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central area in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum, it is crucial to implement management solutions that are scientific and feasible, tailored to the practical conditions of the locality and the school 7.3 The key solutions to effectively manage career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central area in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum include: raising awareness among managers, teachers, and educational resources about the importance of career orientation education; developing a career orientation education plan that caters to the characteristics of the North Central area and specific conditions of each lower secondary school, meeting the requirements of the 2018 General Educational Curriculum; renovating the content, method, and form of career orientation education for students; developing evaluation criteria for the quality of career orientation education activities; organizing training programs to enhance the capacity of managers and teachers in career orientation education; and ensuring the necessary conditions for effective management of career orientation education activities for students New contributions of the thesis 8.1 The thesis offers comprehensive and detailed theoretical insights into career orientation education and career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central region, in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum The thesis identifies the contents, methods, and forms of career orientation education, management aspects, and factors that influence the management of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 8.2 Based on a comprehensive and complete survey of the status of career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central region, the research findings have revealed the shortcomings and limitations of career orientation education activities and their management The study has also identified the factors that affect the quality of career orientation education activities for students This practical research provides a solid foundation for proposing effective and feasible solutions for managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the region 8.3 Proposing six management solutions based on management principles and determining their availability, feasibility, and effectiveness for career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum The proposed solutions are not only applicable to career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region, but can also be adapted for use in similar locations Thesis Organisation The main body of the thesis comprises three chapters, in addition to the Introduction, Conclusions, Recommendations, and References sections Chapter 1: Literature review of the management of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum Chapter 2: The current situation of managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region to respond to the 2018 curriculum Chapter 3: Solutions to manage career orientation education activities for junior high school students in the North Central region to respond to the 2018 curriculum Chapter THEORETICAL BASIS OF MANAGEMENT OF CAREER ORIENTATION EDUCATION FOR LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN RESPONSE TO 2018 GENERAL EDUCATIONAL CURRICULUM 1.1 Literature review 1.1.1 Research on career oritentation education for students In the field of career orientation education, many researchers have made significant contributions to the theoretical framework and practical application Notable researchers include Ginzberg, E.; Ginsburg, S.W.; Axelrad, S.; Herma, Herr, E.L., & Cramer, S.H.; Schmidt, J.J.; Eugene Joseph Martinez; Holland, J.L.; Norman C Gysbers; Mary J Heppner; Mary McMahon and Wendy Patton In Vietnam, Pham Tat Dong, Nguyen Trong Bao, Dang Danh Anh, Nguyen Van Ho, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, and Truong Thi Hoa have conducted research on issues related to career orientation education for students These studies have provided a general overview of the basic contents of career orientation education and its fundamental characteristics, while emphasizing the significance and role of career orientation education in secondary education However, most of these studies mainly focus on career orientation education for high school students and lack in-depth research on career orientation education activities for lower secondary students Therefore, the effectiveness of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students has not been thoroughly evaluated 1.1.2 Research on activity management career orientation education of studentsat lower secondary education The works of Frank Parsons, E Ginzberg, P V Khudominsky, I M Bogdanov, A N Zevina, and Norman L Friedman have highlighted the importance of career orientation education as a means to improve the quality of education and prepare students for appropriate career paths This trend is observed in many countries, including Vietnam In Vietnam, scholars such as Ha The Truyen, Bui Viet Phu, Ho Van Thong, Bui Van Hung, Pham Dang Khoa, and Vu Dinh Hung have also emphasized that the management of career orientation education is a precursor for appropriate labor training This is of interest to many countries in the world, including Vietnam The common point of these studies is to focus on innovating the objectives, contents, methods, and forms of career orientation education They propose career orientation education management solutions to improve the efficiency of career orientation education for lower secondary students 1.2 Fundamental concepts 1.2.1 Career orientation Career orientation refers to the intentional guidance given to individuals in a process designed to assist them in identifying and pursuing careers that align with their personal interests, skills, and values while also meeting the needs of society 1.2.2 Career orientation education Career orientation education is an educational process designed to raise learners' awareness, provide them with knowledge and skills about the career system, and enable them to take the initiative in choosing and developing their own career plans 1.2.3 Career orientation education activities Career orientation education is a planned and organized process aimed at helping learners improve their awareness, knowledge, and skills in order in response to their needs in choosing and developing their own career plan 1.2.4.Management of career orientation education 1.2.4.1 Management Career orientation education is a system of objective, purposeful and planned management impacts from the management subject to the managed object through management functions, aiming to achieve the objectives in career orientation education activities in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum This contributes to improving the quality of human resources to meet the socio-economic development requirements of the locality and the country 1.3 Theoretical foundation of career orientation education activities for secondary school students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 1.3.1 Some psychological characteristics of lower secondary students Students at lower secondary school have an age range of 11-15 years old (grades to 9), which is a transition period from childhood to adolescence and is often referred to as "puberty" or the "difficult age" This period marks a rapid and significant change in psychophysiological factors, including physical, sexual, cognitive, thinking, language, and emotional development Additionally, students at this age are forming and developing social and interpersonal relationships, as well as exploring factors related to personal development such as learning and career orientation 1.3.2 An overview of career orientation education in the 2018 General Education Curriculum The 2018 General Education Curriculum aims to develop students' qualities and potential by creating a learning environment that helps them develop physically and mentally in a balanced way It aims to encourage active, confident learning and the use of active learning methods to gain basic knowledge and skills Additionally, it seeks to help students consciously choose careers and pursue lifelong learning, while also fostering necessary qualities such as responsibility, culture, industriousness, and creativity, to become productive citizens who can contribute to the development and protection of the country in the era of globalization and Industry 4.0 1.3.3 Role, and significance of career orientation education activities for secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum The main objectives of career orientation education for lower secondary students include helping students: gain an understanding of different career options and their characteristics; evaluate labor market trends and demands; improve the quality of education and ensure equitable access to career opportunities; self-assess their abilities and interests; and make informed decisions about their future careers Career orientation education plays a significant role in the domains of education, economics, politics, and society 1.3.4 The objects of career orientation education activities for lower secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum Helping students identify their learning motivations, choose their path after graduating from lower secondary school, and select suitable careers based on their strengths, aspirations, and actual circumstances, as well as the human resource needs of society, is crucial This helps to create a workforce structure that meets the needs of the economy, provides opportunities for lifelong learning, and contributes to building a developed society Career orientation education is an important component in achieving the goal of providing comprehensive education to students at the lower secondary and high school levels 1.3.5 The content of Career orientation education activities for lower secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum Career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to 2018 General Education Curriculum includes the following contents: Activities to learn about career orientation; Activities to test an experiment of career orientation in response to the orientation of career orientation; Activities to choose career orientation and plan according to the of career orientation 1.3.6 Method of career orientation education activities for lower secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum Career orientation education for lower secondary students according to the General Education Curriculum 2018 includes the following approaches: interactive and cooperative approach, personalized approach, project-based approach, groupbased approach, practice-oriented approach, and career counseling 1.3.7 Forms of career orientation education activities for lower secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum The form of career orientation education for lower secondary students, according to the General Education Curriculum 2018, includes various methods, such as incorporating career education into subjects, providing career guidance through working staff, conducting career orientation and counseling sessions, and organizing experiential activities 1.3.8 Assessment of the effectiveness of career orientation education activities for lower secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum The evaluation of the results of career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum includes: the purpose of evaluation, the content of evaluation, the form of assessment, and the utilization of assessment results 1.4 Management of Career orientation education activities for lower secondary education students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 1.4.1 Necessity of managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education curriculum Management of career orientation education activities is essential in the general management of local education activities and schools If implemented seriously, methodically and scientifically, it will contribute to improving the good implementation of career orientation education objectives, tasks and contents according to the General Education Curriculum 2018, realizing the viewpoint on career orientation education activities and orientation of lower secondary students of the Party and State 1.4.2 Objectives of managing career orientation education activities for students at lower secondary schools the 2018 general education curriculum The organization of career orientation education for lower secondary students must be done in a scientific, planned, and effective manner in response to the objectives set by the 2018 General Education curriculum, Project 522, and the government's target for comprehensive education The main purpose is to achieve the goals of career orientation education for lower secondary students, develop the role of subjects in career orientation education, optimize the use of resources for career orientation education, and effectively manage the activities related to career orientation education for lower secondary students 1.4.3 Content of Management of career orientation education activities for students at lower secondary schools in reseponse to 2018 General Educational Curriculum The management of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum involves the following aspects: planning, organizing, directing, checking and evaluating, managing training activities to enhance the quality of career orientation education, and managing the necessary conditions to ensure the effectiveness of career orientation education activities 1.4.4 The subjects of career orientation education management for students at lower secondary schools in response to 2018 General Educational Curriculum The subject of managing career orientation education for lower secondary students in response tothe 2018 General Education Curriculum includes: the Director of the Department of Education and Training, the Head of the Department of Education and Training at the district level, the Principal of the lower secondary school, and the teacher of the lower secondary school The Principal of the lower secondary school plays the main role, while the teacher of the grade is the direct subject of the management of career orientation education activities 1.5 Factors affecting the management of career orientation education for students at lower secondary schools Objective factors that affect the management of career orientation education for lower secondary students include globalization and Industry 4.0, state policies on career orientation education, the level of socio-economic development, cultural traditions and community awareness, labor market trends and industry forecasts, as well as orientation, human resources development planning, and career information Objective factors that affect the management of career orientation education for lower secondary students include globalization and Industry 4.0, state policies on career orientation education, the level of socio-economic development, cultural traditions and community awareness, labor market trends and industry forecasts, as well as orientation, human resources development planning, and career information Conclusion for chapter 1 Career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to 2018 General Education Curriculum is a matter of role, significance, especially in the context of Industry 4.0 and 2018 General Education Curriculum Career orientation education is a planned and organized process to implement the career orientation education process for learners, helping them to improve their awareness, knowledge and skills, meet the needs of learners in choosing and developing their own career plan In order to align with the 2018 General Educational Curriculum, managing career orientation activities for lower secondary students is an urgent task that requires specific orientations and content 11 the North Central region, in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum, are not rated highly by the management staff, teachers, and students Specifically, all contents were assessed at level and level (weak and average level), in which managers and teachers rated higher than parents and students in the same contents Managers had the highest rating in all contents but also only at level 3, while students had the lowest rating with contents at level and content at level 2.4 Current situation of managing career orientation education for students at lower secondary schools in North Central region in response to 2018 General education curriculum The project has clarified the awareness of the need for management of career orientation education activities for students in the lower secondary region of the North Central region in response to 2018 General Educational Curriculum; the implementation of goals, planning, organization, direction, inspection, evaluation and management of the assurance conditions of career orientation education activities for students in the lower secondary region of the North Central region in response to 2018 General Educational Curriculum The results are summarized in the following table: Summary of results of a survey on the status of career orientation education for students in the lower secondary North Central region in response to 2018 General Educational Curriculum Management activities of career orientation education Managers Teachers No for students lower secondary North Central region X Level X Level response to 2018 General Education Curriculum Current situation of awareness of the need for management of career orientation education activities 3.32 2.77 for lower secondary students Implementation status of career orientation education 3.38 2.76 activities for lower secondary students The current situation of planning career orientation 3.19 2.72 education activities for students lower secondary Organizing career orientation education activities for 3.35 2.81 lower secondary students Career orientation education for ower secondary students 3.18 2.85 he status of the evaluation of career orientation 3.13 3.01 education for lower secondary students The current situation of managing conditions to ensure career orientation education for students at lower 3.21 2.99 secondary schools Based on the data from the thesis, it can be concluded that the level of awareness of the need for managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum, including target implementation, planning, organizing, directing, auditing, evaluating, and managing assurance conditions, is not high among 12 the management staff and teachers In all the contents surveyed, both managers and teachers rated at an average level of However, managers had higher ratings than teachers in all the criteria 2.5 Actual situation of factors affecting the management of activities career orientation education for students at lower secondary schools in the North Central region in response to the 2018 General Educational Curriculum The thesis analyzed the impact of various factors on the management of career orientation education activities for students in the lower secondary schools of the North Central region, in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum The findings are presented in the following table Summary of the Survey Results on the Impact of Factors on Managing Career Orientation Education Activities for Lower Secondary Students in the North Central Region in Response to 2018 General Education Curriculum The impact of factors on managing career Managers Teachers orientation education activities for lower secondary No students in the North Central region in response to X Level X Level the 2018's General Educational Curriculum I Objective factors Globalization and the 4th Industrial Revolution 4.57 4.51 Government Policies on career orientation education 3.58 3.46 The level of socio-economic development of the 3.68 3.42 country and the locality Cultural traditions and perceptions of the 3.85 3.84 community, and students' families Labor market, industry forecasting 3.45 3.43 Orientation and planning for human resource 3.51 3.49 development and career information 3.77 3.69 X II Subjective factors Organize the management apparatus of career 4.62 3.52 orientation education activities for students Awareness and capacity of managers and teachers on 4.67 4.71 career orientation education for students Psychophysiological, cognitive characteristics of 3.66 4.51 lower secondary students Perceptions of parents and society about career 3.43 3.58 orientation education for students 4.10 4.08 X From the above data, the thesis has assessed the impact of factors on the management of career orientation education activities for students in the North 13 Central region responding to 2018 General Education Curriculum, thereby providing insights into the underlying causes of the current situation Specifically, both managers and teachers provided high and very high ratings, with managers providing higher ratings than teachers for all factors 2.6 General assessment of the situation Based on the survey results, the thesis evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of career orientation education and management activities for lower secondary students in the surveyed area, in order to identify the underlying causes of the current situation Conclusion of chapter The survey results show that there is a general understanding among managers, teachers, students, and parents in the North Central region regarding the significance of career orientation education and its management for lower secondary students in the context of educational reform However, despite the proper awareness, there are still certain limitations and shortcomings in terms of planning, organizing, directing, inspecting, and evaluating career orientation education activities for lower secondary students The implementation of content, methods, and forms also needs improvement However, despite the proper awareness, there are still certain limitations and shortcomings in terms of planning, organizing, directing, inspecting, and evaluating career orientation education activities for lower secondary students The implementation of content, methods, and forms also needs improvement However, the proposed solutions lack a scientific basis, uniformity, and not fully address practical requirements The general assessment of the situation has shown the strengths, limitations, and causes of the situation These practices are crucial in proposing solutions for managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the requirements of the 2018 General Education Curriculum 14 Chapter SOLUTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CAREER ORIENTATION FOR STUDENTS AT LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL AREA IN RESPONSE TO 2018 GENERAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM 3.1 Principles for proposing solutions The proposal for developing the teaching staff at the University of Technology Education must be based on the following principles: ensuring goal-orientedness, practicality, systematicity, effectiveness, and feasibility 3.2 Solutions for managing career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the 2018's General education curriculum 3.2.1 Rasing awareness for managing staff, teachers and educational stakeholders about the significance of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the 2018's General education curriculum 3.2.1.1 The targets of the solution To increase the awareness of managers and teachers regarding the significance, objectives, content, methods, and organizing forms of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to 2018 General Education Curriculum, and to encourage them to adopt a positive and proactive approach towards these activities 3.2.1.2 The significance of the solution To promote the understanding of the position, role, importance, necessity, and responsibilities of managers, teachers, students, and educational forces in career orientation education for lower secondary students, and encourage their active participation in these activities as per the 2018 General Education Curriculum Foster a significant shift in the mindset of managers, teachers, students, and parents, leading to a change in attitudes and the renewal of thinking and actions towards career orientation education activities 3.2.1.3 Content and steps to implement the solution The proposed solution is to raise awareness on various aspects including guidelines, policies, goals, meanings, objectives, roles and responsibilities of organizations and individuals, perspectives, orientations on the process of learning and developing careers, information on careers, human resources, characteristics, socio-economic development situation and the needs of the labor market, as well as the requirements for career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to 2018 General Educational Curriculum To raise awareness among managers, teachers, students, and parents about managing career orientation education activities, it is necessary to disseminate policies, conduct assessments, organize conferences, discussions, and forums, offer training courses, and provide support from reputable and professional managers tailored to the needs of each specific group 15 3.2.1.4 Conditions to implement the solution Management subjects in implementing this solution are the Head of the Department of Education and Training and the Principal of the lower secondary school However, to ensure the effectiveness of raising awareness for managers, teachers and students, it is necessary to collaborate with other entities within and outside the school 3.2.2 Develop a career orientation education plan for lower secondary students that takes into account the unique characteristics of the North Central region and the specific circumstances of each school, in response to the 2018's General Educational Curriculum 3.2.2.1 The targets of the solutions Ensure that the management of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students is characterized by planning, initiative, flexibility, and adaptability to suit the specific conditions of each locality in the North Central region and each lower secondary school, in order to enhance the effectiveness of career orientation education for students and in response to the requirements of the 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.2.2 The significance of the solution Assist schools in achieving their goals by effectively utilizing teaching facilities and equipment Help the schools to consult with stakeholders, such as families, and society to plan and increase the autonomy and social responsibility of lower secondary schools Encourage the autonomy of teachers and professional departments, meeting the requirements of 2018's General Education Curriculum Mobilize different educational resources and forces to participate in the development of career orientation education plans Innovate the organization and management of professional activities in schools As a result, this approach can promote the school's autonomy and self-responsibility in developing and implementing career orientation education plans for their students 3.2.2.3 Content and steps to implement the solution The plan should clearly identify the legal basis, available resources and potential challenges, including the expected outcomes, necessary tasks, proposed solutions, and specific timelines for each content area It should also include a list of required resources, such as human and material resources, and how they will be mobilized The plan should be balanced, thoughtful, scientific, reasonable, and feasible To develop a career orientation education plan, it is important to follow a comprehensive process which includes the following steps: analyzing and studying legal bases and assessing the current situation; determining objectives and targets; identifying the list and content of work; conducting an analysis of the conditions, resources, and influencing factors; consulting with relevant stakeholders both within and outside the school; completing and issuing the plan for implementation; organizing inspections and evaluations; and making adjustments and additions to the plan as new factors arise 3.2.2.4 Conditions to implement the solution The subject of this solution is the Principal of the lower secondary school 16 However, to ensure effective implementation of the solution, it is crucial to have a team of knowledgeable, enthusiastic, and responsible consultants with professional qualifications and skills to develop a comprehensive operation plan that fully encompasses the objectives, targets, current status, and requirements of career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to 2018's General Educational Curriculum 3.2.3 Organizing and directing the update of the content, methods, and forms of career orientation education for lower secondary students in the North Central region to meet the requirements of the 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.3.1 The targets of the solutions Ensure the positivity, initiative, effectiveness and efficiency of managing staff and teachers in improving the quality of content, methods, and forms of career orientation education for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum, as well as the natural, social, and cultural conditions and traditions of the people in the North Central region, and the specific conditions of the lower secondary schools, in order to form the necessary knowledge and skills for lower secondary students, including career-oriented knowledge and skills, contributing to the successful implementation of the 2018 General Education Curriculum and the plans for career orientation activities for lower secondary students 3.2.3.2 The significance of the solution The proposed solution aims to support lower secondary school managers and teachers in actively innovating the content, methods, and forms of career orientation education to develop the knowledge, skills, energy, and qualities of learners This includes developing the necessary design skills to create programs and documents that meet the objectives and requirements of 2018 General Education Curriculum as well as the practical conditions of localities and schools 3.2.3.3 Content and steps to implement the solution Organize and direct the development of topic-specific documents, subjectbased materials, educational and experiential activities, and career orientation activities that align with the 2018 General Education Curriculum and local educational content for lower secondary students Organize and direct the renovation of the content of vocational education activities for lower secondary students to meet the requirements of 2018 General Education Curriculum; Organize and direct innovation of methods and forms of vocational education activities for lower secondary students to meet the requirements of 2018 General Education Curriculum For the renovation of the content of vocational education activities for students, it should be noted: The content of vocational education in the subjects: Determining the objectives of vocational education activities for students integrated with each topic in the subjects; Designing integrated vocational education content suitable with subject content; Exchange and discuss the design content with the head of the department and the manager of vocational education activities for students; Organizing teaching and learning to integrate 17 vocational education content according to each topic; Evaluation of teaching results integrating vocational education content, drawing lessons for the next topic Vocational education content in experiential and vocational activities: Determining the objectives of vocational education through the topic of experiential and vocational activities; Designing vocational education content suitable to the subject of experiential and career-oriented activities; Exchange and discuss the content of designing experience and career guidance activities with the head of the department and managers of vocational education and training activities; Organizing experience and career guidance activities for vocational education content; Evaluate the results of vocational education through experiential and career-oriented activities according to each topic, drawing lessons for the next experience and career-oriented activities In order to effectively innovate methods and forms, managers need to pay attention to: Directing teachers to develop methods and forms of vocational education for lower secondary students to meet the 2018 General Education Curriculum effectively, suitable to each topic of vocational education; Organize the testing and evaluation of such methods and forms through experiments and discussions, exchanges and thematic activities to draw out methods and forms of vocational education for junior high school students to meet most effective 2018 General Education Curriculum; Organize the implementation of the selected methods and forms of vocational education; Evaluating the effectiveness of methods and forms of vocational education based on the results of assessing students' vocational competence; Adjust and complete methods and forms of vocational education for lower secondary students according to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.3.4 Conditions to implement the solution The subject of this solution is the Principal of the lower secondary school On the basis of the guiding documents of the Department of Education and Training and the Office of Education and Training, as well as the specific characteristics and cultural traditions of the people, families, and students in the locality and unit, the Principal of the lower secondary school should determine the specific contents of this solution to ensure that the organization and direction of career orientation education activities are methodical, scientific, and bring about the highest efficiency 3.2.4 Develop a set of criteria to assess the quality of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in response to the 2018's General Educational Curriculum 3.2.4.1 The targets of the solutions The goal is to develop a set of criteria to assess the quality of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region in line with the requirements of the 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.4.2 The significance of the solution The proposed set of criteria aims to ensure a fair, objective, and accurate evaluation of the quality of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region It will provide education managers with a 18 methodical, scientific, and feasible toolkit to assess the quality of career orientation education activities The criteria will also help lower secondary school managers to anticipate and identify limitations and shortcomings in the implementation process compared to their initial expectations Standardizing the evaluation process will contribute to improving the quality of career orientation activities for lower secondary students in the North Central region, in line with the requirements of 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.4.3 Content and steps to implement the solution The set of criteria includes the following basic contents: evaluation of the career orientation education plan; assessment of the organization of the career orientation education program; evaluation of the content, methods, and forms of career orientation education; evaluation of facilities, resources, and equipment for career orientation education; inspection and evaluation of career orientation education activities; evaluation of career orientation education outcomes for lower secondary students The development of a set of criteria for assessing the quality of career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum is conducted as follows: i) Identification of the bases used to develop a set of criteria; ii) Development of a set of quality performance criteria comprising criteria, namely: The plan for Career Orientation Education, The procedure of Career Orientation Education, Methods and forms of career orientation education, Facilities, and equipment conditions career orientation education, Assessment and Evaluation of Career Orientation Education, Career orientation education results of lower secondary students; iii) Using a set of quality management criteria, career orientation education activities for lower secondary students in response to 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.4.4 Conditions to implement the solution The subject of this solution is the Principal of the lower secondary school To ensure the effective implementation of this solution, it is important for the Principal of the lower secondary school to fully recognize and take seriously the importance of developing and using the set of evaluation criteria The Principal should also have a clear understanding of the objectives, requirements, processes, and solutions involved in using the set of evaluation criteria Additionally, the Principal should customize the set of criteria framework according to the specific characteristics of their school unit 3.2.5 Training programs to enhance the capacity of teachers and managers in career orientation education and management of related activities for secondary schools in the North Central region in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 3.2.5.1 The targets of the solutions The goal is to enhance the capacity of teachers and managers in lower secondary schools in the North Central region in career orientation education and management of career orientation education activities, in response tothe requirements of the 2018 General Education Curriculum ... for secondary school students in response to the 2018 General Education Curriculum 1.3.1 Some psychological characteristics of lower secondary students Students at lower secondary school have an... district level, the Principal of the lower secondary school, and the teacher of the lower secondary school The Principal of the lower secondary school plays the main role, while the teacher of the... years, particularly in the areas of universal education, building national standard schools, and excellent schools, resulting in many commendable achievements Despite these achievements, the overall