địa chí văn hóa dân gian ninh bình

Chu bien: TrWafng- Dinh Tifotng LOI GlOl THIEU Pham Minh Tuyen L'V.TU Dang, Bithutinh iiy Chii tick HDND tinh Ninh Binh Ninh Binh la mot tinh c6 dien tich \a quy mo vira phai, nam d

NHA XUAT BAN THE GIOI

Cong trinh do Chinh phu tai trg sang tao UBND tinh Ninh Binh tai tro xuat ban

Doc duyet:

GS.TSKH To Ngoc Thanh

GS Tran Qiioc Vucrng ( T S T S Nguyen Xuan Kinh

NHA XUAT BAN THE G I 6 I

Ha noi - 2004

Chu bien: TrWafng- Dinh Tifotng

LOI GlOl THIEU

Pham Minh Tuyen

L'V.TU Dang, Bithutinh iiy

Chii tick HDND tinh Ninh Binh

Ninh Binh la mot tinh c6 dien tich \a quy mo vira phai, nam d phia nam dong bang Bac bo, duoc vi nhir mot nude Viet Nam thu nho: c6 rung niii, d6ng bang, c6 viing ban son dia, c6 bien ca va dai dong bang ven bien, hang nam vuon dai ra be Dong hang tram met Non nirac Ninh Binh ky tii, nen tho, lai

nam a cira ngo d6ng bang Bac bo va dai lanh th6 midn Trung, nen tir ngan xua,

da la noi gap go, giao thoa ciia hai viing van hoa Idfn do ciia dat nuoc Nhan dan Ninh Binh vija sang tao, vira tiep thu nhCrng net tinh hoa van hoa ciia cac vimg, mien ichac trong nude, tao dung nen sac thai \'an hoa Ninh Binh phong phiJ, da dang va c6 nhung net dac sac rieng biet

Nhan dan Ninh Binh c6 truy^n thong lao dong can cCi, sang tao va dau tranh anh dung, viet nen nhfing trang sir \e \ang ciia que huong, gop phan to tham pho ijch sir bang xang ciia dan toe Cac di chi ichao co va i<el qua nhidu cong trinh khao CO hoc da chiing muih, tir thoi Tien sir, each ngay nay iiang van nam, Ninh Binii da la dia ban cu tri'i ciia ngudi Viet cd Va tir ba bdn ngan nam trudc, ngirdi Vict C(S Ninh Binh da trdng Uia, lam cac dd che tac my nghe trang siic, che tac

cdng cu lao dong \l\ vu khi diet thii Ve mat van hoa ciia viing dat Ninh Binh

thdi cac Vua Hiing dirng nude chac chan da rat phong phii, da dang

La dia the chien luge, /»/ c6 the tJu'i, ticii co the cong, bdi vay, tir ngan xua,

dai dat Ninh Binh da tijng la noi tap ket ciia cac binh doan, tien vao Nam hay ra Bac, lam nen nhung chien thang vang dpi tren cac dia danh oai hiing ciia To Qudc Tao hoa lai ban tang cho Ninh Binh nhi6u danh lam thdng canh, di ti'ch lich sir va van hoa ndi tieng ca nude nhu rung nguyten sinh Qudc gia Cue Phuang, nha thd da Phat Diem Tam Cdc- Bich Dong, quSn the hang dong Trang

An, Cd dd Hoa Lu la noi dd hdi, van \at dau tien, trai ngdt nira the ky ciia qudc

gia Dai C6 Viet budi diiu xay nen doc lap, tir chii ciia dan toe Ngudi anh hiing

dan igc Dinh Tien Hoang, nhieu nha \an hoa Ion nhuTruong Han Sieu, Vti Duy Thanh Pham Than Dual Vu Pham Khai ciing biet bao danh nhan khac qua cac thdi, mai mai la mem tu hao to Ion, khdng nhCrng ciia Ninh Binh, ma cdn ciia

ca nude Cd the ndi rang Ninh Binh cilng la mot viing dat "Dia liiili nlichi fciet"

Dja chj van hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Tix xua da cd mot so cdng trinh nghien cuu \'e \ iing dat va con ngirdi Ninh Binh, kt ca bd lich sir dia ly Idn ciia qudc sir quan tri^u Nguyen nhu "Dai Nam Illicit tlio'ng clii" cQng da danh so trang khdng nhd khi \'iet vi Ninh Binh Song phai ke den cudn "NInli Biiili toaii tiiili Jia chi kliao bien" ciia cu Nguyen Tir

Man, ngudi Thu Dien, Ninh Nhat (nay thudc thi xa Ninh Binh) 6 n g da danh

nhieu tam huyet viet cudn chuyen khao nay mot each kha tudng tan ty my vt viing dat va con ngudi Ninh Biiih \ao nam 1862 Ong ndi, Ninh Binh "/,(/ noi cluia nlul'ng vat l>dii ciia tro'i iio'i noi licng co nliicii danh ihdng do Un Id dicii kliieii dia ly luili Ninli la cdng kliong the khdng duoc ngliicn ciiii lu'diig tan"

Cdng trinh khao ciiu nay ciia dng cd gia tri \'^ nhieu mat giiip chiing la them hieu biet sau sac va cang them yeu quy hon non nude Ninh Binh

Gail da_\', tdi lai diro'c doc cudn "Dia (hi van hod dan gian Ninh liinii' ciia

nhdm tac gui - la nhung nha nghicn cirii iioiig tinh, do dong chi Trirong Dinh Tuong chii bien Tdi nhan thay, day la tac pham nghien ciru cdng phu, ke thiia duoc nhung cdng trinh nghien ciiu trudc day \a cac ket qua nghic-n ciru khoa hoc dirong dai, dd cap den nhieu mat dia ly, lich sir, dan cu, phong tiic tap qiuin danh lam thang canh, danh nhan cac thdi va nhung \'e dcp truycn thong ciia dat

\'a ngirdi Ninh Binh Cd the nhan thay rang, cudn sach da cung cap cho ngirdi doc nhieu tri thue, nhieu tu lieu quy gia Cac tac gia da di sau nghien ciiu, khac

hoa kha rd net nhirng net ddc dao vi lich sir, dia ly va van hoa ciia Ninh Binh, trong dd, van hoa dan gian vAn hoa truycn thdng la cot Idi Tdi nghT, dd la thanh

cdng ciia cudn sach cd dung luong ngdt bay tram trang nay

Troiig nhiing nam giin day nhieu dia phiiong trong nude, cd noi Cii cap huyen xa da \'iet dia chf Ddi \di Ninh Binh de cd chieii luoc phat trien kinh

te, \an hoa, xa hdi, phat huy moi iiem nang va the manh ciia tinh trong cdng cuoc cdng nghiep hoa \'a hicn dai hoa dat nude ,xay dung Ninh Binh giau dep, \iing manh, ddng ihdi la cHp gidi thieu rong rai \'di ban ban xa gan, tinh

dang khan truong bien soan cudn "f)ia chi Ninh Binh" Cdng trinh khoa hoc

tdng hop nay se diroc hoan thanh trong mot \'ai nam tdi Chinh vi vay, cudn

"Dia chi \'dn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh" xuat ban se cung cap them mot tai

lieu quy dd cac nha viet "Dia chi Ninh Binh" tham khao

Danh thdi gian doc cudn "Dia chi \'an hoa dan gian Ninh Binh", chac chan ddc gia se thu nhan duoc nhidu didu bd ich

Ninh Binh, miia Thu Gidp Than, 2004

P.M.T

Chu bien: TrWc/ng Dinh

TWcfng-L()I Tl/A

GS Iran Quoc Vuong

(Dai hoc Quoc gia Hd Noi) Pho Tong thu ky Hoi VNDG Viet Nam

Dirdi tay ban doe la cudn chuyen khao "Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh" do dng Trirong Dinh Tirdng chii bien, dirge Chinh phii tai trg sang

tao, thdng qua Hdi Van nghe dan gian Viet Nam Hdi ddng Chuyen mdn ciia Hdi da danh gia la cdng lilnh nghien ciru khoa hoc cd chai lugng tdt, da nghiem thu nam 2000 va khuyeii khich xuai ban

Ong Trirong Dinh Tirong da nhd tdi xiei ddi Idi gidi thieu khi cudn

sach-khdng phai la diiu tay ciia dng- ra ddi Tdi cam cai tinh ciia dng vdi tdi, vi tdi dugc

c]uen dng Trirong Dinh Tudng tir liic dng cdn la Truong phdng Van hoa thi xa Tarn Diep nhirng nam 1986-1987, va da dan tdi di tham ddng Tam Giao, noi giap ranh 3 huyen, thi ciia Ninh Binh va Thanh Hoa, la noi chu'a dung nhidu di san van hoa Hoa Binh hon van nam vd trudc Hang Thung Lang cung d Ddng Giao thi cdn sdm hon nhieu Di tich hoa thach d day cd hang chirc van nam Tudi Nhirng ddng

dirdi day phan anh vai nhan thue ciia tdi, nhd nhoi thdi, vd Ddi Ninh Binh

Ninh Binh d chdi canh ddy ciia Tam gidc chdu Bac bg, theo so dd sau:

SONG HONG

<aUANG NINH

Tlud/ng cluhi thd Truiii^ chdu tho

Hg chdu thd hay chdu tho tre {Youg delta) Niii

t)ja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Tam gidc chdu nam kep giila Inn ddi niii :

Ddng Bac la dai Tam Dao rdi 99 iigon Nham Bidn chay xudng Ddng Tridu Tay Nam la dai TanVien rdi 99 iigon cha\ doc sdng Day ma tdi \ung Than

Phi^i - Nga Son

Ciing la dat Son Nam Ha thdi Le nhung Nam Dmh Thai Binh nay khdng

cd cang tot Nha Ly diing Van Ddn a Quang Ninh na_\- lam cang mau dich ddi

ngoai Phia Tay Nam la cira Day thdi ay goi la Dai Ac rdi Dai An hay cung ggi Tidu Nha - Dai Nha (hay Tidu Khang - Dai Khang) ma trung tam la Ddc Bd

\'di ddn Ddc Bd ndi tieng (ma chua he dugc xep hang!), thd Tudng quan Trieu

Quang Phuc, noi ranh gidi hai tinh Ninh Binh va Nam Dinh Thdi dai thiarng mgi (XVLXVIII), thdi " Tliir nhd't Kinh Ky, thif iilii Pho Hie'n '", cac tau budn

phuang Tay phai qua Ddc Bd - ma ngudi Tay phien am la Rok bo - mdi tdi dugc cang sdng Hien Nam, bd trai sdng Nhi - Hong Thdi Ly - TrSn, cac chien thuydn ddu qua cira Day ma vd Nam trong cac cude chien tranh Chiem - Viet Nhung

Ninh Binh xua cdn mot ciia hep lach qua niii \'ao xir Thanh ma thdi Ma Vien (43- 44) goi la Tac Khdu \'a ngay sau mang dia danh ndi tieng Thdn Phii Mot

cau ca dao ndi tieng ciia the ky XVII -XVIII da viet :

"Lenh deiih c/iia ciia Thdn Phii

Klieo tu till ndi viing lu thi cliim "

Trudc dd, the ky XV, Uc Trai Nguydn Trai da cd bai tho " Qud 'Thdn Phii hai khdu " The ma d the ky XX, tdi den Ninh Binh, di tham Than Phii thi chi

cdn gap mdl thdn Than Phii thudc huyen Yen Md Nhan ndi chuyen phii sa sdng Ian bien ta mdi nhd hai huyen Tidn Hai - Thai Binh va Kim Son - Ninh

Binh la do Ddn va Ngiiycdi Cdng Tiir dung lap d the ky XIX Va nha thd da Phat

Diem lirng danh - dugc xep hang Di san Van hoa qudc gia - do Cd Luc xay

dung nam 1891 d ngay sdt bc'r bien, nay da liii sau vao dai lidn #20 km Tir dd,

tdi tin theo tai lieu dia ly hgc ( Xem Le Ba Thao, Hoang Thieu Son, Vu Tu Lap )

la d midn tay nam chau thd Bac bd -chii yeu la Ninh Binh- mdi nam trung binh phii sa Ian bidn # 100m

Tdi cung da thay d Yen Md cdn sdt lai mot doan de bien thdi Hdng Due

nay da qua xa miet bien Le ra, Ninh Binh- Nam Dinh nen '7;c/V; tdng hod tai did mot doan De Hdng Dire (XV) va vai doan kenh mircmg Nguyen Cdng Trit {XIX).Va khi ban vd " The manh Ninh Binh tren con difdng phat trien " thi nen ban nghiein tuc den viec "' Tien ra bien klioi " Thue ra thi cac canh ddng Nga

Son - Ha Trung ciia xii- Thanh cung la do phii sa sdng Hdng (chir khdng phai sdng Ma) bdi dap Do vay da cd sach giao khoa dia ly chep rang, chau thd Bac

xu Thanh chi la sir noi keo ddi ciia chau thd sdng Hdng Ngudi ta cdn ggi viing

8

Chij bien: Trifdng Dinh TttCng canh ddng Ninh Binh xanh mugt ndi Idn cac trai niii da vdi karstic la mot Hg Long tren mat dd) (Ha Long Terrestre) Ma qua vay Ngay d chan niii Non Nude

- noi cd chtia Phat - phii Mau la dau vet sdng bien vd mdn chan niii Nhieu niii khac - nhu niii hang Ghdnh va niii Ddng Giao - cung la nhu vay Nhung bay gid

su pha da vdi de nung vdi, dd lam dudng, dd xay ndn nha cira, dac biet de cung cap nguyen lieu cho nha may xi mang Bim Son la het siic bira bai, nham nho,

gay nhiic nhdi tam can khach qua qudc Id I Chi ndi den Kem Trong thdi, Kem

Trdng \'di bai the* ndi tieng cua nfr si lid Xuan Huang xa bao nhieu huydn tich dan gian \c Da Gia da giin nhu bi pha tan tanh Ca nhiing niii ciia viing cira ngd Hoa Lu cung the That phi hoai! Va sao ta khdng nhd Idi canh bao ciia F E:n-

ghen trong "Phep bien cluing tif nhien ": Trong khi con ngudi liuyenh hoang vd nhung "thdnh tich" cai tao thdng tri chinh phuc tu nhien, thi tu nhien se tim cdcli trd till) lai Lu kit d Nho Quan - Gia Vidn la mot each tra thii ciia thien

nhiC'ii \'ay day!

Ninh Binh cd mot di san N'an hoa vd gi'a ca huu thd va vd thd hoa quyen vdi

nhau dd la Qiidn the di tich Hoa Lu Day da tirng la kinh dd ciia hai tridu dai

van sd Dinh - (Tidn) Le

Khao cd hgc chi mdi ^'gdi" vlw tram met \udng dai Hoa Lu va chi mdi phac

hoa dugc qua loa cac luy thanh ndi, ngoai Cung dien thi mdi thay dugc mot phan nen, da dugc Igp mai che chan lai, cho khach tham quan May ai da Ian md tdi "Ddng Hoa Lu", vdi Hiung Lau noi thud nhd Dinh Bd Linh "Cd lau tap Iran"'.' Va mdi quan he Vict - Mudng thutV ay (the ky X) ra sao? Ta cd tin dugc

can iruvLMi ngon ciia lidiig lang ho Dinh \'inh Ddng d Hoa Binh \c "Nlid) dgi vi vuong van dai vi Man pliiiong lu irii'o'ng"'! Day cdn la que huang Diem Xa ciia

thidn su Nguyen Minh Khdng thdi Ly, \-di chiia Didm Rdi ca toa den Ba Quan

My (XVI ) hirdng ra sdng Hoang Long, llieu biet ciia chiing ta cdn qua ft Tdi

da tirng "khoanh lai" (phuc dung) Hoa Lu nam trong 'lie gidc nude", vdi sdng

Hoang Long, sdng Day, song Van Sang cho den cau Yen rdi re phai vao cac sdng sudi ciia Bi'ch Dong- Tam Cdc ma ngudi ta dang cd phuc dung mot can cii' quan sir chdng Mdng Nguyen d viing nay - hay la noi diic vua Tran tu dao d ddn Thai Vi? Ciing nhu dang cd gang khai thac tidm nang du lich sinh thai d vting

nay Tdi coi x'iing Non Nude - Due Thuy San nhu la tien cdng ciia Hoa Lu ma

trong tho van Nguydn Trai, Uc Trai cung coi Due Thuy - ten tir thdi Truong Han Sieu ddi Tran - la mot cang bien cd nggn thap Linh Te soi bdng xudng sdng nude lung linh Nen thap chua dao khao cd Thac si Le Thi Lien "than gai dam trudng" da lim lai dugc nhidu tam but Tran day chii Ndm cd - dac biet tim thay

tam bia ciia dire Triin Minh Tdng ban cap "Te benh dien" (Rudng danh chua

benli) cho chiia Non Nude Ta hidu qua Non Nude, d thdi Triin nhieu chiia ngoai chirc nang \an hoa ton giao, giao due, cdn la trung tam y te Truong Han Sieu la

Dja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

mot nhan \at lirng danh ciia Ninh Binh va Ninh Binh \ira danh cho dng mdt den thd xay mdl Nhung cdn den cu ? Cdn md dia na\ nam irong long thi xa mdi,

phudng Phiic Thanh ? Ninh Binh ciing nhu ca nmc chiing ta chua hgc dugc each plidi hop nhiian nhiiyen gifki Xdy dung cdi Mdi vd Bao ve cdi Cu: (How to create the new? How to sa\'e the old?) Va cai huvdn ti'ch ve sir "true trgc" giiia

Cu Truong va dan lang Phiic Thanh, khien Cu phai dung nha dirdi chan niii Non Nude dd d va hang ngay leo niii tham thap Linh Te nghi lai viec xua minh la nho si Idn - mdn khach ciia diic Tran Hung Dao - nhung nhao bang Phat la mot

sai lam! Truo'ng Han Sieu - \di Bach f^dng Giang Phu de ddi - la mgt trong

hai bac dai nho (ciing diic Chu Van \n) dugc thd phu d Van Mieu Thang Long Cdn biet bao didu can ndi \e dai Ninh Binh? Cai manh dai qua dg ay

gifra Bac bo \a Trung hd da cd liic a thdi Mac ( 1327-1.S92) dico'clbi goi la xii

Thanh Hoa/ Hoa Ngoai.' Va c.ii ranh giai Bac - liung t|ua dco Ba Doi (Tam Diep) \'di thi xa Tarn i)iep ngay cang ion la ihdi kinh tc llii liirdng ma lui si

Hd Xuan Huong de lai bai iho' Noiii noi tieng:

"Mdt dco mot di'o Igi mot dco

Klicn ai khcn tac canh i heo Ico "

The thi \'i sao nay Ninh Binh chi quan ly mot dco cdn cai deo thii hai \'a

thii ba da thuge dai xii Thanh \di tain bia cdn rd ranh ranh ciia \iia Thieu Tri

(1841-1847) vd "Ninh Binh quan" (Cira quan Ninh Binh - tinh Ninh Binh duoc

thanh lap khoang 1822 thai Minh Mang Tdi mudn tim lai ciii hang Chg Ghdnh

\di khdi manh dd gdm nira Thanh (Hoa Ldc) nira B;ic (Phimg Nguyen) tir hon

ba nghin nam trircic Va lam sao ma khdiig cd trdng Ninh Binh loai I lleger dugc

khi Hii Nam d Bac Thanh Hoa d Nam ddu cd'.' Cai chai cfiid do giua Giao Chi

(Bac) Ciru Chan (Nam), giua Giao Chau (Bac) Ai Chau (Nam) ciia \iing dai Ninh Binh la nuM hien ihuc lich su Tdi cho lang Ninh Binh hdm na\' hi Trudng Chau thdi ihudc Dudng (\'IL Dan X) \a Trudng "len chau ihdi Ly .Song, loi nay

da den tudi "Co lai lu" "I.ia hai long lam" loi xiii de lai cai ganh nang lich su

dd cho nhung dng iruong Dinh ruong Dang Cdng Nga Nguyen Van Trd ganh \'ac Nhu dug Truong Dinh Tuong da cd giing \'iei sach nay mdt each cong phu quy gia de loan Dan \a Bii con Niiih Binh thirdng lam !

Hd Noi, ddu Thu ndm Gidp Thdn,

2004

T.Q.V

10

ChO bien: Tritcfng Dinh Ttfcfng

LC)I NOI DAU

Tliiidt ngil "Dia chi"dd klid c/iien thudc dd) vdi nhieu ngifdi chung ta Song thiidt ngil "Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian" thi elide cdn mdfi me vcri khdng it ngiicti

Nhu cluing ta dd biet, Dia chi Id mot log) sdch ghi chep ve dia ly, lich sii mdl glide gia, mot tinh, huyen, hay mot Idng, \d Nd khdng phai Id lich sit, cung khdng lidn Id dia ly Song nd bao hdm it nhieu nhiem vu ciia dia ly vd lich sii

Dd Id nhung thdng tin cd due nhd) ddx dii nhd) ve cittrng vii'c, vi tri dia Iv, dia liinh, did mao diixcn cdch su hinh tlidiili vd bien ddi dia danh phong tuc, tdp giuin Iruxeii thong, ilan cu nhung danh nhan danh lich tieii bieu nhu'iig thdnh tu'ii kinh te vdn hod khoa hoc kv lliiiat Qua dd, gnip ngudi doc hieu than ddo hodc cot Idi iiliat ve dd) vd iigu'di cua viing dd hay qudc gia dd

i)ia chi vdn hod dan gian Id mdl logi sdch cung mang ddc trung ciia dia l\ bell sir, nhung thien ve gin chep mieii ta nhrtiig thdng tin ve \ an hod ddn gian mot viing dd), mdt dia phuo'ng cu the Md Vdn hod ddn gian Id mot tliucit ngil, mdl khdi niem goc Anh Id Tolklore, xiui) hien tit giUa the ky tini XIX, de)i na\ duoc phd bien rong khdp tren todii the gidi, ke cd d nu'dc ta O \'iet Nam, l-'olklore ban ddu dii'o'c hieu Id Vdn hoc dan gian hay \ an hoc triiven mieng, sau duoc md rong Id \ dii nghe dan gum \ dn hod ddn gian Cdc nhd nghien ciiu vdn hod dan giau \'iet Nam coi Folklore Id \'dn nghe Gdc, \ an nghe Vie, plidn loai theo thdi gian cd Folklore Co Iriixcn va Folklore Hien dgi; I'c khdng gian cd l-(>lkloic Do tin va lOlklore I lion dd Gido su'Tran Quoc \ iig'ng, Trudng bo mdn \ an hod hoc - Dai hoc Qiioi gui lid Ndi-Phd long Thu ky tlui nhd) Hdi

\ dn nghe dan gian \ lel Nam Ian thdnh chu mo tluic "Bao gid cdn ddn thi bd\ gid' Cling cdii J-iilklore Dan "vgn dgi" thi F(>lklore cung "vgii dgi" \'d dng nhan mgnh "Cd con ngudi Id cd vdn hod Cd ddn gian Id cd Folklore" Xem the cung du biet lich sii vdn hod cilng nhu licli sit vdn hod ddn gian ddng hdnli ciing lull sii nhdn loai!

11

Oja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Hieu thudi ngil' "Dia chi" vd thiidt ngil "Van hod ddn gian " tudd cluing ta

cd the' tgm hieu, Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian Id mot cdng trinh khoa hgc, mdt logi sdch dia chi md do) titi/ng nghien ciiu cii the ciia nd Id Folklore khoanh viing trong mot khdng gian vd mot thdi gian iilid) dinh nhdm ghi (hep, mieu id mot cdch khdi c/udi nhd), ddy dii nha) nliilng thdng tin vc lich sii dia ly vd Folklore ciia mdt viing dd) nhd) dinh, qua dd, cung cdp cho ngudi doc hieu biii nhiing gid tri vdn hod triixen thdng, quan mem thdni m\ phong tuc tap quan ciia qiidn chung nhdn ddn dia phuong dd Cdng trinh nghicn cuu khoa hoc dd plidi lam iidi bat dugc gid tri vdn hod iruxeii thdng, nliinig khdng phai Id vdn hod chinh thdng, vdn hod cung dinh md Id Vein hod ddn gian Id Folklore

Ve logi sdch "Dia chi" tii.\i(a deii nay dd cd khd nhieu, cd the ke Id "Du dia chi" ciia Nguyen Trai "Lich trieu hien chifong logi chi" vd "Hodng \'iet dia du chi" ciia Phan Huy Chu: "Dgi \ let dia du loan bien " ciia PliKofiig Dinh Nguyen Vdn Sieu; "Dgi Nam nhd) thdng chi" ciia Qudc sitqudn trieu Nguyen Nhiing ciidin dia chi tren vie) d' cdc thdi diem khdc nhau, nliifng deii ghi chep rdnh rot, ddy dii ve ten dd), ten ngudi ciia cdc dia phuo'ng trong nu'd)'c nipt cdch cdng phu, ty mx vd khoa hoc

Cdch ddy 142 ndm, vdo ndm Nham Tiidt Tu Diic thif 15 (1S62), <f Ninh Binh cu Cii Nguyen I'd Man ngudi Idng Ihu Dien dan gian goi Id cu Hiep Hod did Id cu cd Idm Lri liiixdi Hiep Hod (linh Bdi Giang) dd ddx cong nghien ciiu vied cudn "Ninh liinh todn linh dia chi khao bien " de ddi Day Id cdng trinh dia chi nghien ciiu cong phu, cung cap nhieu thdng tin bd ich ve nhieu mat cua Ninh Binh qua cdc thdi, nhd) Id thdi Nguyen Ciu'in sdch vied bdng dill Hdn \'u'a qua, ndm 2001, Nhd xucit bdn Chinh lri qiu'ic cho dich vd xiid) ban cudn sdch tren, gidi thieu rong rai, diMc nhieu ban doc ddnli gid cao Song do dieu kien khoa hgc da ngdnh liic bay gid dura phdt trien, ldc pluim Igi vie) bdng phirang phdp hidn ciia nhd nho, trinh bay bdng cliil Hdn, nen ngdn ngil rd) cd dong, hdm siic, do dd cdn nhieu mdl nhu triiyen thdng licit sir, phong tuc, tap qudn, danh lam thdng cdnli k\ nghe, thd nlurd'ng khodng san, dia hinh, dia nigo khi lidii, tlidfi lid, nhdn vdn dng de cap lidv < dn rd) so' lucre, cd mdl md'i du Id plidc thao Nay cluing tdi nghien ciiu, sun lam Igp hop bdng nhieu iigiidn tu lidi dia ly, lich su, sd dung kd qud nghien cUii khoa hoc da iiganli kd hop vdn klido ciiu dien dd, ddn chieii, so sdnh vdi nhieu Idi lidi mdl (ddi khd cdng phu de bien sogn cudn "Dia chi vdn hod dan gian Ninh Binh" vdi miic

12

Chij bien: Trttatng- Dinh Titcfng

dich thdng tin nliilng net err bdn, ddc tritng chii ycdi nhd) ve dd) dai, sdng mil, nhdn vidi truyen thdng phong tuc, tap qudn, tham my, nghe thiidt dm thirc, ky nglw vd nghe ihiidt ddn gian ciia nhdn ddn Ninh Binh trong lich sir Nghia Id nhiing net phd qudt nhdi, tieu hidi nhat ve dia chi vdn hod ddn gian ciia Ninh Binh Tdi nhien vdn hod ddn gian Id mdt thirc the, phdt trien mot cdch khach quan lien tuc Vdn hod ddn gian hien dgi mang nlulng nd ddc trUng vira gidng, Igi vira khdc vdn hod ddn gian triixeii thdng Cdng trinh ngliirdi ciru ndy de cap chu yen ve mdt vdn hod triixen thdng, cdn mat vdn hod hien dgi xm ddnli cho mdt cong trinh khdc Cd nghia Id ciuni sdch ndx de cdp den mdt khdng gian trong mdl tlu'fi gian dd Irdi qua duoc the liidi bdng mot the tdi vd pliUo'ng phdp ddc biet, khd nun me, cdch vie) tir ddu dim ciidi chii ydi dung nlulng ydi Id Folklore de trinh bdy, Igp lugn vd cliirng minh Cdng trinh tap trung khdc hog nlulng ve dep vdn hod truyen thdng cua dd) vd ngii'in Ninh Binh, qua hdng ngdn ndm ddu tranh gian lao md anh dung, dirng mrdc vd giil nird'c, xdy dung nen mot vung iiuirc non gain vdc Ninh Binh

Ciidi cudn sdch, cluing tdi cd tlu'in phdn phu liic, gid'i thieu he thdng nlulng di lich lich sd, vdn hod tren ddi Ninh Binh dd dirrrc Nhd mrdc xep hgng; tdm Idt noi dung nlulng ldc pham vdn tho bdng cliil Hdn, clul Ndm khdc tren mil non, bia dd d cdc den, dinh, chiia, edit qudn d Ninh Binh (trong dd cd mot

sd di tich lich sd, danh lam thdng cdnli vd mot sd ldc pham dd dirirc gidi thieu ngiixeii vdn hodc bdn dich trong phdn chinh cua cdng trinh) Ddng thdi cluing tdi cung tdp hop danh sdch cdc nhd khoa bang ihdi phong kien ciia tinh de ddc gui tham kien

Trong qud trinh nghien cdii de liodn thdnh ldc phdni, cluing Idi dd dirr/c sir tdi lr(y qiix gid ciia Chinh plui, thdng qua Hgi \ an nghe ddn gian Mi'l Nam, sir quan Idm ddng gdp y kien quy bdii cua GS.TSKH To Ngoc Thanh, Tdng Tliir kv,

GS Trdii Qiu'ic \'ir(/ng, GS.TS Nguyen Xiidn Kinh, Phd Tdng Thu ky Hoi vdn nghe ddn gian \'id Nam vd Hdi ddng Chuyen mdn ciia Hdi; sir quan tdm ddng vien, khich le vd ddng gdp y kien quy bdii cua cdc ddng chi lanh dgo Tinh, Idnh dao Sd Khoa hgc - Cdng ngluK Sd\'dn hod - Thdng tin Ninh Binh; sir tdi tra cua Tinh di' cudn sdch cd dieu kii.'n ra mdt ddc gid, ciing sir chi gido ciia cdc bdc thirc gid cdc nhd nghien ciui be bgn ddng nghiep xa gdn, sir giup dd vd cung cdp ur lieu cua bd con tnmg vd ngodi tinh Cluing Idi vd cung bid on \'d cam ta!

13

Dja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Mac du chung Idi dd co gdng den mire cao nhal dem het kha iidng cua minh dung tam nghien cuu tiep thu vd nghiem tuc suii chiia, bo sung nlulng y kien ddng gdp song vi trinh do kha ndiig cd lian; the tdi vd phu'cmg phdp nghien cdii phuong phdp the hien dura dir<rc tiep xuc vdi nlulng ldc phdni man mii'c ve logi ndx de tham khdo: tdi lieu, tu lieu ve vdn hod ddn gian ndm tnmg qudn cluing nhdn ddn cdn rd) tiein tdng, nhung dieu kidi su'u tdm, lap hop chua dii'(yc

Id bao Mat khdc, cdc nhd nghien cuu tham gia vie) cdng trinh ndy, d cdc co' quan vd dia phuong khdc nhau, cucmg vi cdng ldc khdc nhau vi Idng yen mdn que liirong, say sua viri khoa hoc, md chiixen chu dui nidi nghien ciru siui tdm Viet rdi tdp hr/p de Clui bii'ii chinh ly, bo sung, clidp hut Igi thdnh cong trinh cluing, dura Id chirc diro'c hdi llido de Idx x kien rdng rdi ciia cdc nhd nghien cUu vd cua nlulng iigwiri cpian tdm den de tdi yi'ii men non mrdc Ninh Binh

\ i vay cluing tdi du ddin nghi rdng da\ nun la nhirng kien thirc nhirng tap hop ban dau cdn he) sire kliieni ton chac (hdn kliong Irdnh klioi nlulng lliieii sdl nham Ian Kinh mong cdc bgc cao minh thirc gid cdc nhd nghien ciiu bgn doc the tdi, du bao gdp nlulng y kien thdng thdn de cluing tdi tiep thu, siia chiia khi

cd dieu kien tdi bdn

Cluing tdi xin trdii trong cdni tg !

Hodn thdnh, Miia Thu ndm Canh Thin - 2000 Chinh ly, Miia Thu ndm Gidp Thdn - 2004

Thay mat nhdm bien sogn

Chii bien

Trirang Dinh Tuong

14

ChtJ bien: Trifotng Dinh Titcfng

/ Vi tri dia ly:

Ninli Binh la iiidt tinh nam o' cue nam dong bang Bac bd cd loa dd dia ly 19'50" den 2()"27" Vi dd Bac, 10.-S"32"den 106"27' dd Kinh Ddng Day nui Tam Diep chay theo hudng tay bac-ddng nam, lam ranh rdi tu nhien giira hai tinh Ninh Binh va Thanh Hoa Phia ddng \'a ddng bac cd sdng Day bao quanh, la ranh gidi tu nhien \di 2 tinh Ha Nam \'a Nam Dinh, phia bac la tinh Hoa Binh, phia nam la bidn Ddng Qudc Id LA, Qudc ig 10 \a dudng sat Bac Nam chay

xuyen qua tinh Do didu kien tu nhien dd, nen tir xua, Ninh Binh dugc coi la "cd hong'^^^civA Bac Nam, la dia bdn chien brae ciia nhidu tridu dai

Ninh Binh hien nay cd 2 thi xa true thudc la thi xa Ninh Binh (Thi xa tinh ly), thi xa Tam Diep \'a 6 huyen la: Nho quan Gia Vidn, Hoa Lu, Yen Khanh, Yen Md, Kim Son vdi icSng sd 127 xa 17 phudng dien tich tir nhien loan tinh la I.3S4.1 km\ dan sd trung binh nam 2001 la 905.795 ngudi, mat dd dan sd trung binh 654 ngudi/ km2''' dai bd phan nhan dan trong tinh la ngudi Kinh cd 18.149 ngudi la dan tdc Mudng", sinh sdng chu veu d mdt sd xa thudc huven

' Dai Nam iiluil ihoiig clu Sdd trang 214

'-' UBND mill Niiiii Binh: Nicn guhn Nmh Binh 2001-2002 Sdd Irgl97

'''Tlico sa licit dicii Ira nCiin 1999

15

Oja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Nho Quan va mdt sd it d thi xa Tam Diep Ton giao ehii yeu la dao Phat va Thien chiia giao

Lich sir da chiing minh Ninh Binh Id mdt \iing dd) cd, cd con ngirdi cir trd

td red sdm

Nhin vao canh quan \-iing rirng niii Nho Quan, Tam Diep va phia tay tay bdc huyen Yen Md, hinh dung \'d hang ngan hang van nam trudc, chung ta cd thd thay day la mdt khu \'Uc sinh sdng thuan Igi \'di ngudi nguyen thuy Noi day cd

hai dia hinh xen ke' nhau la dia hinh Ca.xio' \a dia hinh xani thirc Ddi niii chu

yeu dugc tao nen bang da \'di \'a tram lich lue nguyen Tren dia hinh nhu \'ay, thdi Tidn sir va So sir day la khu \'irc ciia cac hang dgng da \'di \'a ciia rirng, chac chan khu canh quan va sinh thai ay se la noi rai hap diin ddi vdi ngudi Tidn sir Ddng Nam A

Cho den nay, chiing ta da cd tirong ddi diiy dii tai lieu de khang dinh mot each chac chan rang, con ngirdi da cd miit d Ninh Binh tir thdi dai Da cii Daii vet ciia hg da dugc tim thay d hang Thung Lang, (na\' thuge phudng Nam Son, thi xa Tam Diep), do nha dia chai hgc ngirdi Phap la Fromaget phat hien vao nam 1948 Cac nha khao cd hoe khang dinh, ngudi Thung Lang ciing loai hinh vdi ngudi Keo Leng (Lang Son) Gitii sir hgc ggi la Ngirdi Khdn Ngoan (Homesapriens), cd nien dai la 30.000 nam Didu dd chiing id, tir Ilau ky Da cu

da cd con ngudi cu tni tren dai Ninh Binh

Nam 1966, Vien Khao cd hgc da phat hien d hang Dang Dang (Ciic Phuong)

di tich ciia con.ngudi thudc Van hoa Hoa Binh, each ngay nay 7.000 - 8.000 nam Cung a'Tam Diep nha khao cd hoc Phap H.ManSuy da cd mot phat hien rai dang chii y Dd la mdl so ngudi dugc tim thay o' hang Chg Ghcnh Ong cho rang, day la mgt sg Indonesien la mot loai hinh nhan chiing cd mat phd bidn o Viet Nam tii' d3u thdi dai Da mdi den thdi dai Kim khi Sg chg Ghdnh trong nhieu sd do rat giin vdi nhirng sg Indonesien tim thay dugc d hang lang Cudm (Lang Son), didn hinh ciia chii nhan Van Hoa Bac Son'" Cung tai hang Chg Ghdnh, nha khao cd hgc ngudi Phap la M.Colani, vao nam 1924, da phat hien mgt di chi thdi dai Ddng than, \'ira cd yeu to Van hoa viing sdng Hdng, \ira cd yeu td Van hoa viing sdng Ma Nhidu nha khao cd hgc trong va ngoai nude da coi day la mdt trudng hop quy hiem, thii \-i, de khao sat hien tugng giao luu van

//(} 1 (//( Jim: \ c vim di ngiiin Indaiwsicn vii loai hinh liidaiiiicn trang tlii'fi dai

Nguyen lliiix \'iel Nam Tliimg baa Klina hoc Dai hoc Ton.i; hop I Hi Nin Su Hoc I

1962

Chu bien: TrWcfng Dinh^ifdiig

hoa trong thdi ky Tidn Dong Son'" Di chi hang Cha Ghdnh duoc danh gia la dia didm cue bac cua he thdng Van hoa sdng Ma \'di Van minh sdng Hdng Dieu dang chil y d day tren nhung manh chac gdm cd chi chit \d trau bang chiing cho su tdn tai ciia nghe trdng liia thdi bay gid

Q Ninh Binh, cho den nay, da phat hien duoc 5 chiec trdng ddng, trong

dd cd mgt chiec trdng Ddng Son mudn \'a 4 chide trdng loai II Hega, cdn dugc ggi la trdng Mudng Trong cac niii da ciia Hoa Lu, Tam Diep, den nay ta da tim thay kha nhidu riu da cd vai, thudc Hau ky dd Da mdi So ky Ddng thau, each ngay nay tren 4.000 nam Mdt phat hien rai dang chii y gdn day d di chi Man Bac, thuge xa Yen Thanh (huyen Yen Md ), khai quat vao thang 3-1999, cac nha khao cd da thu thap dugc rai nhidu hien \'at dd da nhu riu, bdn, due, lao, chi ludi, ban mai Do xuong nhu mui lao, dd gdm nhu ndi \'d bat, chau au Dac biet, trong tdng Van hoa d do sau khoang 1,60m cd 5 ngdi md \'di 6 bd xuong cdn

gdn nhu nguyen \en, gdm 3 bd xuong ngudi Idn vl\ 3 bd xuong tre em ciing mot

sd dd tuy tang khac va xiKmg rang dgng \at nhu trau, bd, Ign, hirou nai \'d d'c Can cii \'ao loai hinh \'a dac didm ciia cdng cu kidu dang, hoa \an tren dd gdm, cac nha khao cd hgc xac dnih Di chi Man Bac cd nien dai tir 3000 den

3500 nam each ngay nay 'Tire la, thuge So ky thdi dai Kim khi Didu dd da chiing td, con ngirdi da tir rirng niii tien ddn ra \'iing ddng bang N'en bien dd sinh sdng Rd rang, Ninh Binh la mgt trong nhung \'iing dai quan trgng, gdp phdn tao dung ndn Van minh Van Lang - Au Lac

Vdi vi tri dia ly dac biet, thien nhien da dang, phong phii, Ninh Binh thdi Tidn sii' \'a So sir trd thanh mdt noi chuyen tai cac anh hudng Van

sdng Mci ra phia bac, va tir luu vire sdng Hdng \ao phia nam, tirl

bien, va tir ven bien len niii Chinh \i \ay han la bd mi\.\ Van hf

Ninh Binh kha phong phii va da dang

Sdn bdn hdi lii'o'm trdng lua vd due ddng, cW ddn Ninh Bi

buoi binh minh difng nn'oe ciia thdi dgi cdc Vua Hung

Nhan dan Ninh Binh cd truydn thdng ddu tranh chdng \\

dgng cdn cii de gdp phdn xay dung va bao \'e giang son Viet

cac thdi dai Truydn thdng dd da trd thanh di san tinh than \d gia ciia nhan dan Ninh I3inh

Ninh Binh nam d cue nam ddng bdng Sdng Hdng giap vdi ddng bdng sdng

Ma qua vimg mil Tam Diep, la phdn cudi ciing cua \'iing niii Tay Bdc trong khu dem Hoa Binh-Thanh Hoa, nen nd dugc coi la dia ban trung chuyen ciia cdc he

1981

lid Villi 'Fan: Giao hai vitn hod ciia ngirdi \'ic'l cd Nghien ciru nghe tliiidl sd4

17

Dja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

thdng tu nhien Day la net ddc diem dia ly Idn nhid cd anh hudng nhieu mat den

khf hau thdi tiet dia hinh thd nhirdng \a cac didu kien phat trien kinh te xa hoi, van hoa ciia tinh Ninh Binh

Dac diem dia ly thii hai la giao ilidng dudng bd dudng sdt Bdc Nam red tliugii loi Ninh Binh nam each thu do Ha N'gi hon ')() km Qudc Id l.A tuyen

dudng giao thdng huyet mach quan trong \ao bac nhdt cua nude ta chay ngang qua tinh tir Cdu Khudt (Doan Vi) den Ddc Xay dai 34km dudng sdt Thdng Nhat Bac - Nam chay ngang qua tinh tit cdu Non Nude den Ddc Xay dai 19.6 km cd

4 ga: Ninh Binh Cdu Yen, Ghdnh \a Ddng Giao Qudc ig 10 chay qua Ninh Binh tir thi xa Ninh Binh di Kim Son, den giap Didn Hd (Nga Son), dai hon 35km, ndi \'di cac tinh ddng bdng sdng Hdng, Id cac viing trgng didm kinh te, du lich phia Ddng Bdc ddt nude Dudng 12A tir Ghdnh (thi xa Tam Diep), qua Nho Quan, di Hoa Binh, ndi \'di Qudc ig sd 6, la cira ngd giao luu \di x'ling Tay Bdc cua Td qudc

Dac didm dia ly thir ba la, Ninh Binh cd cdc hi' the'ing giao thdng dii'dng thux red iliiidn tidi, vdi cdc con sdng Idn: sdng Day sdng Hoang Long, sdng Van

Siing, sdng Vac, sdng Lang, sdng Bdi, tao didu kien cho qua trinh giao luu kinh

te \an hoa \di cac tinh trong khu \'Uc \a ca nude

Dac diem dia ly thii tu la Ninh Hinh vu'a cd niii ning giau lam thd san ddng ihuc \al quy hiem, \iia cd dong hdng phi nhieu lai vua cd bien ca giau thuy hai

san dac biet la viing dat md Kim Son hang nam dat bdi ra bien Ddng tir

80-100m lam cho dien lich tir nhien cua Ninh Binh khdng ngiing duoc md rdng 2- Dia hinh:

Trong qua trinh td chiie lanh thd ciia minh tu' bao the the he ke tiep nhau dia hinh bao gid cung la yeu to ddu tien con ngudi phai quan tam den

Nhin bao quat dia hinh Ninh Binh chiing ta de dang nhan thdy dia hinh dia meio Ninh Binh cd dac diem ndi bat la: Phia ddng cd ddng sdng Day udn khiie dm dp, chd nang phii sa dap bdi chau thd Phia tay cd niii Tam Diep hiing

\i, chay dai tir bdc xudng nam, la birc trudng thanh, thien hidm, ndi lidn dai niii rirng Hoa Binh \'a midn Tay Bdc Td qudc Phia Bac cd sdng Hoang Long, nhan nude ti^i' sdng Bdi, sdng Lang dd \'e Phia nam la bien cd bao la Cd ngudi da ndi Ninh Binh nam trong "lYr giac nude" la nhu \a_v Lai cung cd ngutTi nhan xet, Ninh binh la tinh "Kd rirng, ap bien" thai khdng sai Khdng nhu mdt sd tinh khac lai "xa rirng, nhat bien" TDay lii net dac trung ndi bat nhdi cua dia hinh cd tac ddng to Idn, sau sac manh me \e nhieu mat den su hinh thanh dat dai, khi hau thdi net mdi trudng canh quan \a ddi sdng cu dan Ninh Binh hang ngan hanc \'an nam nav

18

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinli Tiiafng

La mdl tinh nam d cue Nam ddng bang chau thd sdng Hdng noi gap gd va dan quyen ciia hai yeu td giira ddng bang dang md \'d phia bidn Ddng \'di nhirng dot ddi niii cud'i ciing ciia phire he niii Tay Bdc Viet Nam, dia hinh Ninh Binh rai

da dang, pliirc igp Noi day cd nhieu dang dia hinh khac nhau: cd viing ddi mil,

ban son dia, viing ddng bang \-a \iing \en bien Hudng ddc ciia dia hinh chu dao

la hudng Tay Bac- Ddng Nam, phii hop \di hirdng phd bidn eiia nin Tam Diep vl\ nhung ddng sdng \an dd \ao tinh nhu sdng Day sdng Bdi xa sdng Lang Phong

Bdi \ay cac ddi go thung lung \a nhiing canh ddng bat ngat ciing dugc lao ra bdi hirdng diil gay ciia dai Tam diep \'a hudng cuon chay ciia cac ddng sdng dd nang phii sa dd vao tinh hang ngan hang \'an nam tao nen be mat du\ hinh thanh nhung ddi keo dai theo hudng nin sdng ddc thoai thoai tir 'Ta\' Bac xudng TDdng Nam

Vd CO ban, dia hinh Ninh Binh mang dac tinh cua vimg nhiet ddi dm

Sir hinh thanh chau thu

Ninh Binh hi mot viing ddt cd vd cung Id mot viing dcit mdi tham chi, cd

viing rdt "tre", bdi vi, ed phdn dugc hinh thanh sau thdi ky bi<}n tliodi, cd phdn

ddt mdi dugc phii sa sdng bidn dap bdi them, den nay vdn lien tuc mdi nam bdi them tir 80 - 100m ra bidn Dgng vdi bd bidn dai hon 17.600m Dd la cdc yeu td tao nen dia hinh da dang, phiic tap ciia Ninh Binh

Chiing ta biet rdng lanh thd nude ta ndi chung va Ninh Binh ndi rieng khdng phai mdt sdm mgt chidu dugc cdu tao hoan chinh nhu ngay nay Nd da trai qua qua trinh hinh thanh phat tridn lau dai \a phiic tap ciia nhiing dcrt \'an ddng tao mil Idn Hai van ddng tao niii phii hop vdi hai Idn bidn thoiii la: van ddng tao niii Ca le dd ni xay ra each nay gdn 300 trieu nam va \an ddng tao mil

Hecxini each n<iy cluing 250 iricu nam Bien lai lien vi\o dat lien vao dau ky 'Tri

At md ddu cho mdl giai doan phu iriim IC'U ca nhiing dia khdi cd Vao giiia ky Tri At, each nay gdn 170 trieu nam, lai xay ra mdt van dgng tao nin quan trong

khac ggi la \an ddng Inddxi a, lam udn ndp nhung eo bien cdn sdt Sau van dong tge) md ndy Iidit ltd Idnh thd Vid Nam deii dd ndi lim tri'ii mdt biim Sail dd,

each nay chirng 40 trieu nam \ao ddu thdi ky Ne d gen, lai xay ra mdt van ddng tao niii cue ky manh, tren pham \i loan the gidi ggi la \'an dgng tao niii Anpi, nhung nd tac ddng vira phai ddi \di nude ta Bdi vi lanh thd nude ta liic dd da dugc cdu triic kha \'U'ng chac, khdng cdn udn nep dugc niia, ma chi bi nang len hoac sill kin, dirt gay, lam tang sir ehenh lech dia hinh ma thdi

Tir sir ddn giai hinh thanh lanh thd Viet Nam, chiing ta tim hieu su hinh thanh plidn lanh thd ciia Ninh Binh mdt each cu the hon, tuy cd nhung net khac biet nhung cung khdng nam ngoai nhirng van ddng lao niii va hinh thanh lanh

t h d iiiidc g i a

19

D\Q chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Ddng bdng chau thd sdng Hdng la mdt hinh tam giac, cd dinh la Viet Tri

diiy keo ddi tir Quang Yen (Quang Ninh) den Ninh Binh Ninh Binh la cite nam ciia tam gidc chdu ndy Tam giac chau thd Bdc Bd do he thdng sdng Hdng \'a

sdng Thai Binh bdi ddp nen Nhung tinh ndm d \en bidn duoc goi la chau thd d ria Ninh Binh la tinh nam d ria chau thd, lai d cudi ddng phii sa sdng Hdng, nen

nd tiep nhan gdn nhu loan bg phii sa tir cdc cira sdng mang lai Vi vay, day la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ddt lidn cd tdc do bdi ddp Idn nhat trong cac tinh

d ria chau thd Bdc bd Mdi nam dai lidn tidn ra bidn \'di tdc do hiem thay, gdn lOOm/nam Toan bd chau thd nam trong mdt midn \dng rgng kin giua nui, tren mgt ndn da ket tinh nguyen da bi sut xudng tir cudi thdi ky Cd sinh, each nay chirng tren 200 trieu nam Liic dd, xiing Ninh Binli hinh thanh cac dai niii thdp ddi bat lip \'a lugn sdng, cimg cac gd dai thoai thoai hay bang d cac viing phia bac \'a lay bac tinh tir \'Ling Xich Thd, Thach Binh Quang Lac (Nho Quan) den

\'Ling lay bac thi xii 'Tam T)iep, keo dai idi Yen Thanh (\'en Md) Hau het xiing

cdn lai ciia Ninh Binh kie luiy chii yeu cdn trong tinh trang vinli bien Bidn cdn

dm sat cac day niii Sudn Bd (Nho Quan) \d sdng \ao cac chan niii viing Gia Vidn \'a Hoa Lu (Ngay nay eon vet ti'ch sdng an mdn chan niii d nhirng noi nay cao tdi tren dirdi 2 met) Che do bidn keo dai den tren 170 trieu nam, day vinh chiu mdt van ddng sut kin tir tir, lam cho trdm tich lang dgng, cd chidu day den hang ngan met Sau dd, each ngay nay khoang 70 trieu inun, vao ky Paleoen,

thdi ky biedi thodi, dat dugc dang ddn len Viing Gia Vidn va bdc Hoa Lu cd Idp

phii sa cd Ky De tu, cdch ngay nay \ai trieu nam Ndn tning cu d Gia Sinh (Gia Vidn), hien cdn cd chd thdp han mat bidn tdi 0,40 m .Sdng Hdng va he thdng sdng Hdng, trong dd cd sdng TDay sdng Bdi, sdng Lang tiep tuc tai phii sa bdi

dap chau thd Tir dd, vinli bien dan ddn trd thdnh vung hd va lang dgng trdm tich

Neogen vdi chidu day thay ddi cd noi day tdi hon 3000 met Ltip phii sa tren ciing con ngU()i dang canh tac \a sinh sdng ngudi ta ggi la plui sa Hd Id xen, cd

dg day lit -180 den - 60 met cd noi mdng hon nen nen da gdc cd thd Ig ra, dan

gian goi lii dd Id ddu Hien tirang nay xiial hien nhieu a viing 'Tam Diep, mot so

Xii ciiaYen Md \'a Nho Quan Qua trinh bdi dap phii s:i Idp ddn vung bien cir dien ra nhu the trong viii \'iiii nam trong thdi k\' bien ihoai s;iu Tiiindri Cac nha

dia ly hgc cho rang, chau thd sdng Hdng la mgt (/((/;( tho thuy trieu ndm trong tinh trgng nira tigdp nue'rc Nhu x'ay, Ninh Binh cung nam trong tinh triing chung

dd I'hien nhien cii cdn cii ddp bdi nhu the trai qua hang tram trieu nam, hang

ngiin, hang van nam, vung Ninh Binh tit mot vung bien, tro thdnh mot vung cue nam cua chdu thd song Hong, ddt dai mau md, canh sdc ky tii nhu mdt

Vinh Hq Long tren can, nhu ngudi ta thudng \i von Nhung thirc ra, nhu tren da

tiinh bay, trudc day hang chiic, hang tram trieu nam, vimg nay diing la mdt vinh bidn dep de, ky vi khdng kem gi Vinh Hii Long !

20

Chu bien: Trifcfng Dinh Titcfng

Thien nhien hinh nhu vdn chua bang long vdi su hinh thanh \'iing cue nam chau thd - \'iing dat dai, non nude Ninh Binh nen tir hang tram trieu nam truoc tdi nay nhiing ddng sdng dd nang phii sa vdn cdn mdn bdi ddp nhu khdng biet met mdl, vdi tdc dd \'Uon ra bidn T3dng Idn nhiit cua chau thd cho noi nay Cdch day hon 1000 nam viing niii Non Nude CITii xa Ninh Binh) hay cdn la cua bien Cang bidn Phiic Thanh d khu \'Uc phudng Ddng 'Thanh, thi xa Ninh Binh bay gid Cira bien ndi tieng trong su sach cd - cira Dai Ac/ Dai An, liic biiy gid khdng phai d ngii ba Ddc Bg, vi a phia Ninh Binh, ddi ngiin vdi Ddc Bg, hay cdn

la bidn ca menh mdng, thi lam gi ed "nga ba" dugc? Mgt sd nha nghien ciru gdn day cho rang cira Dili Ac/ Dai An the ky thii' VI, khi 'Trieu Viet Vuong trdm minh xudng bidn dd chay giac d ngang xa Khanh Tien (huyen Yen Khdnh), vi lay ddn thd Trieu Viet Vuong d Khanh Tien, ddi dien \'di ddn Doe Bd phia Nam Dinh, rdi cho rang cira bidn Dili Ac/ DiU Vn d day la khdng diing Ddn Dge Bd thd 'Trieu Viet Vuong cd thd dugc lap sau khi dng mat khdng lau a bai bien ciing dudng nay .Song den thd dng d ben bd huu sdng Ddy, nay thuge Xii Khanh Tien (Yen Khiinh) thi niiii sau Uiiy, khoang the ky XIV hoac ddu the ky XV, diii bdi nen chau tho xiing niiy, cd dan cu sinh song, mdi c(') ilen ihd Ngiii Vi day la ngii

ba sdng nin'vc hii hi cira bien hie bay gid Nen luu y rang, den thdi nha 'Trdn, the

ky thii' Xlll, tire hi tren 600 nam sau, ke tir khi cd sir kien Lrieu Viet Virong tram minh tu van d TDdc Bg, cang Phuc 'Thanh cdn d \'iing thi xii Ninh Binh bay gid

Niii Non Nude qua mdl sd tho van Ly 'Tran van cdn duoc goi la Due Thuy Son Hdi khdu Sii' cu ghi rdng, 'Trieu Viet Vuong (Trieu Quang Phuc), d the ky thir VI, eh;iy giiic den cira bidn Doe Bg, rdi mat (Diw Bd la ntiit birifciVhco truyen thuyet, 'Trieu Viet Virong ehiiy giac den day ciing duiTng, lien btiirc mdt biie'rc xudng bien)

Nhung dd la bd bidn phia Nam Dinh Cdn bd bien phi'ii Ninh Binh liic dd thi cdn chech vd phia bac kha xa, chi it cung phai d quang phia tren thi Xii Ninh Binh bay gid Nghia la ciich Ddc Bd 15-17km d khoang tir Ninh Khang Ninh Khanh, Ninh

My (huyen Hoa \xi) ircV len Didu dd chirng td \'ao the ky thir VI \'iing diit thudc

thi Xii Ninh Binh, Ninh Phong, Ninh An Ninh San Ninh Phiic trd xudng hay cdn lii bien ca Vay ciii ten cira T^iii Ac neu d ng;ing TOde Bd |ihai la tir khi bien da liii

xa, diil N'img Ninh Binh dii phai bdi xudng \'iing Khanh 'Tien, Khanh Lgi, Khanh Hai, Khiinh Van (huyen Yen Khanh) \ii Ciic Xii ^'en Phong, Yen Hung Yen Phii, (Yen Mo), tire la \'ao khoang the ky XIV hoac ddu the ky XV

Vting diil cat pha nam Hoa Lu \a bdc 'i'en Khiinh ndi len khdng sdm hon irucic ihe ky X diiae 'Theo mot sd iliu tich cd, nhii Dinh cdn xay dung can cir thuy quan Idn d \iing 'Thien 'lYiio (Ninh San, Hoa Lu) Theo Thdn pha ddn Tam 'Thiinh (Khanh /\n Yen Khiinh) va den Thap (Khanh Thinh, Yen Md), thi Dinh Didn, Tudng thdn ciia Dinh 'Tien Hoang da ddng dai ban doanh d vting nay dd an ngir vimg duyen hai Dieu dd chimg td, d thdi Dinh - Le, the ky X, viing bdc Yen

21

t)ja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

khanh cdn la ven bidn Kinh dd Hoa Lu kic bay gid khdng phai xa bidn nhu ngay nay, ma viia tua lung vao niii rirng, vira ngoanh mitt ra bidn Ddng Hai ba the ky sau, \'iing dat bdc Yen Khanh ddng nam Yen Md tiep tuc dugc bdi ddp Vao nam

1471, \'ua Le Thanh li')ng cho dap de ngan man tir Phiing Cdng qua Phiic Nhiic ("I'en Khiinh), tdi 'Thdn Phii (Yen Md) goi la de Hdng Dire .Sau dd \'iing diit phia nam de Hdng Dire ciia hu\'en "I'en Khiinh \'a hu\'en "I'en Md dugc hinh thanh T^en cudi the ky thir XVIII hai ba thap men dau the k\ XIX mdi ddn hinh thanh nen vimg dai nam huyen Yen Khiinh \'a phan Idn hu\en Kim Son

Ngay nay ngam nhin kinh thd rdng Idn man md cua Ninh Binh chiing ta khdng the hinh dung het duoc su can eii eiia thien nhien dii phai miii hiing tram irieu nam chua kd thdi gian trudc dd Rieng giai doiin ddu khdng dirdi 400 trieu nam giai doan hai 173 trieu nam giai doan ba gdn nhdt ciing gdn 70 trieu nam Ciic nha dia ly hgc Viet Nam cdn cho rang, each nay hai \'iui nam \'d trudc, kinh thd nude ta ndi lidn vdi hinh thd Inddnexia \'a tdi dao Hai Nam ('Trung Qudc)

"Ne'ii nhu cd phi'p Ig ndo Idm cho cluing la sdng trd Igi hai vgn ndm ve trirew, thi cluing la dd cd the di bd td Viet Nam ra ddt ddo Hdi Nam, lieix qudn ddo Inddne.via md khdng so' win clidti'"' TDidu niiy cho chiing ta thiiy rang, lanh thd

tinh ta trudc day hai van nam cung ndi lidn \'di ciic qudc gia tren bidn Ddng nhirng sau mot \'(in dgng tiio mil ndn da gdc dii siii lim, tao ncMi tinh triing bidn

om hi'y kinh thd nucic la \'ii Ninh Binh nhir hien nay.Va ngiiy nay rirng Cue

Phuong cd nhieu ddng, ihuc \al quy hiem, cd ngudn gdc lir cac tjudc gia tren

Chimg chi cd the cd mat o' dii\' \';io thii'i ky bien cliu'ii ngan each nude Ui \'di Ikii Nam \'a cac qudn dao Inddnexiii ' •• • • '

Viing doi niii va biin son dia

Viing nay nam d phia lay va lay nam ciia linh bao gdm cac khu \'u'c phia

lay nam huyen Nho Quan va thi xa Tam T3iep phia lay huyen Gia Vien, phia lay nam huyen Hoa Lu va tay nam huyen Yen Md Dien tich loan \'iing nay khoang

35.000 ha, chiem 24% dien tich tu nhien loan tinh Do ciio trung binh tir 90

-120m TDae biet khu vuc niii da cd do cao tren 200in

Viing nay tiip trung tdi 90'^f dien tich ddi niii va dien tich rirng ciui linh, do

dd rdt thuan lgi dd phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep nhu san xuat vat lieu xay dung, san xuili mia dudng, che bien gd, che bien hoa qua, du lich, chan nudi dai gia siic (trau, bd, de), trdng cay an qua (dira, \'ai, nhiln), trdng cay cdng nghiep dai ngay nhu che, ca phe \'a trdng rirng

' ' ' /,(• Ba Thao: Tliicn nliicn \'u'l Nam N.xh Kll-Ki Sdd Ir,i; 14

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

Viing ven bien

Ninh Binh cd tren 17.600 m bd bidn Viing nay bao gdm dien ti'ch ciia 4

xa \'en bien huyen Kim San la: Kim Trung Kim Hai, Kim Ddng Kim Tien, dien tich khoang 6.000 ha, chiem 4.2% dien ti'ch tu nhien toan tinh Ddt dai d day cdn nhidm man nhidu do mdi bdi tu nen dang trong thdi k}' cdi tiio \i vay chil yeu phii hgp vdi vice trdng riing phdng hd (sii, vet), trdng cdi, trdng mdt vu liia va nudi trdng thuy san

Viing dong bdng

Bao gdm thi xa Ninh T^inh huyen Yen Khiinh, huyen Kim Son \'a dien tich cdn lai ciia ciic huyen trong imh dien tich khoang 101.000 ha chiem 71.1% dien tich tu nhien toiin tinh la noi tiip trung dan cu ddng diic nhiit tinh, chiem

khoang 90^c dan sd toan tinh Viing nay do cao trung binh tir 0,9 ; 1,2m, ddt dai

chil yeu la diit phu sa dugc bdi va khdng dugc bdi Tidm nang phat tridn ciia viing nay la ndng nghiep: Trdng liia rau mau cay cdng nghiep ngdn ngay.Vd cdng nghiep cd co khi siia chua tau, thuydn, che bien luong tkuc, thue pham cdng nghiep del may thuong nghiep dich vu phat tridn cang sdng

3-Khi hau:

Do dac dic-m vd dia ly, dia hinh da dang, phiic tap, nen khi hau Ninh Binh

cung mang nhung net dac trung ciia khi hau ddng bdng Bdc bd vd cd dnh lui'd'ng sdc ihdi khi hdn vung Thanh Hod vd Klin 4 cii

Khi hau ddng bang Bac bd hi khi hiiu cd tinli nliied eliri, gid mua: miui ddng liinh

gia, it mua, miia he nang ndng, mua nhieu Ngoai imh hirdng sau sac ciia gid miia

ddng bac \'a ddng nam, Ninh Binh \xra chui anh hudng ciia khi lulu ven bien vira cliiii dnh hudng ciia khi hau rirng nin Nhung dien bien phire Uip ciia che dg gid miia da

lam cho khi hau khu \'ii'c Nmh Binh bien ddng riit thai thudng trong cac miiii cd khi kii anh hudng tir nam nay sang nam khiic: Miia ddng gid miia ddng bdc lanh xen Idn gid bidn nhiet ddi mang theo hoi iim d:i gay nen nhiing giao dgng manh trong che do nhiet \'a che dd muii 'Trong mtia ddng cd nhung ngay ret xen Idn nhung ngay ndng

am nhimg ngay ndm dm, gay ra hien tugng ndn nha "eld md lidi\ nhidu khi hu

chuyen dot ngdt siuig khd hanh, lam cho da ngirdi \'a ed khi ca chan trau bd bi niit ne

vao thang Mdt, Chiip, dim giiin ggi la "nin cirdd' Tuc ngu cung cd cau "Bd klien con

bd liii, den thdng Me}t, thdng Chgp miti biet con bd hay' la nhu vay Cd didu diic biet

la, ngay trong nhiing thang kinh nhdt ed iiiim hii cd nhOng ngay ndng nue, nhiet do cd

khi len tcii 25-26 do C Ciing cd khi trong miia ddng gia hnh, trdi lai dd mua rao, lugng mira tdi 20-30 mm / ngay, kii cd khi cd ca sdm rdn ri khdng trung

Miia he nhirng nhieu ddng nhu gidng bao giai hdi tu thudng gay bien ddng

\an \'d dien bien thdi tiet nhiit la che dd mua cd thd dang tii' khd han chuvdn

23

Q\a chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

sang ung kii cue bd \iing midn cd khi tren dien rgng toan tinh Nhiing con bdo v'd dp thdp iiliiel ddi thudng tir bien dd bg vao ddt lidn thdng thii'("»'ng tir thang 7

den ihiing 10 am lich, lam anh hudng liii Idn den qu\ luai cua khi hiiu trong tinh Boi \ay, khi hi:iu Ninh Binh cd nhung anh huong nhieu khi khdng thuan lgi cho san xudt va ddi sdng, cd khi la phd bien nhung ciing cd khi la cue bd Dd Id ret liinh, suong gid, suong mudi trong miia ddng lam cho cay cdi, nhdt Id liia, m;i chiem xuan chet ret Han hdn miia ddng lam cho mti \'d liia kem phat trien Ndng ndng, khd han keo dai giu'a miia he, kem theo bao lu ling kit; trong dd biio \a

ap thdp nhiet deii, kem theo mua lii Idn dai ngay la nhung thien tai nguy hiem pha hoai nha cira, hoa mau va cd tinh miing eon ngudi

Ninh Binh ndm trong khu \'Uc cdn chiu dnh hudng ciia gid iniia ddng nam, kii

kd sat bidn Ddng, gid miia hii dem den khdi khdng khi hdi dii'emg nhiet did ndng

vd dm \'di nhiing nhidu ddng khi quyen nhu gidng, biio \'a triit xudng luong mua

rat Idn 'Trong miia ddng \'a miia xuiiii cd nhung ngay mua phiin, keo dai tir thdng

1 1 (\(:n thiing 3 nam sau lam cho dd dm khdng khi dat tdi mire tren 80% tao didu

kien cho cay cdi dam chdi niiy igc tuy nhien \iec di kii sinh hoiit cd nhieu khd khiin bat lien

Ciic bieti ddng thin ihii'i'mg ciia khi hau ddng bang Bac bd chii yeu do su tranh citd'p dnh hudng hoiit dgng ciia hai mua gid \'a cac qua trinh thiTi tidt dac

biet didn ra trong mdi miia Song nhu tren da ndi, Ninh Binh cdn chiu dnh hudng ciia khi hiiu tidu viing Thanh Hoa va Khu 4 cii, nt;n yeu td gid lay, md dia

phuong ggi la "gid Ldei\ cung cd anh hudng khdng nhd den nhung bien ddng vd

khi hau, thdi tiet ciia Ninh Binh Vi the, ed nam ret sdm, cd niim kii ret mugn, cd nam ndng ndng keo dai, nhiet do len tdi 41- 42"C (thang 5 nam 1926), cd nam lai xudng tdi 4-5"C (thang 1 nam 1955)

Nhin chung khi hau, thdi tiet ciia Ninh Binh la iliiign led cho phat trien san xuiii ndng nghiep, chi cdn chii y giu vk dieu hod mrdc de bao dam dii cung ciip

cho cay trdng quanh nam

4- Nhiet dg:

Nhiet do trung binh trong nam tir 23" ; 23,6" , tdng nhiet do trung binh trong nam tren 8.500"C Sd thang ed nhiet do trung binh tren 20" la 8-9 thang

Miia ddng nhiet do trung binh 20"C Thang knh nhat la thang 1 vk thang 2 tir

17,0" - 17,4"C Nhiet dg nam thiip nhdt 6,3" (1968) Miia he nhiet dd trung binh 27"C Thiing ndng nhdt la thiing 7 \'a thdng 8, nhiet do trung binh la 29,l"C Nhiet do nam ciio nhdt la 39"3 (1967)

Tdng nhiet do trong mgt nam kha Idn nhung su phan bd theo hai miia k i chenh lech nhau kha nhidu

24

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

5- Che do mua:

Tong lugng mua trung binh trong nam diit tir 1.860 - 1.950 mm phan bd tuong ddi ddng ddu tren toan bg lanh tho cua tinh Trung binh mdt nam cd 125 -

157 ngay mua T.irgng mua tap trung chii yeu vao miia he, tir thang 5 den thang

11 chiem 80 - 90% lugng mua ca nam Lu kit ciing thud'ng xdy ra trong thdi gian nay Miia ddng, luong mua chiem khoang 10 - 20*"^ tdng lugng mua trong

nam, chil yeu la mua nho vk mua phim

Nam ed tdng lugng mua Idn nhiit la nam 1921: 3.024 mm Nam cd lugng mua thap nhat la nam 1957: 1.100 mm

6- Che di) cim:

Ninh Binh la tinh ndm sat bidn, nen dg dm khdng khi tuong ddi Ciio Binh quan ca nam tir 84 - 86%, giua cac thang, dg dm chenh lech khdng nhieu Thang

CO do dm cao nhdt la thang 2 (90%) Thang cd dg dm thdp nhdt la thang 10 (81%) Lirgng hoi nude trung binh trong nam tir 850 - 870mm, trong dd miia ha chiem 60% lugng bdc hai ca nam

7- Gid:

Hudng gid thinh hiinh thdi theo miia tdc dg gid trung binh cd nam la 2,3 - 2,5 m/s Miia ddng hii'(yng gid chu _\'eu hi ddng bac \'di tan suiii 60 - 70% Tir giira den cudi miia ddng, gid cd xu hirdng lech ddn \'e phia ddng, ldc dg gid trung binh tir 2.4 - 2.6 m/s Nhirng ngii\' ddu ciia Ciic dgi gid miia thudng cd gid cap 4 va cap 5

Miia he, hudng gid chii yeu dn dinh tir ddng den ddng nam vdi tdn suai

50 - 70% Tdc do gid trung binh 1,9 - 2,2 m/s Tdc dg gid cue diii (khi cd bao)

la 40 m/s Ddu miia he thudng xudt hien cac dgt gid mtia tay khd ndng, dan gian ggi la "gid Lao" Ngoai ra, viing \'en bidn cdn chiu anh hudng ciia gid dat

va gid bidn Gid dat hudng chii yeu la tay tay nam Gid bidn hudng ehii yeu la ddng nam

8- Song ngdi vd thuy vdn:

He thdng sdng ngdi d Ninh Binh biio gdm he thdng sdng Day, sdng Hoang Long, sdng Bdi, sdng An sdng Viic, sdng Liing, sdngVan Sdng, vdi tdng chidu dai 496 km, phan bd rdng khdp trong toan tinh Mat do sdng sudi binh quan 0,5 km/km\ ciic sdng thudng chay theo hudng tay bdc- ddng nam dd do ra bien Ddng

Sdng Diiy: La chi luu ciia sdng Hdng hi tu didm thii' hai sau Nga ba Hac bat ngudn tir Hat Mdn (Phiic Tho, tinh Ha Tay), nen trudc khi cd dap Day, sdng Day ed ten la Hat Giang, diS \'ao Ninh Binh bat ddu tir Kem 'Trdng (huyen Thanh

25

Dja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Liem, tinh Ha Nam), noi ma nu si Hd Xuan Huong da timg du ngoan qua day va

dd liii nhirng x'dn tho bai hii:

"Hai ben thi mii giilu thi sdng

Cd plidi ddy Id Ke'in Trdng khdng'.' "

Duong Thii Kinh \iet trong "Thuy kinh ehii" vd sdng Diiy: "Nlidnli thd sdii, chu vdn goi Id sdng Giira Trung thuy chdy ra tir phia nam \ inli 1 irdiig qua Idy Qudc Oai nam Ung Hod nam Thudng Tin tax nam Ly Nhdn qua ddng bdc liuxcn ,\ii Dinh md ra cua Dai Ac lire Id cira \'gtig Deianli^'" 'ThiTi T^mh, sdng

Da\ goi Id Liich Dai Giang thdi Le - 'Trinh goi la song Sinh Qu\'et hoac cd siich chep la Thanh Quyet cung la mdt

Song Diiy chay dgc phia ddng bac tinh Ninh Binh kim ranh gidi tu nhien giira hai tinh Ninh Binh \'di Nam Dinh rdi dd ra ciia Day, dai 85kin Phdn hii luu sdng \ ira chiu dnh hudng miinh cua thuy tridu, ddng thai kii chki tiic ddng miinh ciia ddng chay sdng Hdng qua sdng Ddo tinh Niim Dinh, va ddng chdy ciia sdng

Hodng Long ddn vc Miia can luu lugng eiia sdng Day nhd, nhung dugc bd

sung nude tir sdng Hdng (qua sdng Dao, tinh Nam Dinh), muc nude thdp Tai thi

xa Ninh Binh, muc nude cao nhdt: Hinax - 0,6 H- 0,7 m Muc nude thdp nhdt:

Hmin = 0.1 ^ 0.2m Tai Ddc Bd TImax = 0.9 -:- 1.0 m Hmin = 0.1 ^ 0.2in Miia mua 111 luu lugng nude Idn muc nude dang cao Tiii thi xa Ninh Binh nure nude tir 1.73 + 2.80 m Tiii Gian Khau muc nude tir 1.68 ^ 2.95 m

\'di muc nude sdng T3:(_\' nhu tren, trong khi dd cao ciia ddng rudng thay ddi tir 0.5 m d \iing triing den 1.9 m \iing ddng d;it ^'en Khiinh Kim So'n, dui hinh lai cao ihiip khdng deu nen \ lec liidi lieu tu chay khdng thue hien duoc do dd chil \'eu phai diing he thdng tram bcrm nude \'a lieu tu chdy khi nude trong ddng

cao (ling) vk phai gap dugc thdi diC-m tridu thap

Nhin chung sdng Dii\' la con sdng Idn \'ii dai nhdt tinh, sdng ndi lidn vdi

giao thdng dudng bien \'a \di cac tinh biui irong \iing vk ca nude Day ciing la

con sdng cung cap nude tudi, cOng nhu tieu, thoat lu kit chii yeu ciia Ninh Binh, cung la con sdng dira ngudn phii sa Idn mau md bdi dap nen nhung \'iing dat rgng Idn, trii phii cua tinh

Song Hoiing Long:

La chi luu ciia sdng Day bdt ngudn tir hd Thudng Xung (Nho Quan) den Gian Khdu, dd nude \'ao sdng TDay, ggi la nga ba Gian Khdu (Gia Tran, Gia Vidn) Sdng dai 27 km la ranh gidi tu nhien giua huyen Nho Quan vdi huyen Gia \'ien giira huyen Gia \'idn \'di hu\'en Hoa Lu Sdng gan lien \'di huyen tich

TiU I ifet Day

26

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

Rdng Vang ciru Dinh Bg Linh thuo sinh thai thoat khoi ludi guom gian du' ciia ngudi chii la L)inh Du (Xem: "Sir tich sdng Hoang Long" phdn Truyen ke)

Thugng luu sgng rgng trung binh 50 ^ 70 m, h;i luu rdng trung binh 70 ^ 80

m, sau tir -3m H- - 4 m, nhan nude mua tir ndi viing va la true tieu ehi'nh ciia cac

huyen Nho Quan, Gia Vidn, Hoa Lu \'a lugng nude tir Hod Binh do sdng Lang

va sdng Bdi dd vd, chay ra sdng Day rdi dd ra Bidn Ddng Sdng ndy vira lieu, vira tired nude cho phdn Idn dien tich ddng rudng trong khu vuc ba huyen tren, ddng thdi lam nhiem vu van ehuydn dudng thuy vk cung Ciip cd, tdm cho dan cu

Ten 'Thien 'Triio {Gidi clieo) la ten truydn tich lau ddi den bay gid

Sdng Vac la true tudi, lieu chinh ciia cac huyen Hoa Lu, Yen Md, Yen Khdnh, Kim Son Nd nhan nude mua ndi \iing tir cdc khu ddi niii phia tay va lay bdc, chdy ra sdng Day (cira Kim TDiii, huxen Kim Son)

Song Vdn, song An (Xem muc Sdng cua thi xa Ninh Binh va huyen Kim San)

9- Thuy trieu:

Che do thuy tridu ven bidn Ninh Binh la che do /;/)(// triedi, ngoai ra cdn cd trudng hgp bdn nhdt trieu vd trieu Igp Thdi gian tridu len trong khoang 8

gid, tridu xudng 16 gid Khi tridu cudiig thi thdi gian len xudng ± 1 gid Nhin

cluing, thux irieit Nmh Binh luo'iig din xe'-ii 'Trong ngiiy, bien dg thuy trieu trung

binh khoang 150 : 180 cm, Idn nhal ki 270 cm nho nhdt 2 r 5 cm

H)- Do man:

Do niiin cac cira sdng ven bien Ninh Binh chu yeu do dg man eiia bidn xam

nhiip khi trieu dang cao, ddng trieu chay nguge, mang nude bidn vao cac eiia

sdng nen eld mdn gdn bdng do mdn cua iiue'rc hie'n Do man trong mdi ngay thay ddi tirong ling \'di than tridu Cit mdi dinh tridu thi co mdt dinh man tuong irng,

nhung chenh lech vd thdi gian khoang 2 -:- 3 gid Su didn bien ciia thuy trieu theo thdi gian, trong mdt ngay, cd mgt Idn do miin Idn nhat va mdt Idn nhd nhdt

Dg man khoang 5-:-7% xam nhiip sau vao cac ddng sdng den 15-i-16kin, gay kho khan cho san xuai ndng nghiep vu chiem xuan, ed khi tdi 1/2 dien tich cay Ilia phai diia vao thuy tridu dd cung cdp nude

27

Oja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

IJ Tdi nguyen:

Cd thd ndi, Ninh Binh la mdt tinh cd nhieu the manh nhung \'dn hi tinh iiglieo ve' tdi ngiiyi'n

11.1- Tai nguyen dat

Cdc nha ndng hgc va thd nhirdng hgc phan chia dat dai Ninh Binh thanh 19 loiii gdp thanh 5 nhdm dat co ban sau:

Nhdm did man: Nhdm ddt nay dien tich khoang 14.194,4 ha, chiem 10,1%

tdng dien tfch tu nhien toan tinh, dugc hinh thanh tren trdm tich bidn \'a trdm tich sgng bidn, phan bd chit yeu d cdc xa ven bidn Kim Son, biio gdm 3 loai:

- Dat man sii vet: Phan bd d ngoai de Binh Minh II, vdi dien tich khodng 832,4 ha loiii dat nay chit yeu trdng rirng ngap man phdng hd va nudi trdng thuy san, trdng cdi

- Dat man nhidu: Phan bd d cac xa Cdn Thoi, Kim My, Kim Tan, trong de Binh

Minh II, dien tich 1 642,9 ha Loiii ddt nay trdng cdi \-a trdng mgt vu liia miia

- Ddt man it \'a trung binh: Phan bd trong pham v[ de Binh Minh I, gdm dai

thudc ndng trudng Binh Minh va mdt sd xa trong de Binh Minh I thuge huyen Kim Son; dien tich 1 1.719 ha TDay la loai diit c:inh tdc 2 \'u liia cd nang suiii cao

Nhdm ddi phu sa: Nhdm diit nay cd dien tich 74.529,8 ha, chiem 53% dien

tich tu nhien loan tinh, gdm 9 loai:

/ Did phu sa duerc bdi (Pb):

Phan bd d cac dai hep ngodi de dgc theo cac he thdng sdng Day, sdng Bdi, dien tich 283,7 ha Loiii ddt nay ed do phi kha, thieh hgp trdng rau, hoa mau va cay ngdn ngay

2 Ded phu sa khdng direrc bdi (PH):

Tap trung thanh nhung viing Idn trong de d hdu he't cac huyen, thi xa trong tinh Dai phii sa sdng Day cd do phi cao hon dat phii sa cac sdng khac Dien tich 25.979,8 ha

3- Did phu sa gld\ (Pg)

Phan bd d dia hinh thdp trung, ngap nude thudng xuyen d cac huyen Nho Quan, Gia Vidn, Hoa T.u, Yen Md Dien tich 30.717ha Dd ddt chua PH KCl tir 3,4 -^ 4,5 Thanh phdn co gidi thirdng la thit nang, ham lugng miin thdp N, P,Os

tdng sd vk dd tieu tir ngheo den trung binh, ham lugng Cation trao ddi cao, loiii

dai nay trdng 2 vu kia, nang sudt kha cao

4- Dei) phu sa cd Idng phen tii'in tdng sdit (Ps):

Phan bd ehii yeu d cac xii Gia Hoa, Gia Van, Gia Phuang (huyen Gia Vidn),

xa Trudng Yen (huyen Hoa Lu) va mdt dien tich nhd thudc thi xa Ninh Binh, dien tich 192,6 ha Dat nay trdng 2 vu liia cd nang sudt kha cao

28

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

5- Ddt phd sa cd tdng leiang Id dd vang (PJ):

Phan bd d huyen Nho Quan, tao thanh mdt dai Idn dgc theo dudng 12 tit xa Ddng Phong den xa San Lai, Quang Lac \a rai rac mdt sd xa thudc huyen Gia Vidn, dien tich 8.835,3 ha Do anh huong ciia che dd nude va qua trinh canh tdc,

da xuai hien qua trinh tich luy Fe, AI hinh thanh kei von dd ong Ddt thanh

phdn ca gidi tir thit nhe den thit trung binh ham luong cac chdt dinh dudng NPK

tdng sd \'a dd tieu trung binh Loai diit nay ehii yeu canh tac mdt vu kia mgt vu

miia vk chuyen mau

6- Ddt phu sa ung triing (Pg), ded than bun ('F) vd did lay lliiil (J):

La loiii diit Idy thut phan bd d dui hinh trung ngap nude thudng xuyen trong cac thung lung hep bao boc xung quanh la ciie ddi vii niii da vdi, khdng cd chd thoat mrdc Ddt thudng ed mau den, ham lugng miin rdt cao do ti'ch tu xac huu CO, diiin, Ian, dien tich chiem 8.521,3 ha Loai ddt nay trdng 1 vu liia chiem,

nen hay bi hiin \ao vu chiem, diit miiu nau vkng, thanh phdn ca gidi thit nang

den diit set trung binh, phan irng dung dich chua manh

9-Nhdm ddt thung limg ddc lu :

Bao gdm diii thung limg ddc ui va diii den tren SP bdi tu ciia dii \'di, phan bd

d nhiing thung lung thap, nho trong cac \iing ddi mil thi xa 'Tam Diep, huyen Nho Quan, Gia Vien vii Hoa Lu Dien tich 1.601,2ha, chiem 1,1% dien tich tu

29

Oja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

nhien Loai ddt nay, tdng diit mdng, ty le kdt von cao, tren 85%, thiinh phdn ca gidi nang, ddt chua, ngheo miin ngheo dinh dudng

Nhin chung, tai nguyen dai cua Ninh Binh ed dg phi trung binh vdi 3 loai

dia hinh la ddi niii, ddng bdng vk ven bidn, vi the tinh cd the miinh de phiit trien

ndng, lam nghiep ket hgp theo hudng da diing hoa Viing ddi niii cd nhieu tidm nang dd ehuydn ddi ca Ciiu kinh td ndng nghiep va phat tridn cdng nghiep nhdt

la cdng nghiep vat lieu xay dung

11.2- Tai nguyen nude

Tai nguyen nude bao gdm tai ngu\'en nude miit \'a tai nguyen nude ngam

- Tai nguN'cn nude mat: Khii ddi dao, thuan loi cho \'iec tudi phat tridn san xuiit ndng nghiep va dich \u giao thdng \'an tai thuy Ninh Binh cd mill do cac

he thdng sdng sudi d mire trung binh vdi tdng chidu dai cdc con sdng chinh tren 496km chiem dien tich 3.401 ha, mat dd diit 0.5km/knr Ben ciinh dd trong tinh cdn cd 21 hd chira nude Idn dien ti'ch 1.270 ha \'di dung tich 14.5 trieu m' nude, nang lire tudi cho 4.438 ha

- Ngudn nude ngam: Nude ngdm d Ninh Binh chii yeu thuge dia ban huyen

Nho Quan va thi xa Tam Diep Tdng luong nuac ngam viing Ria (Nho Quan) diit

361.391 inVngay Vimg Tam Diep 112.183inVngay

U 3 Tai nguyen khi hau

Nmh Binh quanh nam nhan dugc mgt luong nhiet rdt Idn cua nuit trdi, nang

lugng birc Xii l6ng cgng loan tinh \ugt tren 100 kilocalo tren mgt cm2

(KCal/cm2) trong 1 nam, can bang birc Xii quanh nam dirong \'a dat ddn 75KCal/cm2/nam Nhiet dd trung binh trong nam diit tir 22 - 270C Tdng luong nhiei tren lOOC ca nam hiiy long knmg nhiet hoat dgng len den 8.5000C 'Trong

I thiing ed den gan 200 giiT nang trong miia he, cdn miia ddng khdng dirdi 40

gid nang Sd lugng gia nang Idn nhu the dam bao cho cay cdi-sinh truiyng thuan

lgi quanh nam Cd the ndi nhiet lugng niiit trdi cung cdp nhu \'iiy la kha giau cd Ngoiii nhiet lugng niiit trdi tmh Ninh Binh quanh nam nhan duoc dd am rat

IcT'n Do iim tuong ddi thudng giao dgng tir 80 - 100'"f bieu hien rd ret nhiit eiia

viec giau am ki lugng mua hang nam Neu lugng nude mua ro'i xudng ma khdng chay di \'a khdng bi bdc hoi thi todn tinh se ngiip tir 1,5 -H 2m, cd nam den 3,0m tinh theo dien tich thi mdi nam nhan dugc tdi 2 van tan nude/ ha Nhu vay do dm ciia todn tinh cung rat tidm tang

Vdi tai nguyen nhiet \'a dg dm nhu tren d bdt cir \irng nao ciia tmh cung

ddu thuan loi phat tridn mdt nam 2 vu liia vk cac loai rau mau cay an qua va

phiit tridn ndng kim ngu nghiep

30

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

n 4 Tai nguyen rirng

Do qua trinh khai thac lau dai rirng Ninh Binh dii bi tan pha kha nang nd Ngoai rirng Qudc gia Ciic Phutmg, rirng thien nhien d Ninh Binh khdng cdn nhieu \'a nguyen ven 'Tren cac sudn niii da \di la tham rirng ngheo thir sinh, phdn Idn la cac cay bui nhd, d Kim Son cd mdt sd dien ti'ch rirng ngap man Tuy nhien so \'di cac tinh ddng bdng sdng Hdng Ninh Binh \'an la tinh cd dien tich rirng Idn nhdt, 19.033ha chiem 23,5% dien tich rirng ciia vimg, chiem 13,3% dien tich tu nhien toan tinh

Rirng tu nhien: 'Tdng dien ti'ch la 13.633,2ha, trii' lugng gd 1,1 trieu m', tap trung chil yeu d Nho Quan

Rirng Ciie Phuong thudc lotii rirng nhiet ddi dien hinh dgng thue vat da diing, phong phii (xem muc Rirng Qudc gia Ciic Phuang)

Rirng trdng: Dien tich dat 5.387ha, tap trung a huyen Nho Quan, Hoa Lu,

Kim Son, thi xii 'Tam Diep, vdi cay trdng chii yeu la thdng nhira keo, biich dan, cay ngap miin (\'et \'ii say)

1 L5 liii nguyen l)ien

Bd bien Nmh Binh dai 17.6()0m \di hiing ngiin ha b;"ii bdi luing chuc ngiiii

ha kinh hai Ciiii Diiy ki ciia Idn nhiit cd do sau kha, dam bao tiiii thuyen Idn, trong tai hiing ngan tan rii \'ao thuijin tien

Viing bidn Ninh Binh ed tidm nang nudi trdng, khai thac, danh bdt ngudn loi hai san \'di san lugng tir 2000 ^ 2.500tdn/nam

11.6 Tin nguyen khoiing siin

- Tdi nguyen dd vdi:

Da vdi la ngudn tai nguyen khoang san Idn nhdt ciia Ninh Binh Vdi nhirng day nui da vdi khii Idn, chiiy tir Hod Binh, theo hudng tay bac - ddng nam, qua Nho Quan, Ciia Vidn, Hoa Lu, thi xii Tam Diep, Yen Md, tdi tiin bidn Ddng diii han 40 km ilien lich tren 1.200ha, trir lugng hang chuc ty met khdi Day la ngudn nguyen lieu Idn dd san xuai \i mang va \'at lieu xay dung Q thi Xii Tam Diep (khu \'irc phudng Nam Son ) cdn cd nhung da\ mii Idn cd the xe da dp lat den trang hdng va mau hdn hgp chdt lugng gdn tirong dirong da niii Nhdi (Thanh Hoa)

- Fdi nguyen ddldmil:

Ddldmit phan bd lap trung o cac xa Phii Long Ky Phii (Nho Quan) .Ninh Hod (Hoa Lu) \'a thi xa Tam Diep tren dien tich 1.800ha trfr lugng hang chuc

31

Pja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

trieu tan, chai lugng cao, ham lugng 51 ^ 55% Dav la ngudn nguyen lieu quy

dd san xuat vat lieu xay dung, dac biet hi xi mang va hoa chiii

- Tdi nguyen dd) set;

Phan bd rai rac d cac viing ddi niii thap thuge xa Yen San, Yen Binh (thi xa Tam f3iep), huyen Gia Vidn Yen Md diing dd san xuiii giich ngdi va nguyen lieu nganh diic

- Tdi ngnyi'ii nii'ifc khodng:

Nude khoang Ninh Binh chill lugng tdt tap trung chii yeu a Ciic Phuong (Nho Quan) va Kenh Ga (Gia Vidn) cd thd khai thac phuc vu sinh hoiit va du lich x'fli trir lugng Idn Dac biet nude khoang Kenh Ga cd dg man, thudng xuyen

d do ndng 53-^54"C Nude khoang Ciic Phuong cd thanh phdn Magiebicarbonat cao, sir dung che phdm nude gidi khat va chua benh

- Tdi ngiiyi'ii than bun:

Tru' lugng nhd, khoang tren 2 trieu tan, phan bd d cac Xii Gia Son, Son Ha, (Nho Quan), Quang Son (thi xa Tam Diep), ed thd sir dung dd san xuat phan vi sinh, phuc vu san xuiii ndng nghiep

11.7- Tai nguyen nhiin van

'Tai nguyen nhan van bao gdm cac di tich lich sir, van hod, danh lam thdng

canh cua Ninh Binh khd phong phii vk cac sinh hoiit tin ngirdng tdn gido, le hdi

truydn thdng, didn hinh la le hgi ddn Dinh - Le va Id hdi ddn 'Thai Vi, cac lang nghe truyen thdng trong tinh (Phdn niiy se gidi thieu chi tiet d cdc muc sau)

12 D(in sd, lao dong vd viec Idm

12.LDiinsd

Tinh den 31/12/2000 dan sd trung binh ciia tinh Ninh Binh la 902.126 ngudi, trong dd cd 436.055 la nam, 466.071 la nu'"' So vdi dan sd khu vuc ddng bang Sdng Hdng, dan sd tinh Ninh Binh chiem 5,6% va bang 1,2% dan

sd ca nude

Ty le tang dan sd trong tinh tuong ddi nhanh Chi tinh rieng giai doiin

1990-1998 dan sd loan tinh da tang 110.512 ngudi, binh quan tang 13.814 ngudi/nam, ty le tang tu nhien binh quan 1,83%, ty le sinh binh quan 2,34%, ty

le chet binh quan 0,51%

Vd phan bd dan cu : Ninh Binh la mdt trong nhimg tinh ddng bang cd ty

le dan cu dd thi thdp, phii hgp \'di tinh hinh dd thi Ninh Binh nho be Nam

1998 dan sd khu vuc dd thi la 121.458 ngirdi, chiem I 3,5'/f tdng dim so, thap

hon nhidu so \'di cac tinh trong \iing dong bang song lldng la ll'ii vk cd

32

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

nude Id 20,8% Tuy nhien mdt sd nam gdn day, tdc do dd thi hoa cd xu hudng tang nhanh, tir 8,23% nam 1990 len 13,5% nam 1998, binh quan mdi nam tang 0,66%

Mat do dan-'cu ciia tinh nam 1998 la 629 ngudi/km\ gap 2,7 Idn mat dg dan

cu loan qudc (237 ngudi/km"), song h\ cd su chenh lech Idn giira cac huyen, thi

Xii trong tinh, tap trung ddng nhai la thi xa Ninh Binh 5.424 ngii'di/km\ thiip nhai la huyen Nho Quan 286 ngudi/km'

12.2 Lao dong \ii viec lam

'Trong nhirng nam trudc day do ty le sinh khd cao, nen ngudn lao dgng ciia tmh \ao nhiing nam cudi the ky XX cd quy md Idn \'a tdc dg tang khd nhanh Den nam 1998 dan so Irong dd tudi lao ddng loan linh cd khoang 440.600 ngudi chiem 49,0'^ dim sd loan tinh

'Tdng sd lao dgng dang kim \'iec trong ndn kinh te ciia tinh la 402.780 ngudi, chiem 91,4% tdng sd ngirdi trong do tudi lao dgng Trong dd sd lao ddng lam trong khu vuc ndng, lam nghiep, thuy san la 315.540 ngudi, chiem 78,3% Khu \uc cdng nghiep, xay dung la 38.610 ngudi, chiem khoang 9,6% va khu

vuc dich vu 48.630 ngudi, chiem 12,1%

Co Ciiu phan cdng lao dgng ciia tinh cdn nang ve cdc nganh ndng, lam, thuy san (chiem 78,3%), sd lao dgng dugc dao tao nghd chiem ty le khd thap, diit 10,4% tdng sd kio dgng Trinh do trang thiet bi ky thuat lao ddng cdn lac hau,

do dd nang suiii lao dgng dat thiip

II D!A LY HANH CHINH l i N H NINH BINH QUA CAC THOI KY LjCH SL/

1- Dia ly hdnh chinh tinh Ninh Binh dudi thdi Bdc thudc vd chdng Bdc thiioc

Dili nude ta bi c:ic ineii dai phong kien phuang Bac thdng tri himg ngan nam Dd ki thdi ky ddi Bac thudc \'a chdng Bac thuge \'di nhieu cude khdi nghia nd ra

Cac trieu diu thdng tri phuong Bac chia nude ta ra lam nhidu quan trong

mdi quan kii chia ra lam nhidu huyen vk chau

Theo "Dili Nam nhiit thdng chi": "Dia giid Ninh Binh ddng - tiix cdch nhau

68 dam; nam - bdc cdch nhau 57 dam Phia ddng den dia gidi liiixen Dgi An phd Nghia Hung, tmh Nam Dinh 26 dam; phia Idy dim dia giid huyen Thgch Thdnh tilth Thanh Hod 42 dam; phia nam dent dia gidi hai huyen Tdng San vd Nga Sent tilth Thanh Hod 35 dam; phia bdc den dia giin huyen Thanh Liem vd Chuemg Dire tmh Hd Ndi 22 dam; Phia ddng nam den cda bien Chinh Dgi huyen Tdng Sem tmh Thanh Hod 29 ddm; phia ddng - bdc dim dia giid hai huyen

33

Pja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Phong Doanh vd Y Yen plui Nghia Hung tinh Nam Dm It 2 ddm; phia idy - bdc den dia gidi huyen My Lirang tinh Son Tdx vd dia giert chau Dd Bdc tinh Hung Hod 174 ddm lir ly sddi ve nam ddt Kinh thdnh {HueI 944 ddm ""''

Sach "Ninh Binh loan tinh dia chi khiio bien" ciia Nguydn 'Tir Mdn, ghi:

"Thien Nghien dii'ii cda Kinh thu ndi: Ong Hx Trong Idm nhd d Nam Giao Ntnli Binh, lire dd) Giao thudc chdu Nam xtra Bd Igc Hodng Thirdng cung d Nam Giao -xira du cd cdc ddng ngirid Man dmien ihirenig du " '")

Thdi ndi thudc nha Tan ggi la Tugng Quan Dudi thdi nha Han, ddt Ninh

Binh thuge quan Giao Chi Sach "Did nirirc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi" cd ghi rd

quan Giao Chi gdm 10 huyen '''

Ddt Ninh Binh thdi Han ndm trong cac huyen Cau Lau va mgt phdn huyen

Vd Cdng hay Vd Thiet huyen dia ddu ciia quan Ciru Chan

Sach "Ddt nude Viet Nam qua cdc ddi" ly gidi: Can cir vao cac nhanh

sdng ma sir sach cd cac trieu diii trudc ghi de kii: " Mdt nlidnit sdng thd tu

md Chu \ dn goi Id sdng Gnla i'Frimg 'Fhtixi thi Duong Thu Kinh irong 'Thux Kinh Chu" cho nd cluiy ra tir phia nam \ inli Tudng l\ inli Phuc ngdy nay); qua phia tay Qudc Oat qua phia nam Ung Hod, qua phia nam Tliirifng Tin {tinh

Hd Tay ngdy nay) rdi qua phia Idy Ly Nhdn (tinh Lid Nam ngdy nay), rdi qua phia ddng bdc huyen An Dinh (tinh Nam Doth ngdx nay) md Duo'iig Thd Kinh ddt dphia ddng Ninh Binh Nhdnh sdng ndy lurp ved sdng tren nid dd ra bien

do cira Dgi Ac, lire cira Vong Doanh hay cira Ddy (Cda sdng ndy xUa cdn d tri'it ciia Ddy mdy chuc cdy so)"

Ddi chieu \'di ban dd thi khiic sdng nay tuong dirong vdi ddng sdng Day ngdy nay

Nhanh thii' 5 cung ra tir phia nam Vinh Tudng qua phia tay Chu Dien ma Duong Thii Kinh dat d phia bac Quydn San (tire Kim Bdng, tinh Ha Nam ngay nay), qua phia tay Thien Quan (tire Nho Quan), phia tay Ninh Tiinh den huyen Cau I4u

mil DuLmg 'llui Kinh dat a phia nam Ninh Tiinh rdi chay ra bien ciing d cira Dm Ac

Ddi chieu vdi ban dd thi nhanh sdng ay cd le tuong duong \'di sdng Day (khue tir Gian Khdu trd xudng thi xa Ninh Binh ngay nay), nhung ciing cd vc la tuong duong vdi sdng Bdi'^'

' Dai Nam nluil llunu; chi Sdd T3 Tr 223

Nguye'ii Til Mdn: Ntiili Dinh loan linh dia chi khao hicii Sdd 11 62

'' Nguyen Tir Man: Ntttit Binh luan tinh dia chi khdo bien Sdd Tr 62

~'l 'lo Duy Anh: Did ntrifc Vu't Nam qua cdc ddi Sd It 29

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

Ly giai cho ddt Ninh Binh thai Han thuge mgt phiin ddt huyen Vd Cdng,

quan Ciru Chan, sach "Ddt nude Viet Nam qua cac ddi" da ddn theo "Thuy kinh

chii" la tdi lieu xua nhdt va quy nhiii 'Trong "Thuy kinh chii dd", Duong Thii Kinh da can cir \'ao nhung cude hanh trinh chep trong "Thuy kinh chii", nhat la hanh trinh cua lao tudng Mii Vien dd vao Cuu Chan, diio mii da qua Tiic Khau (nay thudc dai xa Yen Lam huyen Yen Md Ninh Binh) dd chi dinh \'i tri mdt sd huyen trong dd cd huyen Vd Cdng Ong dat huyen Vd Cdng d phia nam Thien Quan va phia tay bac Nmh Binh"'

Qua ly gidi tren, chiing ta cd thd chi dinh dugc diit Ninh Binh thdi thudc

Han nam trong phdn ddt huyen Cau Liiu quiin Giao Chi vk mot phdn ddt huyen

Vd Cdng, quan Ciru Chan (tire Thanh Hoa ngay nay)

Ninh Binh tir ddi Ngd, Tdn vd sau la diit Giao Chau'"', cudi nha Luang la

'Trudng Chau'" (Sir cu ghi rdng dia ly tdi chau Phiic Ldc la mdt)

Ninh Binh dudi thdi I'uy, Dudng thuge An Nam, cu the la nam trong quan Giao Qii

Theo Nguydn 'Tir Man: Nam thii 2, nien hieu Tdng Chuong nha Dudng, tri chau thii' sir la Tii Phap 'Thanh trieu tap gidng ngudi sinh lieu dat ra chau Phiic Ldc, bdt ddu tir diiy mdi cd diit Nhu Vidn, sau Nhu Vidn ddi la An Vien, (tu'c Gia Vidn ngay nay) Vi biii cat ngoai bidn ngay mdt bdi them, nhan dan ngay mdt

ddng them, cho iien iihung huyen An Ninh (nay la 'i'en Khiinh), Le Gia (ki phkn

phia nam Gia Vidn cii, phiii lay bac Iloii Lu ngay nay), mdi bat ddu cd tir day

Theo "Flidnli Hodng sir Itic" muc TDinh Didn mgt cgng thdn ddi nhii Dinh

cd va ki bii Duong Thi ngudi d /\n Bac huyen An Ninh (Nay la An Phii thudc

,An Khanh, (tire thdn Yen Phil, xa Khiinh An, huyen Yen Khanh ngay niiy), khi iiiiil chdn d /\n Lit, nay la An Xuyen (tire thdn Yen Xuyen, xa Khanh An, huyen Yen Khanh ngdy nay), md vdn cdn'""

Cuti'i ddi TDuiTug, diit nude Ui roi \'ao canh loiin 12 sir quan ma sir ghi ki "Thap nhi sir quan", mdi sir quan hiing cir mdt phuong Dinli Bd Linh thdng nhiii diit nude

2- Ninh Binh tii buoi ddu xdiy nen tu chu den ddu doi Nguyen Gia Long

(968 - 1802)

Vai net Idn Lnih hnih diiit nude:

Da\' lii thdi ky kha diii gan 1000 nam Vd co bdn diit nude ta gianh dugc quydn ddc lap III chu \';i thdng nhiit diu nude'" .Song dieu ncii bat trong thdi ky nay ki nhan

''' Dded:>iiy ,\nh Sdd.il.<9

'-' Dai Nam nhin llioiig elu Sdd Tr 223

''" Ngiixen Tie Man Sdd vd Dat Nam nhin thdng ehi Sdd Fr 224

'^' Ngityen Tu Man Sdd

'^' Trir 20 nam lir 1407-1427 nirirc la hi nha Minh de) hd

35

D\Q chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

dan ta ludn ludn phai diing len ddu tranh chdng ku cac the lire phong kien xam luge tir ben ngoai \i\ trai qua nhidu cude hdn chien phong kien trong nude'"

Do \'ay, viec phan viich dia gidi va td chii'c cac don vi hanh chinh trong ca nude, trong tiing Id, phii, tran, tinh ddu xuat phat tir tinh hinh cu the eiia mdi

\'uang tridu, d mdi giai doiin lich sir Song didu chung nhiii \an la nham muc dich ciing cd qudc gia thdng nhai ddc lap tu clui nga\' cimg \Lrng manh de dii sire de

bep cac cuge tan cdng xam luxic tir ben ngoai \'ao Dia gidi vk td chiic cac don v'\

hanh chinh d \'iing diit Ninh Binh ludn cd su thay ddi ca \'e dia du ten goi

2.1 Dia ly hanh chinh Ninh Binh dudi thixi Dinh - lien Le - Ly

et) Nmh Binh thin Dinh - 'Tien Le

+ Dinh Bg Linh xay dung lire lugng himg manh, chiem cir mien Hoa Lu

Sau khi dep yen cac sii' quan, thdng nhiii diit nude, dng xung la Did 'Thang Minh Hoang dd, ddng dd d Hoa Lu (xii 'Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu ngay nay )

Sii' chep rdng: Dinh Tien Hodng chia nircic ra lam 10 diio'"', hien nay khdng

cd danh hieu vk vi tri cac diio Duy thay sir cii vdn chep ten cac chau ddi Dudng

nhu: Ai Chau, Hoan Chau thi biet rdng danh hieu cac chau dcJi Duong biiy gid vdn dugc diing '"'

, Liic ddu Dinh Bd Linh mudn dung dd d Dam thdn (tire diii ciic xii Ciia Thdng, Gia Tien, huyen Ciia Vien, la lang que than mau \ua T3inh), nhung thdy d chd iiy dill chiit hep, bdn be deu ki ddng nude, ben chuyen dung dd d Hoa Lu (nay thudc xii 'TruiTug "I'en hu\en i loii Lu, tmh Nmh Binh)

Sach "Cirong muc" chep r;mg; "Hoa I tr la dia phan hat \d I'x I'd - I'y \'ieti (huyen Gia Vien) tinh Nmh Binh (J do eta) 4 mdl Id nut rung Irong dd cd mot cho khd bdng phdng nguid dia plurong got Id dong I loa Fu d linxeii Le Binh Le Binh nay Id huyen Gia Vien Ddng rdng liefii 2 Irire/ng, ed mdt con sued citdx

' ' ' Nhdn ddn ta dd Irdi qua 3 ciie)c khdng chien chdng ngoai xdiit vd 2 lim idi the lire

phong kiedi irong nirirc tranh gidnh quyen hinh ge'ix ra cdc (HOC hon eliien iroii^ mrdc:

•Khdng chieii chdng Tenig laii thir nhid do Le Hodn lanh dao vdo nam 9H1

-Khdng chien chdng Tdng Idn lltir 2 do Ly Thtre'riig Kiel hinh dao ttchtt 1077

-Ba Idn khdng chien chdng qudn xdm liroe Nguyen Me'ing do nhd Trim lanh daernant

1258 1285 1287

-Khdng chteii cliong qtiitn Minh xiim Itrere do Li Lai -Nguyen Lull leliili daol 14IH-1427) -Khdng chieii choni; qiiiin Thanh xitni Itroc de> Nguyc'it Hue kinh dao (l7H9l va chien Itanh Trinh Mac- Nam Bile n leii

~'Dil\' Id danh hieu diet qudn dot ihen Dinh nhirng ed le i iing la danh hieu edi doii

\i hdnh chinh

•'•'DaoDiixAiili.Seld.Tr87 ' ^ '

36

Chu bien: Tritcfng Dinh TitSmg

quanh co dim phia nam thanh Hon Lu Thanh Hoa Lw cung d hiiycn Le Binh '

Ho Dmh nhan the nut nui ddp thanh dm vi 500 irirgng Dong Hoa Lu Id nai Dmh Lien Hoang diiy binh cdn thanh Hoa Lu d Trudng Yen Id cho ddng dd"

Sach "Dat Nam nlidt tliimg chi", muc "Ninh Binh phan dii" ghi: "Dinh Tien

Llodng ngirdi ddng He)a Lu, chau Dgt Hodng'"'' Chiiu Dili Hoang tuong duong

vdi vimg Gia Vidn, mdt phdn huyen Hoa Lu, Nho Quan va mdt phdn huyen Yen

Md ngay nay'" Nam 979, Dinh Tien Hoimg va con trai ca la Nam Viet Vuong Dinh Lidn bi am hai Nam 980, Le Hoan len ngdi \'ua, lap ra tridu Le (tire tridu 'Tidn Le) Le Hoan xung la Hoang de, ddng dd d Hoa Lu (dd cu ciia nha Dinh)'^'

Vd td chiic Ciic dem vi hanh chinh trong nude, nha 'Tien Le cho ddi 10 diio ciia nha Dinh thanh ciic Id, phii, chau Hien nay sir cii ciia ta cung khdng thdy ghi rd danh hieu, \'i tri ciic Id, phii, chau ma \'dn diing cdc danh hieu ciia ddi Dudng

/;) Ninh Binh thdi Ly: Nam 1009, nhan tric'u dinh 'Tien Le su)' yen, T3)ien

tidn chi huy sir Ly Cdng lUin len ngdi \ u a , kip ra trieu Ly, thii\' trieu Tien Le 'Thiing 3, miia Xuan ii;im C;inh 'Tuat (1010), Ly 'Thiii 'To thao "Chieu ddi dd" Den miui Thu, thiing 7 nam 1010 thi tien hanh diu dd tir Iloii Lu ra 'Thang

Long, Uiiy ki Ha Ndi Hoa Lir tref thdnh ed dd Vd td chirc hanh chinh, sir cu ghi nha Ly chia cd nude ra lam 24 Id, nhirng sau "Dgt vied sd ky todn thii' vk sach

"Cirerng muc" chi ghi danh sach cd 12 Id"'

Sach "Ddt mrdc Viet Nam qua ciic ddi" cd ghi: "Xi'l ve quan die ddi Ly

quern ngodi cd cdc chirc tri phu vd phdn plui cai qudn mdl plui vd chii'c tri chdu cai In mdt chdu Cd the ngif rdng, nhd Li' dd bdt chire'fc die do nhd Tdng chia cd nu'e'fe ra Idm nhieu Id, mdi Id gdm I hay vdi phd vd nhieu chdn""" Nhung danh

sach tren khdng ddy dii Vd phii thi cac sach "Viet Sir luge" va "Toan thu" ehdp:

"Plui Thien Due do chdu Cd Phdp ddi ra; Plui Trudng Yen do thdnh Hoa Lit ddi

ra edit got Id chdu Dai Hodng" ' Nhu \'ay, ci thdi Ly, diii Ninh Binh thuge phii

'" Kinh ilo I loa l.ii sii'a lliiior did liiixen I.e Binh .sun iloi thanh Ciia \'icn

"• Ddo Duy Anh Slid Tr 87

"' Thee) le'ri ehii glcii vd khdo ciiii ciia Dai \ lel sir ky loan lim; 'TI han kx Q! NXB

KIIXII UN 1972 Tr329 thi d hityeii Gia Vien tmh Nmh Binh cd ten long Dai Hodng sail doi Id Dgi llilii Tong Dgi Hodng xua ngdy nay lhtii>c did cdc xel Gut Phu'ifng Gia Theiiig Gia Tii'ii lutyeit Gia Vien linh Ninh Binh

'•'' Dudi thdi Dinh Le Hodn dirge cd gtil chirc Thdp duo Ttrdng qudn ndng coi 10

dao qudn Irong cd nire'fe

'"" Danh uich 12 16: Thien 'Trti'd'ng Qudc Oai Hdi Dong Kieii Xiterng Khodi Hodng Giang Le>ng Hung Belc Giang 'Trudng Yen Hdng Thanh Hod Dien Chdu (Did mrdc

\'tel Nam qua cdc defi Sdd Tr 90)

"" DiioDux.Anh.Seld.Tr90

''' Ddo Duy Anh Sdd Tr 90 vd Nguxin Tir Mdn Sdd ir 12

37

Dja chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Trudng Yen do Ly Cdng Lidn cho ddi thanh Hoa Lu ra phii Trudng Yen ma chii ydu la \Ling ddt phia nam Ninh Binh Cdn phdn dai phia lay bac \iing Gia Vien

vk Nho Quan la ddt chau Dai Hoang'"

2.2- Dia ly hdnh chinh Ninh Binh dirdi thai Trdn vd Hd''

Nam 1226 Trdn Canh (Trdn Thiii Tdng) len ngdi \'ua lap ra \ii'o'ng tridu Trdn sau khi nha Ly dd

Vd td chiic hanh chinh, nam Thien ting Chinh binh thii' 11 (1242) Trdn Thai Tdng cho ddi 24 Id ciia nha Ly lam 12 Id, nhung ciing khdng thiiy chep danh sach cac Id Sir cu lai thay chep ten 15 Id'"': Thien Trudng; Trudng Yen; Long Hung; An Khang; An Tiem; Bdc Giang; Tam Giang; Qudc Oai; Tam Ddi; Liing Giang; Son Nam; Khodi; Hdng; Didn va Da Giang '•*'

Nhu \'ay, dudi thdi Trdn, ddt Ninh Binh thuge Id Trudng Yen, tiic la nha Trdn dii cho ddi phii Trudng Yen ciia nha Ly thanh ig Trudng Yen

Ld Trudng Yen thdi Trdn gdm cd 4 huyen: Le Gia, Uy Vien,Yen Ninh; Yen

Md (hay Md Do)'"

Den nam Quang 'Thai thir 10 (1397), Le Quy Ly (Tiie Hd Quy Ly) lam Phu chinh 'Thai su, siia ddi chd dg hanh chinh, da dgi cac Ig, phii ra lam trdn Ld Trudng Yen lam trdn Thien Quan'^"

Triin 'Thien Quan: Theo "Tloang Minh thue kic" chep thi, nam Minh Vinh Liic thir 13, thang 10, Truong Phu lien binh den Ldi Giang danh 'Trdn Nguyet

Hd, dudi den huyen Xich Thd, trdn Thien Quan thi bdt dugc Nguyet Hd'^'

Sach "Tkitn hii quiin qudc lgi benh thu" lai chep: Nam Minh Vinh Liic thir

9, thdng 11, nha Minh dat chau Ninh Hod lanh 2 huyen: Xa Lai va Xich Thd

Nhu vay, dudi thdi Trdn vk Hd, ddt Ninh Binh thuge ig Trudng Yen \'ii ti'dn

Thien Quan

Trdn Thien Quan bao gdm cac huyen: Xich Thd; Xa Lai; va Khdi"*'

'" Ddo Duy Anh Slid Tr 91

'-' Nhd Trdn (1226 - 1400) nhd Hd (1400 - 1406)

'" Ddo Dux Anh Sdd Tr 94

Sdch An Nam chi hretc ciia Le Tide, mot ldc gid thrri Trdn ghi lai danh sdch 15 Id nhir sau: Dai La thdnh Bdc Giang Nam Sdch Giang Kheidi: He'>nv Whir Nguyet Giang Oir: Hod Giang Tiixen Hod Gtan^j Lanii Chine Dai Hoiing 'Tlun '• I 'o,i iplm lii): Dien Clulii ipliii li)) Nghe An (plui le)): Bo Chinh I plui h>l

"Ddo Dux Anh Sdd.Tr 96

"" Ddo Dux Anh Sdd Tr 94

"•DiioDuxAnh.Sdd.Tr 108

'"^ Ddo Dux Anh Sdd Tr 96

38

Chij bien: Tritcfng Dinh Titcfng

2.3- Dia ly hdnh chinh Ninh Binh dudi th&i thudc Minh

Sau khi diet nha Hd, chiem dugc nude ta, nha Minh ddi dat nude ta lam quan Giao Chi Vd td ehii'c hanh chinh, nha Minh diii thd dua vao td chirc cu ma thay doi it nhidu

Nam Minh Vinh Lac thir 5, (1407), thang 6, dat cac chau le thuge vao 15 phii va 5 chau Idn (true thuge Giao Chi Bd chinh ty) cua quiin Giao Chi'"

Ninh Binh dudi thdi thudc Minh cung cd nhung thay ddi vd dia ly himh chinh: -I- Ddi ig 'Trudng Yen thdi 'Trdn \'a Tld thanh chau 'Trircmg "i'en, thudc phii Kien Binh

-I- Ddi trdn Thien Quan thdi Trdn va Hd thanh chau Ninh Hoa Chau Ninh Hoa le vao chau Quang Oai, Hung Floa

Nhu vay, ddt Ninh Binh dudi thdi thudc Minh la ddt cac chau: 'Trudng Yen thuge phii Kien Binh va chau Ninh Hoa thuge phii Quang Oai, Hung Hod

Cir theo dia du hien nay thi phii Kien Binh tire la phdn ddt thudc cac huyen

Vu Ban, Y Yen, Nghia Hung (phan phia Bdc) tinh Nam Dinh'"', chau Ninh Hod

le vao Hung Hoa tiic viing Hoa Binh ngay nay

2.4- Dia ly hdnh chinh Ninh Binh dudi thdi Le

a} Ninit Binh dii'ifi thin Le so':

Sau khi Le Lgi danh dudi quan Minh khdi phuc ndn dgc kip tu chii viio nam

1428, tren lanh thd ihdng nhai ciia nude ta, Le Lgi da chia -a nude ra lam 5 diio:

Nam T)iio; Bac Diio; Ddng Diio; 'Tay Dao, Hai Tay Diio \ii < 'ia cac Id, trdn, phii,

chau, huyen thudc \'ao cac dao

Den nam Qiiiing 'Thuan •' ' "^ (1466) de tang cirong sir thdng nhai

h^-chinh, Le Thanh Tdng chi:i c 'i'.ic lam 12 diio thira tuyen, ddi ig thanh phii i'.?

Iran lam chau, den nam thir ; 14)9) thi dinh ku bdn dd ca nude, thdng cdc phii huyen viio cac Thira tu)cd

•.d~-Ninh Binh d budi ddu nha Le la ddt hai phii Trudng Yen va Thien Quan, cai quan 6 hiiy.'~ :'^'

Phu 11 'dug Yen, 3 huyen: huyen Gia Vidn, huyen Yen Ninh, huyen Yen Md

'"Ddo Dux.' :h.Sdd.Tr96

'-' Theo Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi (Sdd) cd ddn: Dai Thanh nhd) ihdng chi chep: Plui

Kien Binh lanh mot chdu Id Tnrd'itg Yen gdm 6 huyen: Y Yen Dai Loan Yen Bdn L.;.•//; Doeinh Yen Ninh \d Le Binh

'" Dd<d)ux,Atih Sdd Tr 129

'" Theo Nguyen Tu Mdn vd Dgi Nam nhid thdng chi Sdd

39

Pjq chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh

Ph.u Thien Quan gdm 3 huyen: Phung Hoa, Ninh Hoa, Liic 'Thd

Theo Nguydn Tii' Mdn, dia ly hanh chinh Ninh Binh thdi ddu Le \'d co ban khdng thay ddi may so vdi thdi 'Trdn, nhung ten goi ciic plui, huyen cd su thay ddi: Vao khoang tir 1433-1459, chau Trudng Yen thdi ihudc Minh ddi ihimh phii Thien Quan

Hai phii Trudng Yen vk Thien Quan dudi ddi \ua Le Quang Thuan

(1460-1469) le vao Thanh Hoa, den ddi Hdng Diic (1470 - 1497) le vao thira tuyen Son Nam'" , Phil Trudng Yen gdm 3 huyen, 263 xa, trang triii, thdn Phu 'Thien Quan gdm 3 huyen, 70 thdn, trang tr^i'"' • , ;

b) Ninh Binh dirdi thin Le - Mgc ' •

Nam 1527, nha Miic thay nha Le Nhd M:ic lach ki'y hai phii 'Trudng Yen \a 'Thien Quiin ciia thira tuyen Son Nam lam 'Thanh Hoa ngoiii trdn Vi kic iiy, nha Miic chiem giu' tir day niii Tam Diep trd ra Bac de chdng liii nha Le (nha Le Trung hung ddng dd d Thanh Hoa)

Hai phii Trudng Yen \a 'Thien Quan d phia Bdc day Tam Diep, nha Mac cho lam Thanh Hoa ngoiii triin (phdn ddt phia ngoai trdn Thanh Hoa) Nhan day, tir phii Trudng Yen trd ra Bdc ggi la Ddng Viet; tir phii Trudng Yen trd vdo Nam ggi la Tay Viet Ten ggi Ddng Viet , Tay Viet bat ddu cd tir day, ddng thdi ten ggi Thanh Hoa Ndi, Thanh Hoa Ngoai cung bdt ddu cd tir ddy Dia ly va ten ggi viing dat Ninh Binh kd tir ddi Li; Trung hung \d sau vdn giii' nguyen

Tuy viiy, dat Thanh Hoa Ngoiii trdn liii khdng thuge vd tran Thanh Hoa ma nha Miic cho le thudc vao trdn Son Nam Va theo ban dd Hdng Diic (1470-1497)

thi hai phii Trudng Yen vk 'Thien Quan cung thudc vd San Nam

Sir nha Le chep: "Ndm third, men hieu Quang Hirng dirdi did vua Le The Tdng (15H3) chua Trinh dem e/iian ra Sem Nam ha lei" xdm Itt'ifc cdc liiixen ,Ati

Md An Khang Den ndm llui S (I5S5) lat dem quan ra Sem Nam ddnli cii'itp Idy huyen Gia \ ien vd littyen Phung Hoa rdi trd ve " •

"Viet sir thdng giam cuong muc" ciia Le Quy Ddn ciing ghi "KIU'K Thdn con Le' Bd Ly, Thieu bdo nhd Mgc Iran thu trdn Sem Nam ddng ddn e'rX'dn Sdng "

''' Dat Nam nhd) ihdng chi Sdd Tr 225

'-' Nguyen Trdi todn tap Dir dia chi phdn ehii gidi Tr 616 617 vd Dai Nam nhid thdng chi Tr 227 -229

'" Ndm Canh Hung thir hat (1741) din xua Le Hti'ii Tdng (1740 - 1786) dao Smi

Nam direfc chia thdnh 2 dao vd ddi thdnh Id Id: Ld Sent Nam Thtrefng vd Id Son Nam //«,

40