di sản bảo tồn kỹ nghệ thêu ren làng văn lâm huyện hoa lư - tỉnh ninh bình

BO VAN HOA - THONG TIN CHUONG TRINH BAO TON : DI SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE HAM 20GS Hiivpiif wrM Ly.T|R[ II WR • ONG TIN NINH BINl BO VAN HOA THONG TIN CHUONG TRINH BAO TON CAC DI SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE NAM 2003 *** M JAU SAO TOM KY NGHE THEU REN LANG VAN LAM HUYEN HOA LIT - NINH BINH 2! i < JU-' 2 > i 1=1 ^ X i »-^^ •^ •^ ^ O ^ Sa Van hoa Thong tin Ninh Binh Thuc hien - 2003 \cs NC;H£ WU R£A/ MQ m L^H y^ PHAN THIT NHAT LANG VAN LAM V(3l SI/HINH THANH, LlTU TON NGHE THEU REN I- MAY NET VE LANG NGHE THEU VAN LAM. Lang Van Lam Ihuoc xa Ninh Hai, huyen Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh (d phia dong nam dia ban xa). Tii thi xa Ninh Binh, xuoi quoc lo lA ve phia Nam chirng 4km, roi re vc phia ben phai - nay theo mot con duang mod md, rong rai hai chidu, co dai phan each trong cd va cay xanh - chimg 2 km la tod lang Van Lam. Day la mot vung dat co vdd be day truyen thong van hoa vat the va phi vat the. Tren khap dia ban chung quanh lang Van Lam co nhQng khu danh thang va di tich lich sii van hoa noi tieng, tieu bieu la: Tam Cdc, Bich Dong, Thai Vi. Cac di tich, danh thang nay da dugc Nha nudc cap bang cong nhan di tich danh thang cap quoc gia. Moi ngudd trong nirdc va rat nhieu du khach nudc ngoai dd dang nhd va hinh dung: Lang Van Lam a ngay canh ben do Tam Cdc, ke sat khu du lich Tam Cdc - Bich Dong. Ben thuy^n nay con goi la Ben Van Lam - nai thuyen do ngay ngay nhon nhip ngugc xuoi tren dong song Ngo (Ngi) Giang, con goi la song Ngd Dong) giua cac nui non trung diep de ra vao Tam Cdc (Tam Cdc nghia la ba hang), mot danh lam thang canh noi tieng d tinh Ninh Binh va trong ca nuac. Tam Cdc - Ba Hang gom: Hang Ca, Hang Nhi, Hang Ba. Mdi hang la mdt vom dong day nhu da, dep va huyen dieu muon hinh van trang. Cac hang each nhau chimg gan mot cay sd. Du khach tham Tam Coc di thuyen 1 \6i NQHE THiU R£Ai LANQ m LAH do tren dong song Ngo udn lugn that hiru tinh. "Duong vao Tam Cdc quanh CO - Bong benh may nudc con do troi em". 6 gan ke vdi khu vuc Tam C6'c la khu di tich- danh thang Bich Dong noi tieng xua nay, gom ca he thong chiia va dong. Bich Dong co nghla la "ddng xanh" (xanh ngoc bich). Dong nay tijr xa xua da co tieng la dong dep, tir thdd nha Nguyen dugc menh danh la "Nam Thien De Nhi Dong" (dong dep thii nhi dudd trod nudc Nam). D6ng a tren lung chijmg day nui, kha dai va rong, dep den me hon vdd nhirng bac vuong gia, tao nhan mac khach xua nay. Chiia Bich Dong th5 Phat va th5 cac vi than hoang ban dia, gom ca mot he thong 3 chiia la chua Ha (d chan nui), Chiia Trung (d lung chimg nui) va Chiia Thuong (d ben tren chiia Trung). Tam Cdc va Bich Dong la hai danh thang, di tich rieng nhung gan nhau nen goi la Khu Tam Cdc - Bich Dong, mot khu du lich noi tieng, nhieu tiem nang. Tren dia ban gan ke lang Van Lam, ve phia bac- tay bac co khu di tich- danh thang Thai Vi. Theo sii sach chep, sau cuoc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen - Mdng lan thii nhat (vao nam 1258), Vua Tran Thai Tdng da nhudng ngdi cho con la Thai til Hoang (Tran Thanh Tdng) de len ngdi Thai thuong hoang vd viing nui Vii Lam cho xay dung Hanh cung Vii Lam v6i nhirng cung dien de ngu lam va cho dung Am Thai Vi de thd Phat va thd Tam Thanh Thuong De. Khi ay nha Tran dang ciing toan dan tich cue chudn bi cho cuoc khang chien chdng Nguyen Mdng lan thu" hai. Canh quan khu di tich Thai Vi dep hiing vT, the dia hiem yeu, thuan lgi cho ddd sdng an duang, lai dd phdng thii khi cd chien tranh. Ten goi "Thai Vi" mang y nghia la dia danh noi hoang de - Thai thuong hoang (nha Tran) xua't M. \6l NQHE WU Z£N MQ m im Hien d trung tam khu di tich- danh thang Thai Vi toa lac Den Thai Vi. Tuong truyen ngdi din nay dugc xay dung cudi ddi Tran, dau thdi Le ngay tren ndn Am Thai Vi xua. Den Thai Vi thd cac vua (Thai thuong hoang) nha Tran ciing cac vuong tdn, cdng til. Phia trudc san den cd gac chudng bang gd, lop ngdi tam mai c6 kinh. Cai ten lang Van Lam tuong truyen la cd tii" thdi Tran (trudc dd goi la lang O Lam) nghia la "Rimg qua". Truydn thuyet dan gian va da sii dia phuang cho biet: nghd then ren d lang Van Lam cd tii thdi TrSn (The ky 13), nd gan lien vdd su xuat hien va luu ton cua Hanh cung Vii Lam va do chinh cdng chua nha Tran, nhirng vuong tdn cdng til hoac vi quan nao dd ciia nha Tran phat kien, roi md mang va truyen ba cho ngudi duong thdi va ldp ngudi hau the trong vimg. (xem d muc tiep theo). Neu nhu Hanh cung Vii Lam xua la noi phat tich ciia nghe theu ren truydn thdng ciia lang Van Lam thi den ngay nay, khu du lich Thai Vi ciing cac noi du lich Tam Cdc, Bich Dong, Hang Mua va nhieu diem du lich quanh khu vuc nay la nhirng noi gidi thieu, trao doi mua ban cac san phdm theu ren rat phong phu, da dang ciia lang Van Lam ndi rieng va ciia nhirng lang xa lan can ndi chung. Lang Van Lam hien bao gom hai thdn: thdn Ngoai va thdn Trong, vdi khoang 150 hd gia dinh. Theo sach Kham Thien Dai Viet sii thdng giam cuong muc, vao The ky 19, lang Van Lam thudc xa VQ Lam (noi cd hanh cung Vu Lam), huyen Gia Khanh, tinh Ninh Binh. Theo eae cu gia ngudi lang Van Lam, thdi xa xua trong cd 4 ddng ho lau ddi nhat la: ho VQ, ho Dd, hg Pham va ho Luu. Vd sau nay cd them cac ddng ho: Le, Dinh, Chu, Nguyen, Trinh. Nhu vay, hien lang Van Lam cd \6l NQHS MU ^SN MQ m LAH chin "ciia hg". Hfiu het cac ddng ho ngudd lang Van Lam hien cd md t6 dugc xay cat d ti^g khu rieng. Mot sd ddng ho cd lai lich lau ddi cd nha thd to ho. Tuy nhien, do didu kien ve chien tranh lau dai, do thien tai mua gid bao lut lau nam nen nhi^u ban tdc pha da bi mai mot, khd khdi phuc lai. Lang Van Lam (ca thdn Ngoai va thdn Trong) dugc chia thanh 6 xdm: Xdm Ngoai, xdm Bang, xdm Doan Ket, xdm Chiia, xdm Dong, xdm Tay. Cu dan thudc sau xdm tren lai tap trung trong 4 giap la: 1-Giap Thuong. 3-Giap Cat. 2- Giap Chung. 4- Giap Cac. Van Lam la mot lang co \6i quy md kha Idn. Xua kia lang cd hai ngdi dinh, ba diem canh, ba ngdi den (ke ca den Thai Vi) mot chua, mot phu. Dan lang Van Lam hien cdn truydn tung cau ca: "Lang ta ba diem hai dinh Ta ngdi ta ke chuyen minh chuyen ta Xdm giua cd mot cay da" Hai ngdi dinh ldng la: 1- Dinh Chung la dinh ciia giap Chung va giap Thugng. (Hien nay Dinh Chung khdng cdn nua, khu dat nay dan lang da lam nha d). 2- Dinh Cac la dinh ciia giap Cac va giap Cat. Hien ngdi dinh nay van cdn toa lac gan ke ben dd Tam Cdc, ngay Id'i re vao den Thai Vi. Ba ngdi den la: 1 - Den Thai Vi - thd Tran Thanh Tdng va cac chu vi 2- Den Ngoai - thd Ban Canh Thanh Hoang (nay ngdi ddn nay khdng cdn nua). )6l NQHB JHiU R£Ai lANQ m W 3- Den Trong - thd Thugng Dang Cao Son (tuong truyen vi than nay xua kia cd cdng tri cac loai ho bao quanh viing). Hien nay dan lang Van Lam va dan quanh vung hang nam vSn td chQc cung te d day. Mdt ngdi chila cd ten la Thie'u Lam Tu, quen goi la chiia Sd. Mot ngdi phii: Thd Ba Chua Lieu Hanh (la mot trong "Tu- bat tu" theo tin ngudng dan gian). Lang Van Lam da cd be day lich sir qua hang may the ky, lai la vung dat cd Hanh cung Vu Lam thdi Tran vdi nhiing tac ddng anh hudng ve nhiSu mat ddi sd'ng. CQng do dd ma ngudi Van Lam qua cac trieu dai trudc day da vd'n cd truyen thdng hie'u hoe, tu than lap nghiep. Qua cac ky khoa cii thdi phong kie'n, Van Lam cd ngudi dd bang nhan, tu tai va dac biet cd kha nhieu cu do nho. Chi each day may chuc nam (cudi tridu Nguydn) d lang cd cae cu do nho nhu: cu Do Bang, cu Do Rieu, Do Lung, Do Giang, Do Pha'c O Van Lam xua cQng cd nhQng thay phii thuy kha "cao tay", nhimg thay cung, thay so cd ten tuoi. Vao dip hdi lang hang nam (tQ nhQng nam 1960 trd ve trudc), dan lang Van Lam xua vSn cd \i hdi miing cdng nghd theu ren, trong II hdi cd diin cac trd dan gian: dua thuydn, bod loi, vat, danh du, da'u gay, hat dum giao duyen, hat van, thi den keo quan, bit mat bat de, dap noi, dut banh trung, to tdm die'm, dau cd ngudi, mua senh tien, keo chu that la phong phu. Thdi nay, nhieu dia phuang quanh viing khi to chQc Id hdi truyen thdng hang nam thudng cd mdi nhiing nghe nhan lang Van Lam tdi de "giup vui". Mdt net dac sSc cua lang Van Lam trudc kia la: dan lang cd td chii'c cac phudng hdi trong ddi sd'ng sinh boat hang nam theo mua vu. Tidu bieu la: phudng san, phudng up ca (up ca bang rap ludi) Viec lao ddng, sinh hoat theo phudng hdi nay la mdt tap quan lau ddi d Van Lam, lam tang dang ke hieu qua ve san ICV NQHB MU ^£N LANQ m L^H pham lao ddng va tinh than, tinh cam, sir ben chat cua mdi lien he cdng ddng, lang xdm. Tuy nhidn, tap quan sinh hoat nay chi phu hgp vdi ddi sd'ng kinh te tu tlic, tu cap trudc kia d dia phuong va dua vao dieu kien tai nguyen, san vat thidn nhien cdn phong phu. Mdi khi tdt de'n xuan vl, lang Van Lam xua kia cd to chuc hdi thi cd yen. Goi la "cd yen" nhung cac mdn an trong mdi mam cd chu ye'u dugc che bien tQ nguon thuc phdm, rau qua va gia vi ciia dia phuang, kha phong phu va dac sac nhu: Ca sdng, thit gia siic, gia cam, thit rimg Cac ho tdc trong lang thi nhau tim kie'm nhiing san vat ngon va quy d khap vung rdi cat cu nhirng nguoi gidi che bie'n tro tai nau nudng, bay bien lam cd de dem ra dinh lang dirthi. Mdi mam cd du thi theo quy dinh la "cd bdn" (mam cd cho 4 ngudi). Mdi ho giap trong lang ddu cd nhimg bi quyet rieng de lam cd yen nham "ganh dua", giat giai eao. Mam cd du cugc thi doat giai nhat se dugc dem dang len bac tien chi ciia lang va dugc hau thudng vdi nidm tu hao, hanh dien ve mdt nam mdi phuc ldc, thinh vugng cho ca ho tdc. Ben canh nhirng "son hao hai vi" de lam cd yen, d Van Lam xua cdn cd nhiing mdn an tuy dan gia ma dac sac nhu mdn giiin (mot loai reu moc d nui da) mdn hoa chud'i rOng ngot gidn, nhiing mdn che bie'n tir cac loai cii, qua lay dugc d trong rimg hay tren niii Mot mdn an khdng kem phan dac sac va tinh te la mdn ca qua nau am vdi gao ne'p huong cQng thudng cd vao nhQng ngay tet. Tiec thay da so cae dac san, mdn an ddc dao nhu tren d Van Lam den nay da mai mdt, hiem cd. Nhu vay. Van Lam la mot lang Viet cd thudc ngoai vi kinh thanh Hoa Lu (The ky X), thudc vung dat cd nhiing di tich danh thang ndi tieng ciia tinh Ninh Binh va ciia ca nudc. Dac biet ben lang Van Lam xua cd Hanh cung Vu Lam ciia nha Tran, mot can cQ, mot noi hoi tu va lan toa \6i MQHB fHJU J^£N LANQ m L^H nhimg ye'u td kha dac sac cua ddi sd'ng van hoa - sinh hoat. Ye'u td "dia van hoa" tu xa xua da tac ddng true tiep va gian tie'p hinh thanh va lua tdn mdt nghd thii cdng truyen thdng dac sac. Va tQ dd, hinh thanh va luu tdn mot lang nghe truyen thdng - Lang nghe Van Lam. Tu bao ddi nay, ngudi thg theu ren d Van Lam da in da'u chan minh d khap cac mien Nam, Bac de lam nen cac san phdm theu ren cho nhung noi cd cuoc sd'ng "vuong gia". Cung vi the ma nghe theu ren lang Van Lam du da qua bao do thang tram, bie'n cai vSn trudng ton va dang hang ngay hdi sinh. II- Sir HINH THANH, LUtJ TON NGHE THEU REN LANG VAN LAM. NhQng ke't qua khao sat, suu tam eua chung tdi nhQng nam qua vd nguon gd'c hinh thanh nghe theu ren d viing Ninh Hai (Hoa Lu) va qua trinh hinh thanh lang nghe theu ren Van Lam cho thay: Nghe theu ren d day ve CO ban cd tQ thdi Tran (the ky 13) va lang nghe "lang nghe Van Lam" cung bat dau hinh thanh d thdd ky lich su sau 66. De'n nay, viec tim hieu de xac dinh ngudn gd'c ciia nghe theu ren d lang Van Lam, hay it nhat la de xac dinh dugc chinh xac mot "thdi diem manh" trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien, luu truyen ciia mdi nghe thii cdng truydn thdng lau ddd d cac dia phuong ndi chung, d Ninh Binh ndi rieng - ma lang Van Lam la mot dia danh eu the - la rat khd khan, phuc tap, phu thudc bdi nhieu ye'u to (nhu bia ky, su sach, hien vat khao cd hgc.v.v ). Qua nhilu thd' ky vdi biet bao be dau bie'n cai, vat ddi sao ddi, sir lan ve vdi nguon edi ciia mdt di san van hoa- nhat la van hoa phi vat the- ne'u dat dugc ket qua nhat dinh nao dd, theo chiing tdi dd cQng la mot ky cdng. \6l NQHB 7H£U Jl£N LANQ m LAH Rieng dd'i vdi nghd theu ren d lang Van Lam va qua tnnh hinh thanh "lang nghe theu ren" ddc dao va dac sdc nay thi ngudn gd'c hinh thanh hau nhu chi cdn dugc phan anh qua truyen thuyet dan gian va nhQng mang da sir truyen lai d tai dia phuang. Ben canh dd la nhQng mang hdi Qc ciia cac nghe nhan theu ren ngudd lang Van Lam, nay da cao nien. TRUYEN THUYET - DA SLf. 1- Vi tirdug nha Tran truyen day theu ren. Truyen kerang: Vao thdi nha Tran cd vi tudng la Dd DQc Hanh vdn ndi tieng la ngudi thdng minh, khdn kheo. Vao mot nam no, nha vua sai phai Dd DQc Hanh di sQ sang phuang Bdc, thdi nha Nguyen, cung la de thi tudng tai. Sau bao ngay thang lan lgi bdn ba, Dd DQc Hanh ciing doan su bd ta da dat chan tdi kinh dd thien trieu. Nghe sQ than cdn tau xong, vua Nguyen sai linh dua Dd DQc Hanh, vi chanh sQ len mot gian lau cao each biet, giam lai d day, cho canh phdng dem ngay cdn mat, lai truyen rdng: sau ba thang mudi ngay thi mdi dugc tai ngoai. Mot minh noi gian lau cao biet lap, phan vua lo ldng, phan lai ddi khat, Dd DQc Hanh quan sat ty my khdp lugt chung quanh. Trong gian lau cd mdt pho tugng v6 tudng ngdi uy nghi, to gan bang ngudi that, lap lanh ngu sdc. Vi sQ than nudc Dai Viet ben lay dao nhd cd sdn cao thir ldp mau xanh dd noi phia lung pho tugng, thay Id ra ldp mau nau sang, lai ngui thu thi thay tham tho quyen rii la lung. Thi ra pho tugng dugc due bdng che lam, ngu cdc luyen mat. Ong lien cdt lay mot mieng ma an. Lai thay d ben dudi pho tugng che lam cd mdt vd nudc sach, dng vdc lay nudc nay ma ud'ng. Nude mdt nhin ISn, phia tren pho tugng thay cd treo mdt buc tranh theu dep la ky, hinh hoa la, mudng thu, cung difn, tQ linh, y nhu that, ma 8 [...]... thiet yeu de theu ren phdi cd la: - Nhanh (bdng thep hay bdng tre) - Thep (bang tre, gd ) - Dao nhgn de dui, trfch sgi vai -Keo - Kim cac loai - Giay de ve mdu ma san phdm - But ehi, muc lo 4- Nguyen lieu then ren gom: Vai vdc cac loai, chi theu cac loai, mau nhudm cac loai II- TAO MAU VA IN MAU SAN PHAM THEU 1- Ve hinh va hoa van: Cd vd sd cac hoa tiet, hoa van tren mdi san phdm theu ndi chung Nhung... sir hoai tudng ve "thdi xa vdng"!? Dieu nay da dii ndi len rdng: san phdm theu ren truyen thdng ciia lang Van Lam tQ xa xua vd'n da ham chQa nhQng gia trj van hoa - nghe thuat cao trong tam thQc va ddi sd'ng ciia ngudi Van Lam (Tuy nhien, qua ket qua khao sat ciia chung tdi thi tren xQ sd ciia nghe theu ren truyen thdng nay it cdn bao luu duge nhiing san phdm theu ren cao cap, sang trgng, cd do tudi... viet) Xua kia ngudi theu ngdi "bet", chan dudi, nay thi ngdi ghede theu Khoang each tQ mdt tdi chd vai theu khoang 25 cm- 30cm Khi theu tQ phai sang trai) (hoac ngugc lai) thi nen dich chuyen chd ngdi theo (khdng ndn theu vdi, dl bi lech lac mui theu) Tranh ngdi lech, nhin lech mui theu, hudng theu, dl bi anh hudng mdt, dac biet la cdt sd'ng 18 \6l NQH£ MU ^£N LANQ m LAH b- Ddng tdc then: - Tay phai (cd... lan thanh thdi quen) 19 \6/ NQH£ 1H£U Z£N LANQ \JAN LAH - Can bmh tinh, tranh vdi vang, ha'p tap- dl gay rdi chi theu va nhiing Idi bat cap V- NHtJNG LOI THEU TRUYEN THONG TIEU BIEU vA PHO BIEN 1- Theu "Ndi duoi" Theu "ndi dudi" la: theu ndi tiep timg doan dai vdd mdi mui theu chQng 5 mi li met Ca mui theu phai ehinh xac, xit vao nhau de het sQc tranh bi Idi ra nin vai, theu phai thdng, phdi lugn dung... qud'c te 29 \6l NQH£ IHiU J^£N LANQ m LAH NHUNG NGUdl CUNG CAP TU LIEU CHINH: - Cu Chu Van Lugng - 80 tudi, lang Van Lam - Cu Chu Van Gong - 71 tudi, lang Van Lam - Ong Chu Van Quan - 43 tudi, lang Van Lam NGUOI KHAO TA: Nguydn Quang Hai - Sd Van hoa Thdng dn Ninh Binh Ninh Binh, thdng 11 ndm 2003 Nguyen Quang Hdi Cjy aU /-\ N THl/C HIEN 30 ... Cach day may ddi, vao dau thdi thudc Phap, d Van Lam cu dinh Van tuyen la mdt nha nho ngheo lam nghe thudc Cu sinh dugc dugc bdn ngudi con trai la Dinh Xuan Henh, Dinh Xuan Soang, Dinh Van Hicn, Dinh van Hodng va mdt ngudi con gai la Dinh Thi Tenh Tuy nha ngheo nhung cu Dinh Van Tuyen la ngudi ed chi Idn, it nhieu biet dugc each thuc theu ren va lai rat say me, yeu quy nghe nay Cu da ban di mdt niia... ngugc chilu nhau dl lam ndi bat bdng hoa len Day la mdt "bi quyet" de tang them su sd'ng ddng, lung linh sdc mau ciia nhimg bdng hoa theu khi anh sang mat trdi hay anh sang dien chieu vao, lam ndi bat nhQng bdng hoa, canh hoa, nu hoa, la, canh 4- Ldi theu "Chdng chan" Day la mdt ldi theu kha dac biet- vQa chinh xac lai cd ve khoang dat, chan chat VI ten ggi cua ldi theu "chdng chan" cd the hieu ndm... lan - Theu hoa hong (hoa hdng cd): Theu nhCrng canh hoa phia ngoai nhat mau hon nhQng canh hoa ben trong Theu bdng hoa hdng da nd to thi theu doan cudng canh hoa gan phan nhuy hoa (vang) vdi sdc do nhat hon phia nhQng canh hoa Ndi chung, nhQng mang canh hoa "dugc anh sang chieu nhilu" (theo diin ta) thi phai theu d sdc do nhat cho sang hon, va ngugc lai - De diin ta nhQng loai hoa canh mdng va trong... de the hien cac vdy ehim, vdy ndi Sdc do lung chim cdng dam hon phia bung Theu dudi cdng: theu cae guong tren ldng dudi cdng tnidc tien, rdi vdn, tia, tdi thieu la ba ldp ehi mau (lam, nau, den) Cac guong tren nhQng ldng dudi phia tren thi theu mau sang hon Dd'i vdi hang theu ky thi mdi guong tren ldng dudi cdng cd theu van ludt mdt dudng viln rat manh Theu sdng ldng dudi cdng: ve hai manh sgi ehi xanh,... "vdy" ma ngudi thg theu phai thl hien, ggi la "khoan vdy" Co hai each theu "khoan vdy" la theu khoan vdy chim va theu khoan vdy ndi 27 \6l NQH£ MU ^£N LANQ m LAH Theu khoan vdy chim: theu dam xd theo dudng net (hinh mdu) de "khoan" (tQc la khoanh dinh cho phu hgp) timg ldp ldng chim cdng Chi theu de "theu khoan" bd ldng cdng cd mau sdc sang, nhat hon so vdi mau nin da theu Theu khoan vdy ndi: chang sgi . thd' ky vdi biet bao be dau bie'n cai, vat ddi sao ddi, sir lan ve vdi nguon edi ciia mdt di san van hoa- nhat la van hoa phi vat the- ne'u dat dugc ket qua nhat dinh nao dd,. a- Tii the ngoi theu: Ngdi ngay ngdn (nhu ngdi viet). Xua kia ngudi theu ngdi "bet", chan dudi, nay thi ngdi ghede theu. Khoang each tQ mdt tdi chd vai theu khoang 25 cm-. THEU REN. I- DUNG CU THEU: 1- Khung theu hinh chQ nhat : Thudng mdi gia dinh lam nghe hoac mdi nhdm thg theu 4-5 ngudi can ed mdt bd khung theu gdm 3 cai, cd kich CO khac nhau (ggi la ddi