Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects Edited by Dejan Stevanovic doc

EPILEPSY – HISTOLOGICAL, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Edited by Dejan Stevanovic Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects Edited by Dejan Stevanovic Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojan Rafaj Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects, Edited by Dejan Stevanovic p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0082-9 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Histological Aspects 1 Chapter 1 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy: An Overview with Our Findings 3 Melda Yardimoglu, Gul Ilbay, Cannur Dalcik, Hakki Dalcik and Sibel Kokturk Chapter 2 The Blood-Brain Barrier and Epilepsy 31 Gul Ilbay, Cannur Dalcik, Melda Yardimoglu, Hakki Dalcik and Elif Derya Ubeyli Part 2 Electroencephalographic Aspects 47 Chapter 3 EEG Signal Processing for Epilepsy 49 Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera, Armando Malanda Trigueros and Angel Navia-Vazquez Chapter 4 Automated Epileptic Seizure Detection Methods: A Review Study 75 Alexandros T. Tzallas, Markos G. Tsipouras, Dimitrios G. Tsalikakis, Evaggelos C. Karvounis, Loukas Astrakas, Spiros Konitsiotis and Margaret Tzaphlidou Chapter 5 Automated Non-Invasive Identification and Localization of Focal Epileptic Activity by Exploiting Information Derived from Surface EEG Recordings 99 Amir Geva, Merav Ben-Asher, Dan Kerem, Mayer Aladjem and Alon Friedman Chapter 6 Hyper-Synchronization, De-Synchronization, Synchronization and Seizures 117 Jesús Pastor, Rafael García de Sola and Guillermo J. Ortega Chapter 7 Long-Term Monitoring: An Overview 145 B. Mesraoua, D. Deleu and H. G. Wieser VI Contents Part 3 Psychological Aspects 173 Chapter 8 Neuropsychological Evaluation in Epilepsy Surgery – A Cross-Cultural Perspective 175 Ahmed M. Hassan Chapter 9 Psychic Seizures and Their Relevance to Psychosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 199 Kenjiro Fukao Chapter 10 Personality Profiles of Patients with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures 215 Krzysztof Owczarek and Joanna Jędrzejczak Chapter 11 Psychogenic Pseudoepileptic Seizures – From Ancient Time to the Present 233 Joanna Jędrzejczak and Krzysztof Owczarek Chapter 12 Children with Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy 251 Emira Švraka Preface As the very complex neurological condition primarily characterized by unexpected, episodic, and chronic nature of variety of seizures and neurophysiologic changes in the brain, epilepsy is also characterized by different neurodevelopmental, psychological, behavioral, educational, social, and many other difficulties. Therefore, many researchers all over the world investigating various aspects of epilepsy leave us with nearly 5000 new scientific documents every year. Reading all these documents is practically impossible, but unnecessary as well. Thus, periodically edited books about particular aspects of epilepsy are more than welcome. With the InTech vision of including authors from different parts of the world, different educational backgrounds, and offering open-access to their published work, I my proud to present the latest edited book in epilepsy research, Epilepsy: Histological, electroencephalographic, and psychological aspects. Here are selected twelve interesting and inspiring chapters dealing with basic molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying epileptic seizures, electroencephalographic findings, and neuropsychological, psychological, and psychiatric aspects of epileptic seizures, but non-epileptic as well. Each chapter is organized in two parts. In the first, authors summarized the most relevant past research on the topic they had selected, while in the second, they gave their recent findings on the topic. All authors took responsibility to present only the most relevant information. I am deeply convinced that the chapters will save our time reading many articles, but also contribute significantly to the growing nature of epilepsy research. Dejan Stevanovic, MD Department of Child Psychiatry General Hospital Sombor Serbia [...]... Plouin, P and Scheffer, I.E 2010 Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 200 5–2 009 Epilepsia, 51(4):67 6–6 85 Berg, A.T and Scheffer, I.E 2011 New concepts in classification of the epilepsies: Entering the 21st century Epilepsia, 52(6):105 8–1 062 24 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological. .. hypothalamus (G, H, I), and hippocampus (J, K, L) of the control, single dose, and repeated doses PTZtreated group, respectively Bar, 100 μm 14 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects 15 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy: An Overview with Our Findings Fig 2.1-3 Photomicrographs of Nissl-stained hippocampal regions, CA1(a), CA3 (b) and DG (c) in the... et al., 2011) 8 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects Structural-Metabolic: The epilepsy is the secondary result of a separate structural or metabolic condition Structural and metabolic were combined to separate the concept from genetic and also because the two are often inseparable (Berg et al., 2011) Unknown: Plain and direct, this label simply and accurately indicates... swollen and pale, or are shrunken with dark cytoplasm In 20 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects the most severely affected areas, the lesion progresses to severe disruption of the neuropil The commonly affected areas include the olfactory cortex, amygdaloid complex, hippocampus, and related parts of the thalamus and neocortex Intracerebral injections of 2– 6 nmol... from each rat and were post-fixed in 2% osmium tetraoxide at 0.1 M, pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 48C˚ for 1 hour, and stained with 10 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects uranyl acetate during 2 hour Later the sections were flatembedded in Durcupan Semi-thin (1μm) sections were first stained with CFV and screened Hippocampal regions were selected, and ultrathin sections... from the control, acuteand chronic-PTZ groups Neurons were counted in the 765x102 m2 fields of coronal sections 16 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects Fig 2.4 Electron micrographs of hippocampal neurons in the control (a), acute- (b) and chronic-PTZ (c) groups In a normal CA1 pyramidal neuron of control group, Nucleus (N) is euchromatic and exhibiting normal... for assessing neurological 4 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects insult in patients (Lima et al., 2004) Although multiple reports have documented elevation in NSE levels following neuronal injury in various neurological disorders, little is known about the localization of NSE in different brain regions after chemically induced acute and chronic seizures Therefore,... (Meldrum, 1993) Nevertheless, these modulatory mechanisms 22 Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects could break down: excessive activity in the DG can spread into the hippocampus and result in neuronal loss that resembles similar to that seen after KA administration (Sloviter,1987; Sloviter,1991) An anatomic and neurobiologic study revealed functional abnormalities... forms of epilepsy and facilitate identification of new forms (Berg, 2010) Concepts and terminology for classifying seizures and epilepsies have, until recently, rested on ideas developed nearly a century ago In order for clinical epilepsy and practice to benefit fully from the major technological and scientific advances of the last several years, advances that are revolutionizing our understanding and treatment... developments in molecular genetics and neuroimaging and other areas will, Berg and collagues (2011) predict, lead to a rational system for characterizing and classifying causes based on mechanisms In moving forward to the next phase, Berg and collagues (2011) suggested the following terms and concepts: Genetic: The epilepsy is a direct result of a genetic cause Ideally, a gene and the mechanisms should be . EPILEPSY – HISTOLOGICAL, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS Edited by Dejan Stevanovic Epilepsy – Histological,. from orders@intechweb.org Epilepsy – Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects, Edited by Dejan Stevanovic p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0082-9