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Edited by Linda Richter and Robert Morrell
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Compiled within the Child, Youth and Family Development Research Programme,
Human Sciences Research Council
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
© 2006 Human Sciences Research Council
First published 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
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Contents
Preface v
Acronyms and abbreviations vii
Opening lines
1. Introduction 1
Robert Morrell and Linda Richter
2. Fathers, fatherhood and masculinity in South Africa 13
Robert Morrell
3. On being a father and poor in southern Africa today 26
Francis Wilson
4. The demographics of fatherhood in South Africa:
an analysis of survey data, 1993–2002 38
Dorrit Posel and Richard Devey
5. The importance of fathering for children 53
Linda Richter
Fatherhood in historical perspective
6. Migrancy, family dissolution and fatherhood 73
Mamphela Ramphele and Linda Richter
7. The state as non-biological ‘father’: exploring the experience of fathering
in a South African state institution in the period 1950 to 1970 82
Azeem Badroodien
8. Fathers without amandla: Zulu-speaking men and fatherhood 99
Mark Hunter
9. Men and children: changing constructions of fatherhood
in Drum magazine, 1951 to 1965 108
Lindsay Clowes
Representations and roles
10. The father in the mind 121
Graham Lindegger
11. Where have all the fathers gone? Media(ted) representations of fatherhood 132
Jeanne Prinsloo
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12. Representations of fatherhood in black US film and how this relates to
parenting in South Africa 147
Solani Ngobeni
13. Children’s views of fathers 155
Linda Richter and Wendy Smith
14. Fatherhood from an African cultural perspective 173
Desmond Lesejane
15. African traditions and the social, economic and moral dimensions
of fatherhood 183
Nhlanhla Mkhize
Being a father in South Africa today
16. Legal aspects of fatherhood in South Africa 201
Jacqui Gallinetti
17. Men, work and parenting 216
Alan Hosking
18. HIV/AIDS and the crisis of care for children 226
Chris Desmond and Cos Desmond
19. Absent fathers: why do men not feature in stories of families affected
by HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal? 237
Philippe Denis and Radikobo Ntsimane
20. Being a father in a man’s world: the experience of goldmine workers 250
Marlize Rabe
21. Fathers don’t stand a chance: experiences of custody, access,
and maintenance 265
Grace Khunou
Local and international policies and programmes
22. The new gender platforms and fatherhood 281
Dean Peacock and Mbuyiselo Botha
23. The child’s right to shared parenting 293
Patrice Engle, Tom Beardshaw and Craig Loftin
24. Taking forward work with men in families 306
Tom Beardshaw
Index 317
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Preface
What do we know about fathers in South Africa? What fatherhood roles should we
be trying to encourage? These are some of the questions addressed in this, the first
book to focus specifically on fathers and fatherhood in South Africa. The volume
contributes to an emerging international literature on fathers, making the case,
amongst others, for men to make a greater contribution to the wellbeing of children.
One of the central challenges facing researchers working on this topic is to
distinguish between fathers and fatherhood. Many people equate a father with the
man who makes the biological contribution to the creation of the child. Around the
world, though, the term father is used to refer to many people who take on the role
of father with respect to children, families and the wider community. This is
fatherhood. In this book we argue that biological fathers should be encouraged to
be close to their children and responsibly take on the fatherhood role. However,
other men need to, can and should do this when the biological father has died, has
abandoned or fails to recognise his children. We also argue that children benefit
from the love, care and attention of men and that fatherhood should be given
greater social credibility.
Fatherhood is understood in different and contested ways, which is why we have
called this book, Baba. The term ‘baba’ is a polite form of address to an older African
man. It suggests connectedness and a particular kind of protective and respectful
relationship between a younger and older person. The content of the relationship is
not specified. The biological relationship between baba and the person who is
addressing him is also not defined.
In this collection, authors examine fathers and fatherhood from many angles. In the
first section, some of the major conceptual and theoretical questions are posed and
an attempt is made to map the field. Writers address the following questions: How
does fatherhood feature in the way men understand masculinity? How many men
are fathers in South Africa? How did apartheid affect fathers and patterns of
fatherhood? What is the role of poverty in shaping fatherhood? How do experiences
of fatherhood affect the parenting practices of South African men? What do children
want from their fathers?
In the second section, fathers and fatherhood are examined from an historical
perspective. These chapters show how race and class shaped fatherhood in South
Africa in the second half of the twentieth century. They show that understandings
of fatherhood have changed over time. Men have struggled and sometimes failed to
meet the expectations of fatherhood. Yet, some men have fulfilled their fatherly roles
in surprising if contradictory ways.
v
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In the third section of the book, authors discuss the way in which fathers appear in
the media. They show that men as fathers are often ignored or portrayed in narrow
ways which inhibit alternative forms of fatherhood from emerging. The way in
which the fatherhood role can be understood is discussed from different
perspectives, which suggests that international perspectives should be blended with
local understandings to promote fatherhood and create the opportunities to interact
with children in caring ways accessible to all men.
How do men experience fatherhood and what obstacles bar men from expanding their
engagement with children? In the fourth section, contributors offer answers to this
and related questions. They discuss the law, its intention and its effects. They show
how men in different contexts are generating new ways of relating to children, but also
show that the material context remains important in proscribing what is possible.
In the final section, the book offers examples of local and international programmes
that have been initiated to promote fatherhood and to work with fathers.
This book demonstrates the centrality of fatherhood in the lives of men and in the
experiences of children. It argues that fathers can make a major contribution to the
health of South African society by caring for children and producing a new
generation of South Africans for whom fathers will be significant by their presence
rather than their absence. In becoming baba, South African men can also go a long
way towards healing themselves.
This book grew out of the Fatherhood Project, initiated in 2003 by the Child, Youth
and Family Development Programme at the Human Sciences Research Council. The
project was launched through a travelling exhibition of photographs, together with
events organised by partner organisations in the project. The photographic
exhibition, and a selection of posters drawn from it, continues to be shown around
the country at conferences and other occasions at which the constructive
involvement of men in the care and protection of children is promoted.
The exhibition consists of about 120 photographs which were selected from
hundreds of images collected in various ways: professional photographers
submitted prints; student photographers worked with us to capture men’s everyday
interactions with children; and we gave disposable cameras to children aged 10–13,
in Soweto, Johannesburg and in a rural area outside Durban so they could capture
images of men in their lives who they considered to be fathers.
Some of these photographs – are included on the section-divider pages of this book.
We would like to thank all the photographers for allowing us to use their images.
PREFACE
vi
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Acronyms and abbreviations
ADAPT Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training
ARV(s) anti-retroviral(s)
ASSA Actuarial Society of South Africa
Bt20 Birth to Twenty
CASE Community Agency for Social Enquiry
CBOs community-based organisations
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CGE Commission on Gender Equality
CINDI Children in Distress
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
CYFD Child Youth and Family Development programme
DHS Demographic and Health Survey
ERPAT Empowerment and Re-affirmation of Paternal
Abilities programme
FEDUSA Federation of Unions of South Africa
FIFA Federation of International Football Associations
GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy
GETNET Gender, Education and Training Network
GHS General Household Survey
HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immuno-
deficiency Syndrome
HIVAN Centre for HIV/AIDS Networking
HSRC Human Sciences Research Council
IDASA Institute for Democracy in South Africa
IECD Integrated Early Chidhood Development
IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
LFS Labour Force Surveys
MAPP Men as Partners Programme
MRC Medical Research Council
MIPAA Men in Partnership Against AIDS
MRM Moral Regeneration Movement
NACTU National Council of Trade Unions
NBS National Bureau of Statistics
vii
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NCC National Council of Churches
NCPD National Council for Population and Development
NICHD National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
NGM National Gender Machinery
NGO non-governmental organisation
NSO National Statistical Office
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OHS October Household Surveys
OSW Office on the Status of Women
PPA Planned Parenthood Association
PSLSD Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development
SAfAIDS Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information
Dissemination Service
SALDRU Southern Africa Labour & Development Research Unit
SAMF South African Men’s Forum
SANGOCO South African NGO Coalition
STD sexually transmitted diseases
UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund
WISER Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research
viii
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Opening lines
Untitled by Noluthando Gabela, aged 10, KZN
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[...]... Press/ Zed Books, 2001) and co-editor (with Lahoucine Ouzgane) of African Masculinities (New York/Pietermaritzburg: Palgrave/University of KwaZuluNatal Press, 2004) Rob Morrell and his daughter Tamarin, c 1983 9 B A B A : M E N A N D FAT H E R H O O D I N S O U T H A F R I C A Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Dev Griesel, husband of Linda, with their son Stefan, c 1988 Linda Richter is the Executive... honorary appointments at the Universities of KwaZulu-Natal, Witwatersrand, and Melbourne, Australia Linda was trained as a clinical developmental psychologist but has worked in research environments for most of her career, investigating issues of risk and resilience in children, youth and families She is co-author of Mandela’s Children: Growing up in Post-Apartheid South Africa (New York: Routledge, 2001)... already started to work to foster a process of building healthy families and engaged fathers Robert Morrell is Professor in the Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal He trained in History at the Universities of Rhodes, Witwatersrand and Natal He has taught at the Universities of Transkei, Durban-Westville and Natal He researches issues of gender and education, and is particularly interested...CHAPTER 1 Introduction Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Robert Morrell and Linda Richter Baba is defined by the South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary as ‘a polite form of address to an older African man’ (Oxford, 2002, p 55) The word comes from isiZulu The definition suggests... organisations is often confrontational Many of the men involved in father-activism are still caught up in acrimonious disputes with their ex-partners and their actions thus often appear to be misogynistic For this reason fathers’ rights organisations share, with other men’s rights organisations such as the Promise Keepers, a reputation for anti-feminism However, it is difficult to discount the case made by... www.hsrcpress.ac.za Hatty, S (2000) Masculinities, violence and culture Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Jarrett, R., Roy, K., & Burton, L (2002) Fathers in the ‘Hood’: Insights from qualitative research on low-income African-American men In T Le-Monda & N Cabrera (Eds.) Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp 211–248) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Lemon, J (1995) Masculinity in crisis? Agenda, 24, 61–71... integrates men into families, rather than separating them from children, women and other men Robert Morrell is Professor in the Faculty of Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal He trained in History at the Universities of Rhodes, Witwatersrand and Natal He has taught at the Universities of Transkei, Durban-Westville and Natal He researches issues of gender and education and is particularly interested... gone? Paternal-child contact in father-absent homes Demography, 27, 499–517 Ngcobo, L (1990) And they didn’t die Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press Thornberry, T., Smith, C., & Howard, G (1997) Risk factors for teenage fatherhood Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 502–522 Wood, K., & Jewkes, R (2001) Dangerous love: Reflections on violence among Xhosa township youth In R Morrell (Ed.)... era and in racially defined, single-sex environments Nonetheless, his research shows how important the men are who take on the fatherhood role in the lives of the children that accept them as a ‘father’ Despite the importance of fathers in the lives of children, Solani Ngobeni cautions against what he calls the essentialisation of the father – the assumption that mother-care is not good enough, and that... social systems However, for the individual, these images are modulated by experience and they change across generations Linda Richter and Wendy Smith explore children’s views of fatherhood and their experiences of fathering through essays written by children and children’s answers to semi-structured questionnaires (see Chapter 13) Children express a general ‘father need’, in which they simultaneously contrast . retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
ISBN 0-7 96 9-2 09 6-6
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1. Introduction 1
Robert Morrell and Linda Richter
2. Fathers, fatherhood and masculinity in South Africa 13
Robert Morrell
3. On being a father
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