Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hdi mign Trung, so (40) - 2016 59 Bir6c DAU TIM HIEU TINH HQfP LY TRONG TRI THlTC DIA PHlTONG VE KHAI THAC VA SU^ DUNG TAI NGUYEN NGUYEN HONG ANH* I.Datvande nguyen thien nhidn Id ngudn lae ed bdn cho sdsinh tdn va phat trien cda loai ngadi Ve mat cau true chdc nang, eac nghien cdu da xae djnh cd ba loai tai nguyen thien nhien ed bdn, dd la t i i nguyen ddt, tdi nguyen nddc, tai nguyen rdng va da dang sinh hpc Trong dd, dat la cd s6 hinh nen sQsdng; ndde quyet djnh den vide tri sa sdng; rdng va da dang sinh hpe ed ^ nghTa ddc biet ddi vdi sd tdn tai va phat trien xd hdi loai ngddi vi khdng cdn rdng thi dat va nddc cung khdng edn tdn tai Ve mat g i i trj, tai nguyen thidn nhien ludn chda ddng hai loai gia trj: hdu hinh vd vd hinh NhQng gia trj niy thay ddi theo cic hinh thdi kinh td xa hdi, td chd tai nguydn thidn nhidn mang gid trj vd van hda tin ngddng va t i m linh chuydn sang gid trj kinh te va hidn dang td xu the chuydn vd gia trj sinh t h i l mdi trddng T Odng trddc nguy cd ngudn tai nguyen suy kiet, gia tang sd ddi ngheo, keo theo nhieu he luy ve van hda va xd hpi Vi sd khai thde tridt de, nhdn loai da phdi nhin lai va dinh hddng phdt trien ndn kinh td theo hddng mdi - hddng phit trien ben vdng vdi ndi dung eo bdn Id khai thdc va sQdyng hpp ly tdi nguyen thien nhidn, chu trpng vdo ede bidn phdp nhdm bdo tdn va phuc hdi tdi nguyen thidn nhien tdi tao; ddng thdi, tao tap lai mdi quan he cdn bdng giQa ngddi va mdi trddng t d nhien Bdi "suy cho cung, ngddi va he thdng xd hdi la mdt bd phdn eda t d nhien" * Vien Khoa hpc xa h§i vung Tmng Bp Trong sd cd gang van hdi lai mdi quan he hai hda da mat giQa ngddi v i mdi trddng, loai ngddi da nhdn rang, chi cd each dng x d t h i n thidn vdi thien nhidn mdi tao nen kinh td sinh thdi, tang trddng xanh, p h i t trien ben vQng mdi la giii phap de dat dddc muc tidu hai hda dd Vi the, du trdn quan diem nao chang nda thi theo xu the hien dai, ede edng trinh nghien cQu dang dan di sau de tim luin eQ khoa hpc nham hit hda mdi quan he gida ngadl vdi thidn nhidn Trong do, mdt thdng didp quan trpng dddc dda la, dd cd dddc mdi quan he hai hda dd can phai: (1) Khai thde va sQ dung hdp ly tai nguydn thidn nhidn; (2) Quan ly tdt tai nguyen thien nhien Ca hai cdng viec trdn ddi hdi ed sd tham gia cua toan xd hdi mdi quan he lidn ket: Nhi nddc, Nhi nghidn edu, Nha dau td (doanh nghiep) va Nha ndng (cdng ddng) Vdn de khai thdc, suf dung hpp ly tdi nguyen thien nhien Tai nguyen thien nhien chinh la ngudn ldc t d nhidn dapc ngddi khai thac de phye vu cudc sdng eda minh Odng thdi, tai nguyen thidn nhidn eung la mdt nam ngudn ldc tao lap sinh ke Cac loai tai nguydn rat da dang nhang ddu the hien hai chac ndng ed bdn (chde ndng ngudn Ide va chdc nang mdi trddng) va hai gid trj (gid trj mdi trddng, gia trj kinh td) khic Do dd, tai nguydn thidn nhien cd tfnh hai mat: mot mat tai nguydn l i ngudn ldc phdt trien kinh td - x i hpi (KT-XH), vi the sd giau ed phong phu eua t i i nguydn thidn nhien Id mpt nhQng eo sd eua sd phit tridn KT-XH Mat khac, tai nguyen thien nhien edn la mpt 60 I cau phan true tigp hoic giin tigp tao ngn mdi sinh, mdi trudng sdng Do tlnh hai mat nen tai nguyen dua dgn eho mdi trudng mdt miu thuin tiem an: miu thuan gitta phit trien kinh tg v i stt can kiet t i i nguygn, suy thoii mdi trudng Mdt cich tdng quit eo the phin thinh hai loai la t i i nguygn vd han (cd the tai tao, phuc hdi) va tai nguyen httu han (khdng thg t i i tao, phuc hdi) Khai thie v i stt dung (hpp ly) t i i nguygn thien nhien la mdt nhttng ddi tttpng ctta quin ly t i i nguyen thien nhien va bio ve mdi trudng d i dupc luit hda khii nigm cic v i n bin phap luat ve t i i nguygn Cac nhi ttt nhign nghign cttu vg khai thic va stt dung hpp ly t i i nguygn deu cd diem xuit phit chung la stt dung tigp can sinh thii nhan van {ca sd einh quan)^ (Lg Trpng Cue A Terry Rambo, 1995), ndi dung khai thic va stt dung hpp iy t i i nguyen thg hien td chttc linh thd mpt cieh phu hpp dg d i m bio sU sinh tdn v i phat trien ctta eon ngudi dua trgn stt ket hpp eua cic die trttng tu nhign, cac digu kign mdi trudng sinh t h i i iinh thd (Pham Hoing Hal, Nguyen Ngpc Khanh, 1998), eung vdi mdt ngn van minh hii hda vdi thien nhign (Vu Tu Lip, 2004), ngn v i n minh the hien trinh dp sin xuat, each thttc ttng xtt vdi ky thuit, cdng cu, each thttc sinh hoat sin xuit, tri thttc dja phuong.Trong dd, khai thic va stt dung hpp ly tai nguygn khdng trgn co sd vdn g i i tri hien ed ctta t i i nguygn m i tren co sd gia trj gia tang vdn ctta t i i nguyen nhung ddng thdi phii nam dudi ngudng chju t i l ctta he sinh thai thi mdi duoc coi la hpp ly (VACNE, 2005) Thuyet sinh thdi nhdn vdn la mpt nhttng ly thuygt co b i n nghien cttu khai thie, stt dung hpp iy t i i nguygn thign nhign Ban diu, Odum E R eoi he sinh t h i i bao gdm khdng chi cic sinh v i t sdng dd m i c i cac digu kign tu nhien nhu hiu, d i t nudc va cic sinh vit Tat c i iign quan ' Cinh quan duac hieu mpt cdch don gian nhit la d6 la bao gom moi truang tu nhien va lop phu van hoa ngucri tao nen (NHA) NGUYSNHONGANH vdi mdi tUPng t i c gitta sinh vat - sinh vat, sinh v i t - mdi trttdng, m i dd eon ngttdi dUpc coi la mpt loii he sinh thai ttt nhign, chju su sap xep va tuan theo quy luit van ddng ctta ttt nhign (Odum E P.,1978) Nhung digu niy chl dung x i hdi nguygn thtty vdi van minh h i i lUpm Khi x i hdi phit trien, cd sin xuat, ed nen kinh tg, eon ngttdi ngoai su thich ttng vdi tU nhien, da d i n t i c ddng tdi tU nhign Thuygt sinh thai nhin v i n coi ngudi va x i hdi ioai ngudi la mpt hg thdng rieng Nhu thg, neu sinh t h i i hpe nghien cttu ve mdi quan hg gitta cic sinh v i t (ndi chung gdm e i ngttdi) va mdi trudng, thi thuygt sinh thii hpc nhin v i n d i t i c h eon ngudi thinh mdt hg thdng dde l i p dupe gpi la tu - sinh thii hpc vdi die tinh ndi bat nhin chung ttt tdn (Georges Olivier, 2002), chtt trpng dgn stt lign kgt gitta he thdng ttt nhign v i he thdng x i hdi mdt the thdng nhat, hoin chlnh Vi thg, sinh thai nhin v i n la khoa hpc nghign cttu he thdng die bigt, httdng tdi mdi quan he h i i hda ctta ngudi va thign nhien de dua du bao v i hudng vg tuong lai ctta loii ngudi Oigu giup cho ngudi ly giii dupc tien trinh x i hdi loai ngudl vdl cie lin sdng v i n minh da t i e ddng lam huy digt mdi trudng sinh t h i i , dan tdi m i t ein bang quan he vdi mdi trudng sinh thai v i eung vdi su v i n ddng ndi tai theo ehu ky tU nhign cua he sinh t h i i da tao ngn nhttng tai bign thign nhign, d chttng mttc nio dd d i trd thinh nhttng t h i m hpa thign nhign m i hign loii ngudi dang phii httng chju Ket q u i ctta q u i trinh tuong tie gitta hai he thdng da i i m eho hai he thdng tU sap xep td chttc chlnh npi tai ctta nd dg thleh nghi, thich ttng vdi he thdng kia, de rdi cung tdn tai, cung tign hda va cung phit trign liu bgn - day la chieu thuin ctta stt phit trien NgUpe lai, hai he thdng khdng the thich ttng, thich nghi vdi nhau, chl can mpt hai he thdng suy thoii thi khdng chi bin t h i n ndi tai ctta mdi hg thdng bj tdn thuong, m i cdn tao hieu ttng "domino" gay ngn sU tdn thupng liu dai cho he thdng Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, s6 (40) - 2016 qua trinh tdong tde Ndi theo cich cua cdc nha khoa hpc, dd sd Id "khdi phdt dau ehdm het cho sp tdn tai cua ft nhdt mpt he thdng vd gay tdn hai l i u d i i cho he thdng cdn lai" (Nguyen Thj Phddng Loan, 2012), day la chidu nghjch cua sd phdt trien Vi the, cic tri thQc, thdc hanh van hda va sinh t h i i eua cac cpng ddng ngddi dja phddng ddng mot vai trd rat Idn vide bao ve ben vdng ngudn tai nguyen, da dang sinh hpc va la co sd eua sd phdt trien ben vOfing ed ve kinh te va v i n hda tpc ngadi Cac nha nghidn cdu khoa hpc xd hdi nghien cQu mdi quan he glQa eon ngadi va mdi trddng td nhidn tren quan diem xa hdi nhin v i n da ddt eon ngddi va hoat ddng sdng cua ngddi ta trpng tdm, ndn ngoai each tiep can sinh thai nhdn van, cdn ed ede tidp can chuydn nganhva da nganh de tim eo sd khoa hpe eua vide khai thde va sd dyng hpp ly tdi nguydn thidn nhien(Hi Huy Thanh, chu bien, 2001) Do dd, tren quan diem xa hdi nhdn van, khai thac va sQ dung hpp ly tai nguydn thidn nhidn la hinh thdc sQ dung vda dap dng dddc nhu cdu sQ dyng tai nguydn cua xd hdi hien tai vda dam b i o tri lau d i i ngudn tai nguydn eho ede the he tddng lai, ed nghia la d i m bao cho chung ta ed mdt tddng lai an toan va day du Theo dd, tren khia canh kinh te, khai thac, sddung tai nguydn thidn nhien ddpe xem la mdt hoat ddng kinh teva la ndi dung cd ban cua hoat ddng kinh te; chi sd khai thdc v i sd dung hpp ly tai nguydn thidn nhidn la mpt nhQng chi sd quan trpng de danh gid tfnh hieu qud cua hoat ddng kinh te Tren khia eanh mdi trddng, khai thde v i sd dyng hpp ly tdi nguyen thien nhidn la bupc phdi gidm thieu tdn that tdi mde tdi da; ddng thdi phai dam bdo tinh bdn vQng cua viec khai thae va sd dung TQc ta, phii ed sd hdi phue, tdi sinh, tdi san xuat ede ngudn tai nguyen thien nhidn bdi ehung da trd t d lieu sdn xudt, dddc dat he kinhte Do vdy, khai thdc va sd dyng hdp ly tai nguydn thidn nhien, bdo vd mdi trddng ed eai gdc la d kinhte I'i I 61 Tren khfa canh van hda, quan he gida eon ngddi va td nhien la mdi quan he da chieu, nhdn td ta nhien quyet dinh cic dang thQc van hda v i xa hdi Ipai ngddi Vin hda eua eon ngddi la sd thfch dng vdi td nhien, sd thfeh dng the hien qua hanh vi van hda vdl cac yeu td ky thuat, edng cy, td chde xa hdi, tfn ngddng va satiep bien qua trinh tiep xue, giao Idu van hda, va didu niy dd hinh thdnh nen van hda mdi trddng "Vdn hda mdi trddng la khai nidm ehi tdng the nhQng tri thQc, gia trj, chuan mQc va bieu tapng vide khai thie t i l nguydn, dng xQ vdi mdi trddng cua ngddi, ddng thdi la phddng thdc Qng xdvi myc dich phdt trien bdn vdng eda eon ngQdi" (Hi Huy Thinh vd nnk, 2008) Chfnh vi vdy, van hda mdi trddng va dao ddc sinh thai Id nen tang de khai thac v i sd dyng hdp ly t i i nguydn thidn nhidn Nhdng, khai thac va sQ dung tai nguydn thidn nhien se khdng hdp ly neu khdng cd chu thd, hay la sd sd hdu t i i nguydn thidn nhidn tren hai chidu canh: khai thic vd sddyng Chu the niy bao gdm chd the sd hdu va chu the khai thde Trong nen kinh td thi trddng, chu sd hdu phdi trd mdt phan gid trj (tai ehfnh) de cd ddpc quyen sd hdu tat nguyen thidn nhidn v i bdn eanh do, ngddi khai thac cung phii trd mdt phan gid trj (tdi chfnh) eho ngddi sd hdu de dddc quyen khai thic va sd dung t i i nguyen thidn nhidn Nhdvay, chu the hda t i i nguydn thidn nhidn la co sd khich quan, dieu kien cd ban de dat vide khai thde va sd dung tai nguydn thien nhien mdt each bdn vdng To chdc Lidn Hpp Qudc chi nguydn tac "sd dyng hpp ly la tranh lam dung tai nguyen thidn nhien" vdi ede nhidm vu chung la: (1) GiQ mQc khai thac pham vi cd the tdi sinh, tdi tao ddpc ddi vdi cdc ngudn tai nguydn phye hdi; (2) Quin If tdt cic ngudn tai nguyen khdng phye hdl, sddung nhdng ky thuat tien tien de giam hao phi tai nguyen, chdng nan phe thai bda bdi, thay ddi each hoat ddng va tieu dung cua ngddi de giim bdt sdtidu dung cde ngudn tai nguydn nay; cd phddng phip t i i sinh thfeh hdp de 62 quay vdng sd dyng cic ngudn tai nguydn khdng phuc hdi mot each hidu qua nhat; (3) Tdn trpng khd ndng chju t i i cua he sinh thai Tuy rdng, gidi han eudi eung ma ehung ta cho ring mdi trddng ed the chju dang dapc thadng khdng the xic djnh mpt each chfnh xdc, nhang can cd mdt khodng cdch an toan glQa toan bd tdc dpng cua ehung ta vdi ranh gidi ma ta ddc tddng la mdi trddng chju ddpe (UNEP, 1998) Nam 1968, Hdi nghi Lien hdp qude to chde vdi chuydn de"sd dung va bdo vd ede tai nguydn thidn nhidn" ed 10 bdo cao ehpn Ipe da tap trung v i o ndi dung khai thdc va sQ dung hpp ly tdi nguydn dat, nQdc, rdng va da dang sinh hpc (OOH, 1972) Tai day, cdc nhi khoa hpe khang djnh: Dat ddng vai trd quan trpng tat ca cic he sinh thai, dde bidt ddi vdi ngddi thdng qua vide sd dung trdc tiep hode giin tiep Caeh khai thdc va sd dung dat ed xda nhat the hidn viec hai Iddm va sin bat, eao hdn la vide thu hoaeh sin ldpng vat nudi, cdy trdng Vide phan chia ede khu nudi trdng chdn thd va trdng trpt vdi t)f Id tdi du gida cde loai sddung dat khie (dat rdng, dat trdng trpt, dat chdn nudi ) la hinh thQc khai thde vd sQ dyng ddt hpp ly eCia eon ngddi Cung vdi do, l i bdo ve va gia tang dp phi cua dat thdng qua ky thudt eanh t i c (cay xdi dat, chpn gidng cdy trdng thfch hdp vdi chat dat hay ndi eich khde l i ludn canh, xen canh thay the don gidn mdt loai hd re bang he re khac, tddi tidu, bdn phdn, ti'nh ddn mat dd cay trdng, thdi gian gieo trdng va thu hoach ), tao Idp phd thde vat (trdng rdng va trdng cd phue vu chan nudi) Tren dia ban midn nui, ndn ndng nghiep ed dp dung ludn eanh la mot phdong thQc hoin thien, xen eanh hdn giao da tang hoin toan dung, die biet d cac vung nhiet ddi, nhdng ndi mda quyen khdng dieu hda (Ober G., Punier R, RoozanoovV., 1977) Nade can thidt cho mpi dang sdng, ddng thdi nddc rat nhay eim ddi vdi sd thay doi eOa mdi trddng t d nhien sinh quydn NGUYEN H(5NG ANH nddc hoan hang loat chdc ndng quan trpng Trong didu kien ddt dai da dddc bao phu bdi Idp thdc bl ta nhien ram rap va phong phd se tao dieu kidn cho ddt trd tdi gid nddc ed trQ iQdng Idn Chi'nh vl the khai thac va sd dung hpp ly tai nguyen nddc thep Perier Kh X., Dimitrevxki X., Penman Kh L., Zextei K., Nemek Dz., Neix R L, (1977) la: - Trm nhdng phddng phap sd dyng eie ngudn dd trd dat Co sd kinh td cua viec bien cdc ngudn dQ trQ thupc ve sinh thdi t h i nh ddt ddng rudng, bdi chan tha, ndi nhdn gidng, dat rdng phu hdp vdi didu kien thu nhdn va sd dung nddc, can tao hd thdng kdnh mddng, dan ndde, ede cdng trinh thdy lpi de didu hda nddc; - Cai thien Idp phu thdc vat da dan ten' viec thay ddi cung cap ni/de va thay ddi hdu - Xay ddng cdc be chda trdn mat dat (ho chda, td nhidn, ho chda nhan tao; - Bao ve cae mach nadc ngam ed vd trd lddng v i ehdt lddng; -Tai ehe ndde la bien phap khai thde va sOf dung hpp ly tai nguydn nddc; - Cdi thidn chat lddng ndde bdng cdng nghe; - Ndng cao ngudn nhdn tdc qudn ly nddc dcac ndde dang phdt trien Rdng ddng vai trd quan trpng vide gidm ngheo trdn the gidi Cd ba edch de khai thde va sQdyng hdp ly tai nguyen rdng nhdm giim ngheo, dd each thde dau tidn Id lam tang g i i trj sdn pham cua rdng, ke la phan bd lai rdng (quy hoach), lam cho rdng ed the tiep can dddc (chu the hda rdng), thd ba la sd chi trd cac djeh vu mdi tradng va sd hddng Ipi giin tiep (William D Sunderlin, Arild Angel Sen, Sven Wuder, 2003) Khai thic vd sQ dung hpp ly tai nguyen rdng trddc hdt phy thudc v i o eac hinh thde sddung dat, can quy hoach sddung dat hdp ly: dat trdng rdng, dat ehan tha, dat trdng trpt, eung vdi l i viec gia tang dp phi cda dat bing ky thuit cdy eay, Ida ehpn gidng eay trdng va phdn bdn Thd hai, sd thay doi can Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, s6 (40)-2016 can nddc Thd ba, day la dieu kidn kha quan trpng, la thay ddi quan he sinh vdt, hay ndi each khde sdluan eanh, sQthay phidn ede cay trdng va cdc phde hop edy trdng de tao nen nhQng dien the tdt, ddng nghTa vdi l i tao sd tich luy vd tri he sinh t h i i td ddi sang ddi khde, cudi cung ta lam phong phu he thde bi mpt each phu hpp dan tdi sd can blng,"se rat rCii rp, ndu phdi ngQng luin canh, ma rdng gia da ngdng cung cap sdn pham, thi trdng edy mdi ed sde de khdng, sQe tang tradng tdt se la hdu hieu hon sQ dung rdng gia" (Ellenberg G., Lebren J., 1977) Ddy la CO sd khoa hpc de thay tinh hpp ly tao gid trj gia tang vdn tai nguyen rdng, can bang sinh thai khai thae va sd dung hdp ly tai nguydn dat, nddc va rdng TQ nhidu cdch tidp can khde cac cdng trinh nghien cdu va ngoai nddc dda trdn nhQng each nhin rieng biet mang tinh rdi rac eua rieng khoa hpe t d nhidn hode cCia rieng xa hdi nhin van, ma ehda the giai quyet triet de van de khai thac va sd dyng hpp ly t i i nguydn thien nhidn Ngiy nay, tren quan diem phat tridn, xu hddng hidn dai da dda cde nha khoa hpc t d nhien va khoa hpc xa hdi, nhdn van den sd thdng nhdt tiep can Tiep can tdng hpp mang tinh lidn nganh va da nganh td nhien vd x i hpi ma trpng do, tiep can sinh thai nhan van, sinh thai hpe van hda va tiep can sinh ke la tiep can chinh, nhd da xic djnh ddpe ed sd khoa hpe ndi ham khai thac va sd dung hdp ly tai nguyen thidn nhidn tai nguyen dat, nddc va rdng gdm: -Td chdc ldnh thd hpp ly khoa hpc la mot phan quan trpng cda tfnh hpp iy tren khfa canh t d nhien Cdc nha khpa hpc ly gidi rdng, vide thiet ke, td chQc khdng gian la edng ey de sQ dung hieu qud t i l nguyen thidn nhien, vl td chQe khdng gian la sQ sip xep, bd trf va phdi hdp eac ddi tddng i n h hddng lan nhau, cd quan he qua lai gida ede he thdng sin xuat, hd thdng td nhidn va he thdng ddn ed nhdm sddyng mdt each hpp ly eac tidm ndng td nhien, lao ddng, vj trf kinh te xa hpi de dat 63 hieu qua kinh te cao va ndng cao mQe sdng dan cd eda linh tho (Xauskin, 1981) hoac vide thidt ke vd quan ty "sdp xdp khdng gian", nghTa la sd pha trpn ed muc dich cua khdng gian "vit \f va "tinh thdn" nhd la mpt phan cua viec djnh hinh va td chde cdnh quan (ReneTissen - Frank Lekanne Deprez, 2008) - Cd ndn van minh h i i hda vdl dieu kien td nhien bao gdm ky thuat, each thdc sinh hoat sin xuat, tri thdc dja phddng la mat the hidn tfnh hdp ly trdn khia canh van hda Sd hai hda gida eon ngddi va thidn nhien tao ndn nen v i n minh td ehdc linh thd ma Pierre Gourou (1936) nghidn edu Idi sdng cua ngddi ndng ddn chau thd sdng Hdng (Viet Nam) qua eung eich sinh boat v i sdn xuat, phu hpp vdi mdi trddng td nhien da nhdn xet: "NhQng net cd b i n cda dja hinh, khf hiu, thOy vdn, nhd sd chia d eua dat dai ddng bing, nhd tinh that thddng cua khf hdu chf tuydn gid mda, nhd sd dd eiia 10 sdng Hdng d i ddn den mdt ndn van minh lua nddc cd ddp dd va lam thuy ldi, tren rat nhieu thda rudng nhd cd bd bao da the hien mdt nen van minh dn djnh mot sd hai hda ve vat chat va tham mT vdi cde dieu kien td nhidn " - Cd sd cua khai thic va sQ dyng hpp ly tai nguyen thidn nhidn gdc la d kinh td, nen tang Id van hda mdi trddng va dao dde sinh thai, dieu kien cd bdn la ehu the hda t i i nguyen thidn nhien Diy la sd the hidn tfnh hpp ly trdn khfa eanh xd hpi - Khai thdc va sd dung hdp ly t i i nguyen thien nhidn trdn cd sd tao gia trj gia tdng vdn tdi nguydn de he sinh thdi cd du sdc chju tai trddc tdc ddng cua eon ngddi.Taogli trj gia t i n g la tai sinh va t i i sin xuat t i i nguyen thdng qua cic hoat ddng sinh kd,tddd hinh thinh tri thdc dja phddng mdi phu hpp vdi edng eude phit trien Tri thvTc dja phi/c/ng ve khai thdc vd siit dung hop ly tdi nguyen Tri thde dja phddng la mpt he thdng hoac the gidi quan hoan chinh bao gdm cac khai niem khong chi ve ten dja phdong dat cho ddng thae vat va eae he phin loai, ma edn 64 I can hieu biet vd tdn gido, tfn ngddng va Id nghi, cac khfa canh eua tri thdc bin dja trddc khdng ddde quan tdm bio tdn mdi trddng (Pam McElwee, 2010), ed the duac bleu dien he thdng phdc hpp dd bao gdm "Hieu bidt - Thdc hanh - Nidm tin" (Berkes Fikret,2012) He thdng tri thde dja phddng la sd tfeh hpp tri thdc truydn thdng vdi kidn thdc mdi hinh va tiep nhdn qua giao Idu, sinh ke dxa hpi hien dai, trd thinh "tri nhan"cua edng ddng, ma do, tri thde truyen thdng ta nen tdng v i edt Idi eua tri thdc dja phddng, ludn tidp bidn va thich Qng vdi sd bien ddi cua mdi trddng (Pham Quang Hoan, 2003) Tri thde dja phddng duac biet ddn rdng rai v i ddpc mde nhidn thda nhdn gid tri Idn thdc tien "la ngudn t i l nguyen quan trpng cd the hd trd qua trinh phdt trien mdt caeh cd hieu qud ve mat chi phf, cd sdtham gia bdn vdng "* (Hansen D O and Erbaugh, 1987; Vanek E., 1989), la "cd sd cho vide quydt djnh d cap dja phddng ndng nghiep, cham sdc sdc khde, ehuan bj lddng thdc thdc pham, giio due, qudn ly t i l nguydn thidn nhidn va la cd sd cho eie hoat dpng khac d cde edng ddng ndng thdn.";"cd g i i trj khdng nhQng ddi vdi ndn van hda ma nd hinh ma nd cdn ed gid trj ddi vdl eie nha khoa hpe v i nhdng nha lap ke hoaeh dang ed gang cdi thien cic didu kien tai cie dia phQdng" (Mundy and Compton, 1991) Do do, thd gidi da dng hd viec bio tdn va phit huy gia trj thde tien cua tri thde dja phdong, thda nhin va khuyen khfch viec dp dung tri thdc dja phddng thde tidn phit trien Trpng tri thde dja phddng, khai thdc, sd dung, bio ve, quin ly cde loai tai nguyen * Nguyen ban tieng Anh "But we are now beginning to recognize that indigenous knowledge is an important national resource that can facilitate the development process in cost-effective, participatory, and sustainable ways" (NHA) ** Nguyen ban tigng Anh "It is the basis for locallevel decision-making in agriculture, health care, food preparation, education, natural-resource management, and a host of other activities in mral communities" (NHA) NGUYIN HONG ANH thddng dupc the hidn tren cac mat: (1) nhan biet, hieu biet ve khdng gian t d nhidn, vd tai nguyen thien nhien, vd vai trd quan trpng cCia tai nguydn thidn nhien cude sdng ; (2) ky thudt (phin loai vd each sd dung tai nguydn thien nhien dat, nddc, rdng va da dang sinh hpc); (3) cdng cu va hd thdng canh tic; (4) cdch thdc sinh hpat sdn xuat; (5) tri thQc dja phQdng vd Ijch thdi vu; (6) phddng phip canh tde xen eanh, ludn canh va hdu eanh; (7) tfn ngddng, t i m linh lien quan tdi dat, ndde, rdng eua cdc tdc ngddi va nhin nhdn trdn quan diem phit trien; (8) thiet ehe xa hdi va nhdng tap qudn phdp Cde nha nghidn cQu deu chung y kien ring tri thQc dja phQdng cd the mang tfnh hda ddng, bd trp hoac the hien tfnh tddng phdn, khac biet vdi "tri thdc ban lim'|"tri thdc khoa hpc"ve sd hpp !y trdn ede didm (bdng 1) Mac du vay, nghidn cdu tri thdc ede tde ngddi eho thay, du d bat ky vdng sinh thai nio eung ddu cd nhdng diem gidng Dd l i nhQng diem hdp ly khai thie va sd dyng tdi nguyen dat, ndde va rdng: Diem thd nhat, la nhQng nhan thdc vd khdng gian ed tru va viec phan ehia khu vQc sdng, ndi thd cung chung, khu vde trpt, bai chdn nudi khdng gian sinh tdn eua edng ddng Diem thd hai la he thdng thdc hanh van hda (cich thdc dng xd) phu hdp vdi didu kien td nhidn (dja hinh, thd nhddng, khf hau ndi edtru) Diem bao gdm ky thudt phin loai va each sddyng t i i nguydn thien nhien dat, nddc, rdng va da dang sinh hpe; cdng cu va he thdng canh tac, each thdc sinh hpat sdn xuat, tri thde ve thdi tiet va ndng Ijch, phddng phap canh tde xen canh, ludn canh va hau canh, chan nudi taong thfch vdi mdi trddng sinh thai ay Tat ed nhQng eai nhdm ddm bdo cho sd sinh tdn va sd d i p t r i eua eon ngddi trdde nhdng thach thdc cua mdi trddng sdng Ddi vdi tai nguyen dat, thddng phan chia nhidu loai theo ehdt dat, theo dia hinh, theo mue dieh sd dung, phdong thdc canh I 65 Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hpi mien Trung, s6 (40)-2016 B&ng NhuTng khdc bidt giura tri thufc ^ a phucftig va tri thuTc khoa hoc TVi thuc dia phutfng TruySn mi?ng la chd yeu Dugc tiep thu thdng qua quan sat va th\rc hanh dua tren kinh nghiem Mang tinh tdng the Mang tinh true giac Tri thirc khoa h9C Truyen lai qua tai lieu viet Duac day va hpc nhu cdc khdi niem trim tupng Mang tinh gian hoa Mang tinh phan tich va trihi tupng Dinh tinh Dinh lupng Dupc tao bdi ngudi su dung tai nguyen Dupc tao bdi chuyen gia (mang tinh dpc (dupc chia se) quy§n) Lich dai Moi trudng la mpt phan cua xa hpi/ tim linh La kinh nghiem tap the duac tich luy Dong d^i Mang tinh dang cap va each bi?t hda Co cac ly thuyet va cac quy luat chung Ngudn: Gemot Brodnig and Viktor Mayer-Schdnberger (2000) tic va tQ cd ky thuat khai thde va sQ dung gidng cay trdng phu hpp Ddi vdi t i i nguyen nddc, phdn khu vde nddc dau ngudn de Iam npi thd cdng, nhij^g tfn ngddng tam linh ve nddc vdi nhdng Id eung Id edu, ede ky thuat khai thde va sd dung Odi vdi tdi nguyen rdng, dd la phdn loai rdng de cd ddOe eac sdn vat can thiet, l i kinh nghiem nhdn bidt va phdn loai ddng thae vit, ljeh khai thac va edeh sd dung cudc sdng (an, mac, d, chQa benh ) Oiem thd ba, thidt ehe truydn thdng, luit tye va each thQc sd hQu cua cdng ddng vd dat dai, tai nguyen da ddng gdp vai trd tich cdc cua nd ddi vdi vide bdo vd mdi trddng va viec khai thdc hpp ly cde ngudn tai nguyen ndi trdn Ludt tuc (tap qudn phdp) ddpc eoi la "kho tang tri thdc b i n dja", tinh tich cac eua cac quy adc, phong tyc tap qudn ddng vai trd quan trpng, la ndn tang de khai thac va sd dung hop ly' tai nguyen thidn nhidn Mdi quan he cd nhin va cdng ddng sd hiJfu tai nguyen thidn nhidn la cd sd khach quan tao nen sd hdp ly va bdn vdng (chu the hda tdi nguyen thien nhien) Diem t h d t d , mdi trddng la mdt phan eua xd hpi, tin ngddng, tam linh (nidm tin) Tfn ngddng va tdm linh dd ehi phdi hpat dpng khai thde va sd dung hdp ly tai nguydn ddt, ndde, rdng; bao ve mdi trddng sdng, tao ndn vdn hda mdi trddng va dao ddc sinh thai cua ca nhan va edng ddng Diem thd nam, khai thdc va sQ dung hop ly tai nguydn thidn nhien cd gdc la d kinh te, viy tri thdc truydn thdng dddc hinh thdnh qud trinh sinh tdn, tri thdc mdi eung se hinh thinh qua sinh ke qua tnnh phdt tridn Tdedc hoat ddng sinh kd, nhieu tri thde mdi dddc hinh va trd "tri nhdn" cCia ngddi dan va cdng ddng Bdn luan Cic ket q u i nghidn cdu ddu chl rang, tri thdc dja phddng cd vai trd quan trpng sinh tdn va phit trien xa hpi Trong van hda truydn thdng, sinh ke cua edng ddng la ndn kinh te sinh thai, mdi quan he hai hda vdi t d nhien, nhdng xd hdi hidn dai, ngudn tai nguyen d i can kiet, cin t i i lap can bang lai mdi quan he gida sinh ke vdi t i i nguyen bdng chu trinh mdi: dung vdn tai nguydn thien nhien de tao lap sinh kd, dung sinh kd de tdi sdn xuat tdi nguyen thien nhidn, lam gia tang gia trj tai nguyen thidn nhidn Khi tai nguyen ddpc gia tang, ehi khai thae va sd dung mpt phan nham:(1) ddm b i o ngddng chju tdi he sinh thai (khong lam ton hai tdi he 66 I NGUYEN H(5NG ANH sinh thdi); ddng thdi de (2) dap dng nhu cdu sinh tdn (xda ddi giim ngheo) va phat trien (gdc Id d kinh td); (3) mdt phan dda vao tidt kiem (danh lai eho ddi sau) Day ehinh l i mdt nhdng nguyen t i c cua khoa hpc ve sd hpp ly khai thac vd sd dung tdi nguyen thidn nhidn Vdy cd sd de sinh ke bdn vdng ehinh la dda vdo cpng ddng, didu ddpe hieu vdi y nghTa: (1) hp l i ehd the; (2) dda vao tri thdc dja phddng cOa cpng ddng; (3) van dung nhdng diem hpp ly trpng khai thac va sd dyng t i i nguyen thidn nhidn eda he thdng tri thdc bdi cinh phit trien mdi ben vdng (hinh 1) mdt vd "ddt gay" van hda va tri thdc truyen thdng, ndng ne hon la nguy cd tiem an vd xung dot xd hdl (2) Gidi phdp qudn ly tai nguyen dda vio edng ddng hoae ddng qudn ly, tren khia eanh nao do, chinh la vdn de chu the hda t i i nguyen thidn nhien khdng phdi tren binh dien cd nhan ma la trdn binh dien tap the Dd thdc chat td xa hdl hda cdng tac bdo tdn tai nguyen thidn nhien gdn lien vdi sinh kd cdng ddng Ydu td tich cdc thidt chd truyen thdng, ludt tye vd sd hQu vd rdng, dat va nddc cd the lam dung hda giQa chinh sdch eda Nha nddc vdi Ipi ich cua edng ddng ^ a phddng Nhidu bdi hpc that bai ddde rut M $ t stf DKuyCn I f cda tri thurc t r u y t n th&ig dirg'C v^n dyng n ^ hAm mM TilsinxuA Sinh ke Tri thdrc truySn thtfng vS khai thicvA sfrd^ng { J Trithdrc m d i v l khai thdc v^ sir dvns • i — ^ j^ Nv Trr thu-c ]y^ c9ng ^ cflng ' tfBng Hinh / Moi quan he sinh kim von tdi nguyin thien nhiin Cd nhttng digm tttong ddng gitta khoa hpe ve sU hpp ly khai thic v i stt dung t i i nguygn thign nhign tdn tai hg thdng tri thttc dja phuong (bdng 2) -Thuc tign phit trien cho thay: (1) Hg thdng ehinh sich nhtt: chinh sich bio tdn da dang sinh hpc, ehinh sach d i t dai, d i tieh cdng ddng khdi khdng gian sinh tdn tu nhign - v i n hda ctta hp, i i m han che vige tiep can vdi tu ligu sin xuit tU nhien, dan tdi thay ddi tap quin sin xuat truygn thdng, hg q u i tat ygu l i ddi ngheo Bay la mdt nhttng nguyen nhin giy mai khiem khuygt ttt q u i trinh quan ly va thue hign Dd la vige ngudi d i n khdng hieu rd luit, ngudi quin ly thi hieu bigt ehua diy dtt hoic hieu chua dttng ve phong tuc, t i p quan v i luit tuc ctta cdng ddng d dja phuong Do dd, d i y l i co sd de tao nen nhttng giii phip quin ly dua vao edng ddng hoie ddng quin ly, trgn khia canh chinh l i van de chtt thg hda t i i nguygn thign nhien khdng phii trgn blnh dien c i nhin, m i i i trgn blnh dien tap the Thue chit ctta giii phip quin iy t i i nguygn thign nhien dua v i o cpng ddng i i vigc x i hdi hda edng t i c b i o ve, bio tdn va phit trign Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hdl mi^n Trung, so (40) - 2016 67 Bang NhuTng tiTcmg dong ve sU htfp iy cua tri thuTc dja phiTcmg va tri thCic khoa hoc TVi thiTc khoa hoc T6 chuc lanh tho hpp ly, khoa hpc de nham dam bao khong gian song, san xuat va bao ve moi tradng Cd nen van minh hai hoa vdi dieu kifn t\r nhien bao gom ky thuat, each thiic sinh hoat san xuat, tri thdc dia phuong Tri thvc dia phu-omg Tri thuc ve quy hoach khong gian cu tni Quy dinh cac khu vuc sdng, khu san xuat, khu chan tha, khu thd ciing chung ciia cpng ddng, La h? thong thuc hanh van hda phu hpp vdi dieu kien tu nhien (dia hinh, tho nhuang, hau nai cu tni), bao gdm each phdn loai tai nguySn, cong cu, ky thuat khai thac vd su dung Nha nudc va cac quy dinh Luat ve khai Yeu to tich cue thiet che tmyen thdng thac va su dung hpp ly tai nguyen Dieu kien va luat tuc ve riing, dat va nudc Moi quan he CO ban la chu the hda tai nguyen thien nhien giiia ca nhan va cpng dong sd hiiu tai nguyen Nen tang la van hda moi tradng va dao due Moi tradng la mpt phan ciia xa hpi, tin ngudng, tam linh (niem tin) Tin ngudng va tam linh sinh thai da chi phdi hoat dpng khai thac va su dung hpp ly tai nguyen dat, nudc, rimg; bao ve mdi tradng song, tao nen van hoa moi tradng va d^o diic sinh thai ciia ca nhan va cpng dong Khai thac va six dung hop ly tai nguyen thien Tao lap sinh ke (goc d kinh te), tai san xuat tai nhien tren co sd tao gia tri gia tang von tai nguyen, hinh tri thiic mdi va van dung nguyen (tai sinh va tai san xuat tai nguyen) tri thiic trayen thong npi ham mdi, thich ung vdi boi canh mdi - Gdc la d kinh te t i i nguydn thidn nhidn gan vdi sinh kd cua cdng ddng (3) Tfnh tfch cde eda ludt tuc la sd quy djnh chat ehe tdi tdng ddi tddng, tdng hanh vi nhd nhat, mdt dja b i n cu the (budn ling) mang tfnh die thu (Id lang), da giup cho ngddi td kiem sodt duac hanh vi bdi da t d y thdc duac hdnh vi cua minh (dao ddc) Trong do, ludt phap cua Nha nddc quy djnh mang tfnh djnh hddng d t i m vT md (phdp nddc) ed the dp dung ehung cho cde cdng ddng xen cd va cdng ed, noi ma ludt tuc khdng the thde hien dapc Vide ket hpp hai hda giQa tri thdc dja phdong (luat tyc) vdi ludt phdp dd la giii phdp hieu q u i nhidu ddan, Idm cdsd thdc tien khuyen nghi vide didu chinh ehfnh sdch cua nha nddc S Ket ludn Trong bdi canh hdl nhdp va phdt trien, ede td chde NGO, cic da an nghien cdu phdt trien dd chu trpng nghidn edu dng dyng tri thdc dja phddng va luat tue vao vide khai thac, qudn ly tai nguydn thien nhidn (Trung t i m Nghien cdu Tai nguyen va Mdi tradng (CRES), 2004) Da cd nhdng b i i hpc va nhQng kien nghj dddc rut qud trinh nghien cdu thdc tidn, nhdng bat cap, nhQng mdu thuan, khd khan, thdch thde vd kem hieu qua glQa chinh sdeh, luit cua nha ndde va phong tuc, tap quin cua ngddi ddn.Tddd, van dung cdc tri thdc ve luit tuc ed truyen vao viec bdo ve mdi trddng va quan ly ed hidu qud vide khai thae eie ngudn tai nguydn thien nhidn, nhat la cdng tde giao dat, giao rdng hidn d cac dan tde mien nui (Trung tdm 68 I Khoa hpe X i hpi v i Nhin v i n Qudc gia, 2000) Vige kgt hpp hai hda gitta tri thttc dja phUPng vdi luit phap d i la giii phip hieu q u i nhieu du i n , l i m cP sd thttc tien khuygn nghi vige digu ehinh chlnh sich giai doan hign TAILIEUTHAMKHAO Berkes Fikret (2012), Sacred Ecology, Third edition, Taylor and Francis Publisher, New York and London Lg Trpng Cue A Terry Rambo (1995), Mgt so vdn di sinh thdi nhdn vdn vdphdt trien dVlitNam, Nxb Ndng nghigp, H i Ndi Ellenberg G., Lebren J (1977), Thuc bi tU nhien vd nhitng phuang thdc thay doi nd desif dung ddt hop /y, Nxb Tign bd, Matxeova Georges Olivier (2002), Sinh thdi hgc Nhdn vdn, Nxb Thg gidi H i Ndi Pham Hoing Hii, Nguygn Ngpe Khinh (1998),"Quy hoaeh v i td chttc linh tiid trgn co sd nghign cttu, dinh g i i cinh quan" Tgp chi cdc Khga hgc ve Trdi Ddt, tap 20 (2), tr 81 -85 Pham Quang Hoan (2003), Tri thirc dia phuang cua cdc ddn tdc thiiu so d Viet Nam, Dan tpc hpc Vigt Nam thg ky XX va nhttng nam dau thg k^ XXI, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdl, tr 83-107, H i NPL Vu TU Lip (2004), SUphdt triin cua khoa hoc dia ly the k^ XX, Nxb Giao due H i Ndi NguyenThj Phttong Loan (2012), Nghiin cdu tiip can sinh thdi nhdn vdn vdo ddnh gid tinh ben vdng cua viec phdt trien nuoi tdm tgi vung nudi tdp trung ven bien huyen Nghia HUng, tinh Nam Dinh, Luin an tign sT khoa hpc IVldl trttdng H i Ndi Ober G., Punier R, Roozanoov V (1977), B i t va viec gitt gin dp phi ctta nd, cac nhin td i n h hudng den vige sttdung dit, Nxb Tien bd, Matxeova 10 Odum E P (1978), Casdsinh thdi hoc, tap 1, Ngttdi djch Pham Blnh Quygn, Nxb Bai hpc va Trung hpc chuygn nghiep Ha Npi 11 OOH (1977), Stt dung va b i o vg cic t i i nguygn thign nhign (HcnonbaoBaHMewo NGUVf N H6NG ANH xpaHanpkipoAHbixpecypcoB HsflarenbCTBO "Dporpecc"), Ngudl djch: D i o Trpng Nang, Nguyen Kim Chuong, Nxb Khoa hpc Ky thuat, H i Ndi 12 Pam McElwee (2010), Viit Nam cd Vi thdc bdn dja" khdng? Hiin dai vd ddng thai cua truyin thong d Viit Nam Nhiing cdch tiip can nhdn hgc, Quyen 1, Ngudi djch: Vu Thi Digu Huong, Nxb Dai hpe Qudc gia phd Hd Chl Minh, tr 1-27 13 Pierre Gourou (1936), Les paysansdu Delta tonkinois: Etude degeographlehumaine, Paris: Les £d d'art et d'histoire 13 Perier Kh X., Dimitrevxki X., Penman Kh L, Zextei K., Nemek Dz., Neix R L, (1977), Nhifng vdn di vi cdc nguon dtt trif nUdc: Nhu cdu hien tgi vd tuang lai cua ddi song, Nxb Tign bd, Matxeova 14 H i Huy Thinh (chtt bign, 2008), Qudn iy Nhd nudc vi tdi nguyin vd mdi trudng, Nxb Khoa hpc x i hdi Ha Ndi 15 Ha Huy Thinh (ehu bign, 2001), Mdtsd vdn de xd hgi vd nhdn vdn trang viic sit dung hgp ly tdi nguyen vd bdo ve mdi trudng d Viet Nam, Nxb Chlnh trj Qudc gia Ha Ndi 16 Trung t i m Nghign cttu Tii nguygn va Mdi trttdng (CRES) (2004), Qudn iy vd Phdt triin ben vitng tdi nguyen mien nui, Ky yeu hdi t h i o khoa hpe H i Npi 17 Trung tam Khoa hpc X i hdi v i Nhan v i n Qudc gia (2000), tupt tuc vd Phdt trien Ndng thdn hiin d Viet Nam, Ky ygu hpi t h i o khoa hpe, Nxb Chi'nh trj Qudc gia Ha Ndi 18 UNEP (1998), Hdy citu Idy trdi ddt, Nxb Khoa hpc Ky thuat H i Ndi 19 VACNE (2005), Cdc biin phdp suf dung hgp If ddt tai, Nxb Ndng nghiep H i NpL 20 William D Sunderiin, Arild Angel Sen, Sven Wuder (2003), forest and Poverty aiieviation Chapter in State of the world's Forests, Rome, pp 61-73 ... viy tri thdc truydn thdng dddc hinh thdnh qud trinh sinh tdn, tri thdc mdi eung se hinh thinh qua sinh ke qua tnnh phdt tridn Tdedc hoat ddng sinh kd, nhieu tri thde mdi dddc hinh va trd "tri. .. phit huy gia trj thde tien cua tri thde dja phdong, thda nhin va khuyen khfch viec dp dung tri thdc dja phddng thde tidn phit trien Trpng tri thde dja phddng, khai thdc, sd dung, bio ve, quin... hoat ddng sinh kd,tddd hinh thinh tri thdc dja phddng mdi phu hpp vdi edng eude phit trien Tri thvTc dja phi/c/ng ve khai thdc vd siit dung hop ly tdi nguyen Tri thde dja phddng la mpt he thdng