14 TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 8(144) • 2010 KINH TE HOC XA HOI HOC SLF DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VQI SU'''' PHAT TRIEN BEN VU''''NG BUI VIET CU aNG TOM T A T Bai viit nay sir dung each tiep can ve von tro[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 8(144) • 2010 14 KINH TE HOC - XA HOI HOC SLF DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VQI SU' P H A T T R I E N B E N VU'NG BUI VIET CU-aNG TOM TAT Bai viit sir dung each tiep can ve von phat trien ben vCrng de he thong hda eac nghien cCru vi sw phu thude vdo tai nguyen va nhCrng hau qua eiia nd Nhin chung, cae nwde dwa chit yeu vao tai nguyen thien nhien de phat then thwdng khdng ed sw tich luy von san xuit, von ngwdi va von xa hdi, va do di ehech khdi quy dgo phat then bin virng I.DATVAND£ Trong 10 nam trd lai day, nIn kinh t l Viet Nam dat dugc toe tang trudng tuang doi cao, binh quan ban 7%/nam Tuy nhien, nhilu cdng trinh nghien eCru g i n day da chf ring chit lugng tang trudng so vdi thdi gian trude dd khdng cd sy eai thien dang k l (Nguyin Thj Tue Anh va Le Xuan Ba, 2005; Nguyin Van Nam va T r i n Thp Dat, 2006; Bd K l hoach va d i u tu, 2006; Phan Minh Ngpc, 2008; CCi Chi Lgi, 2009; Dang Dinh Dao va Vu Thj Minh Loan, 2010, ) Chit lugng khdng cao t h i hien d eho dd la tang trudng theo chilu rdng, phg thupe ehu y l u vao thu hiit vdn d i u tu, nguon lao dpng re va tai nguyen Bui Viet Cudng Vien Phat trien Ben vijng vung B I C BO thien nhien, chu khdng phai d tiln bd ky thuat, nang suit lao ddng va sy biln doi e l u true n I n kinh t l Trong so eae v i n d l neu tren, sy phg thude vao tai nguyen hien thu hut duge nhilu quan tam eua eae nha nghien eCru; bdi le thdi gian g i n day d Viet Nam, sg phu thude ed d i u hieu gia tang, vdi nhilu dy an khai thac tai nguyen ed quy md Idn da, dang va dy kiln hinh Nguyin Trung (2009) chf nguy ca Viet Nam trd mgt nude lam thue va hilm hga d nhilm mdi trudng qua le thupe vao tai nguyen cd s i n ma khdng luu y tdi thay d l i mgt each can ban e l u true nIn kinh t l Pham Duy Hiln (2010) canh bdo nhCrng he luy cua viec khai thac khoang san ma khdng luu y d i n nang eao trinh dp edng nghe, tir dd vira SLP dung tai nguyen mgt each lang phi, gay d nhiem, vira phg thude vao nude ngoai Trong dd, Morris-Jung va T r i n Trung Kien (2010a, 2010b), qua viec tong hgp kinh nghiem mgt so quoc gia giau tai nguyen tren t h i gidi, nhin manh d i n sg hinh ede nha nude kem nang lye nIn kinh t l cua hg qua chu trgng vao khai thac tai nguyen Cac nghien CLPU d l cap d i n mgt vai hau qua cua sy khai thac tai nguyen qua BUI VIET C U d N G - SU DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VOI muc tip nhilu gdc tren ca sd dd dua cac khuyln nghi chinh sach, nhung dIu xult phat tir gia thuylt v l "Idi nguyin tai nguyen""' - cho ring cac nude hay viing dli dao tai nguyen thien nhien, dae biet la khoang san va nhien lieu, cd xu hudng cd t i c tang trudng thip va kem phat triln han cae nude ngheo tai nguyen Nguyen nhan cua hien tugng cd the la sy giau ed v l tai nguyen lam nIn kinh t l kem sire canh tranh, sy biln dgng cua ddng thu nhap tai nguyen, sy y l u kem nang lye dilu hanh eua eae ehinh phu hay tham nhung khdng kilm soat dugc, Dii vdi nguyen nhan nao, nhu-ng nude cd nhilu tai nguyen eung rat d l di vdo eon dudng phat triln kem b i n vu-ng o l tim hilu rd ban v l ehu d l neu tren, ding thdi n l i k i t nd vdi khai niem v l phat triln b i n vCrng*^', bai vilt nay, ehiing tdi sir dgng each tilp can v l ca sd vdn phat triln b i n vCrng d l he thing hda mdt s l nghien eCru tren t h i gidi ed lien quan Phan thii' hai cua bai vilt trinh bay each tilp can v l ca sd von phat triln bin vu'no Phin thir ba tdm luge eae nghien CCPU lien quan, va phin cuoi cung se bao gom mdt s l nhan xet CACH TI^P CAN CO SO V N TRONG P H A T T R | £ N B^N VIJNG Ody Id edeh t i l p can ehu y l u duge hinh thdnh tren quan dilm cua cae nha kinh t l Hp dua khai niem "ca sd vdn eua phat triln b i n vu-ng"*^' TrCr lugng von (K) ndi len kha nang cua mgt nIn kinh t l san xult d i u ra, mang lai phuc lgi eho eac vien cua nd N l u chung ta ed t h i tri kha nang san xult thi chung ta cung ed t h i tri phuc Igi Tru lugng v i n d day ^ se bao g I m vdn san xult, von ty nhien, vdn eon ngudi, va vdn xa hgi, nhCrng thip quylt dinh cae ea hgi nen kinh t l , va dd quyet dinh phuc Igi hay chit lugng cudc sdng eua eon ngudi Vdn ty nhien (KN) diing de chi cac y l u td cua ty nhien cd kha nang mang lai cae ddng hang hda va djch vg cung nhu cae tien ieh eua he sinh thai phuc vu cho cudc song cua ngudi (Goodland, 2002; Roseland, 2005)'" Vdn san xult (KM) la trCr lugng cac ngudn lye vat chit nhu trang thiet bi, nha xudng, may mdc va cac ca sd ting khac ed the duge SLP dung de tao ddng thu nhap tuang lai Nguon gdc cua vdn san xult la qua trinh sir dgng thdi gian va cac nguon luc khac d l tao cdng eg, may mdc, cac tien nghi va cac nguln vat chit khac, va d i n lugt ehiing, dugc sir dung de san xult cac san phim khac (Ostrom, 1993) Von ngudi (KH) la kiln thire, ky nang, nang luc va cae thude tinh khac hien than cae ea nhan tao dilu kien cho su sang tao eae phCic Igi ed nhan, xa hdi vd kinh t l (OEDC, 2001) Von ngudi duge tao thdnh mpt each cd ehu dich thdng qua giao dgc va dao tao, va mpt each khdng chu dich thong qua kinh nghiem (Ostrom, 1993) Vdn xa hdi (Ks) t h i hien mCre dp co k i t xa hgi ton tai cgng dong Nd ndi tdi cae qua trinh giu-a eon ngudi tao mang ludi, ehuan myc va nilm tin xa hgi, va tao dilu kien cho sy dong phli hgp va dong hgp tac vi Igi ieh chung (WHO, 1998) Moi qude gia, mdi cgng dong phai xem xet lam each nao de su dung trCr lugng von 16 BUI VIET CUONG - SU DUNG T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VOL hdm mdt each tot nhit d l lam tang chit lugng song, ddng thdi cung phai quylt dinh de danh, tham chi tich luy, bao nhieu cho mai vi phiic Igi eua eac t h i he tuang lai Ca sd vdn eua phat trien b i n vCrng dugc ggi la "quy t i c vdn cd djnh" (constant capital rule): phiic lgi d i u ngudi khdng giam dugc dam bao bang trO lugng von khdng giam; trCr lugng von khdng giam cd nghTa la phiic lgi d i u ngudi khdng giam'^' Do dd de bilt xem lieu chung ta cd dang tren dudng phat trien ben vung hay khdng, ehiing ta c i n bilt sy bien dgng cua tru- lugng vdn theo thdi gian (Daly & Cobb, 1989; El Serafy, 1996; Messinger & Colman, 1998) D i l u ndy ham y t h i he hien tai phai bilt quan ly mdt each khdn ngoan danh muc cae loai von, gilng nhu mgt nha d i u tu quan ly danh mge eae khoan d i u tu, nhIm lam cho tong tai san it nhit la khdng thay d l i Tuy nhien, d day cd hai v i n d l can luu y Mdt la, khdng chf tong trCr lugng vdn quan trgng ma cae phin eua nd cung ed y nghTa khdng kem Lieu t h i he hien tai cd t h i tieu diing h i t mgt loai von (vi dg nhu tai nguyen thien nhien) va bii d i p cho cae t h i he tuang lai bing cae loai von khac? Hien h i u h i t eae nha khoa hpc d i u thira nhan ring phat triln kinh te tren t h i gidi d i n d i n hau qua la sy cpn kiet (khdng t h i dao nguge) cua eae loai tai nguyen thien nhien, nhung giCra hp ed sy bit ddng Id lieu cd phai dilu nhit thilt phan anh ban chit eua sy phat triln dd la khdng ben vung (Barbier, 2003) Tip quan diem eua eac nha kinh t l , m i u chit cua sy tranh eai khdng phai d chd cd phai tdi nguyen thien nhien dang can kiet hay khdng ma Id lieu chung ta cd t h i bu d i p cho tuang lai nhu'ng m i t mat hien tai hay khdng, va n l u cd bao nhieu la du de bii dip Hai la, viec SLP dung mgt loai von nao dd cd y nghTa quan trgng khdng kem viec ehiing ta dang cd bao nhieu loai v i n dd Bdi le, su dgng mdt loai von khdng chf anh hudng d i n trCr lugng eua ban than nd, ma edn ludn cd mdi tuang quan vdi su hao mdn, sy tich luy, sy hinh va sy kit hgp cua cae loai v i n edn lai Trong each XLP ly hai v i n d l neu tren, eac nha khoa hge hien tai cd hai quan dilm khac biet, lien quan tdi vai trd dae biet cua v i n t y nhien phat trien b i n vu-ng Sy bit ddng chu y l u giu-a hai quan dilm tren la lieu vdn t y nhien ed vai trd dde nhit viec tri phuc Igi eua eon ngudi, hay ed ede quy t i c "bii d i p " nao dd d l dam bao r i n g eae the he tugng lai cung cd mire phCie Igi it nhit bing t h i he hdm eho du von ty nhien cd can kiet Theo quan diem tinh b i n vu-ng y l u (hope tinh b i n vu-ng thip, weak sustainability), khdng ed sy khac biet thyc sy Idn giua von ty nhien va cac loai von khac Tinh b i n vu'ng y l u dat dugc n l u mgt nIn kinh t l tilt kiem (va sau dd d i u tu) it nhit cung bing tong lugng von khau hao Tinh b i n vu'ng y l u gia djnh ring v i n san xult vd von tu nhien (va ea v i n eon ngudi) ed t h i thay t h i cho nhau, va mge tieu tri mCre d i u cua nIn kinh t l tuang thich vdi tri mgt mdi trudng phii hgp cho nhan loai (Pearce & Ankinson, 1993) Quan diem dugc khai quat thanh: AK/At > 0; dd K = KM + K^ + KH + Kg, t Id thdi gian vd A phan anh sy thay doi Mire giam cua bit ky dang nao eua von BUI VIETCU6NG - 9.il DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Vdl phai it nhat dugc bu d i p bdi sy tang len cac dang vdn khac Phai cd sy tai d i u tu Igi tire nghTa la cac khoan thu dugc tir viec giam trip lugng mgt loai vdn khdng dugc tieu diing Duy tri va lam tang tich luy tong trCr lugng von la du d l dat duge sg phat triln b i n vu-ng; va nguyen t i c d l i vdi v i n tg nhien la: i) Cae loai vdn ty nhien phai dugc quan ly mgt each hieu qua de nhCpng m i t mat v l phiic Igi sy can kiet eua ehiing la nhd nhit va cae khoan "td nguon lye"*®' kilm dugc sau "npi sinh hda"*'^' eae ngoai Cpng mdi trudng la Idn nhit; va ii) T i l n td ed duge tCr sg can kiet cac loai v i n tu nhien phai dugc d i u tu vdo viec hinh eae loai v i n khac Trude eac quan niem cd r i t nhilu y kiln phe phan Hg chf r i t nhilu dilm khdng hgp ly ea gia thiet va lap luan cua each tilp can tinh b i n vCrng y l u (Costanza & Daly, 1992; Victor, 1994; Ayresetal., 1996) Dd Id: - Cd su khdng chic chin v l chCpc nang cua he sinh thdi vd tong gid trj ddng tien ieh eua nd Nhu vay khdng t h i xde djnh duge ein khoan dau tu gia trj bao nhieu d l bii d i p eho sy m i t di nguln von ty nhien - Hien dien tinh khdng the dao ngwgc pham vi cac nguon lye t y nhien m i t di (khdng t h i phgc bli) - Cd nhilu nguln v i n ty nhien md thilu nd qua trinh san xult khdng t h i diln - Giu'a von t y nhien vd v i n san xult ed moi quan hp ibo sung chCr khdng phai thay the Rieng v l dilu cd b i n lap luan: i) Xet v l mpt ljch SLP v i n ty nhien vd v i n san xult Id b l sung eho chip khdng phai 17 thay t h i , n l u khdng eung khdng c i n phat triln va tich luy vdn san xult lam gi; ii) San xult la qua trinh SLP dgng nang lugng d l ehuyin nguyen lieu hang hda va djch vg nen v i n t y nhien la dilu kien e i n edn v i n san xult chf la d i l u kien du nen rd rang ehCing bo sung eho nhau; iii) Cd m l i phu thude ly sinh giu-a vdn ty nhien va vdn san xult; de van hanh va bao dudng duge may mdc, nha xudng c i n phai ed nguyen lieu va nang lugng dd ed them v i n san xult ddi hdi phai ed them von tg nhien chip khdng phai c i n it di; va iv) Vdn ty nhien ed tinh da chipc nang nen von san xult chf cd t h i thay t h i mgt vai chipc nang edn lai thi khdng t h i thay t h i Vdi eae lap luan tren, ede nhd kinh t l mdi trudng d l xult khdi niem sau dd gpi Id tinh b i n vu-ng manh (hope tinh b i n vu-ng eao, strong sustainability) Tinh b i n vCrng manh dat duge bing each bao t i n trulugng v i n san xult, v i n eon ngudi, v i n xa hdi, von tu nhien vd chit lugng mdi trudng Ndi each khde, theo quy t i e tinh b i n vu-ng manh, tong tru- lugng v i n khdng duge giam xuIng, dong thdi s l lugng vd tru- lugng eua eae loai von t y nhien mang tinh thilt y l u khdng duge giam (ede loai v i n khde khdng t h i thay t h i dugc eho chung - eo gian eua sy thay t h i la bing 0) Tinh b i n vu-ng manh ndi tdi viec tri sy nguyen ven cua von ty nhien vd ede loai von khdc mgt each rieng bipt Tinh b i n vu-ng manh ed t h i dygc bilu diln: AK/At > vd AKN (tm^t ylu/At > Tinh b i n vu-ng manh khdng ham y mpt trang thai nIn kinh t l tTnh ma ggi y sy thay doi each phan bo nguon lye theo thdi gian d l khdng anh hudng Idn d i n eae thdng s l mdi trudng Mgt mire tang trudng kinh BUI VIET CUdNG - sCf DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN V d l ^ te nhit dinh hoan toan cd t h i d i l n thdng qua d i u tu vao edng nghe, vdo thay t h i eac nguln luc t y nhien (nlu ed thi) vd vdo viec eai thien mdi trudng Tren ea sd lap luan nhu vay, eac nguyen t i e bao t i n va sir dgng v i n ty nhien hudng tdi phat triln b i n vCrng la: i) Gidi ban quy rnd hoat ddng eua eon ngudi d mCpc nhit djnh, ma it nhit la pham vi sire tai cua t y nhien; ii) Cae t i l n bd cdng nghe eho phat triln b i n vu-ng phai lam tang hieu qua sir dgng tai nguyen thien nhien chip khdng phai lam tang quy md SLP dgng chung; iii) Tai nguyen thien nhien ed t h i tai tao phai dugc khai thac d mipc dp nhit djnh d l khdng d i n tdi su can kiet hodn toan hope tuyet chung D i l u nghTa la t i e dp khai thac khdng duge vugt qua toe tai tao; va sy phat thai khdng duge vugt qua kha nang h i p thg cua mdi trudng; iv) Tai nguyen thien nhien khdng tai tao nen dugc khai thac vdi t i e nhd ban hope bing tdc tao cae vat lieu cd t h i thay t h i Cdc khoan td thu duge tir khai thac v i n tu nhien khdng tai tao d n duge tdi d i u tu mdt each thich dang d l tpo su thay t h i (Costanza & Daly, 1992) Mae dii khdi niem ve tinh b i n vu-ng manh td hgp ly ban, nhung d l van dgng vao thge t l nhim danh gia cac trang thai phat triln lai khd khan ban nhilu so vdi khai niem v l tinh b i n vu-ng y l u , gap nhilu khd khdn ludng cung nhu xult phat dilm eua mdi nIn kinh t l Vi vay, doi vdi mgt nude cham phat triln, d l eho ring viec SLP dung tai nguyen cua nd Id theo hudng phdt triln b i n vCpng thi it nd eung phai dap Crng duge eae nguyen t i c eg ban eua tinh b i n vu-ng y l u ; vd tinh b i n vu-ng manh nen dugc xem nhu tieu chuIn c i n vuan tdi QUAN HE GIU'A SU' PHU THUOC VAO T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA TICH LUY CAC LOAI V O N Trong mdt thdi gian dai, ngudi ta tin ring eae nguln tai nguyen thien nhien d l i dao se giiip cac nude ngheo vugt qua nhCrng thilu hgt v l v i n san xult va vdn eon ngudi va mang lai nguln thu Idn eho ehinh phu eua cae nude d l ed t h i eung d p ca sd tang cho phat triln Viec d l y manh khai thac eac nguon tdi nguyen d l i ddo se mang Ipi nguln ngoai b l i quan trpng d l nhap khiu may mdc thilt bj hien dpi, thu hut v i n d i u tu nude ngoai vd eung d p nguyen vat lieu eho sg phat triln edng nghiep Tuy nhien nhu-ng nam vCra qua, viec sir dgng qua mCre cae nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khdng nhu-ng khdng mang lai sy thjnh vugng cho nhu-ng nude ngheo, ma nguge lai edn mang lai mgt loat hau qua kinh t l , xa hdi va mdi trudng nghiem trpng Md d i u eho nhu-ng nghien CCPU v l hien tugng tren day Id ede edng trinh eua Sachs & Warner (1995, 1997) Hp chf ring ed moi quan he nghjch giCra sy d l i dao von ty nhien hope sy phu thupe vdo tai nguyen thien nhien vd tyu phdt triln kinh t l ' ^ ' '^' T i l p theo dd, nhilu tac gia khdc da t i l p tue kilm chCrng m l i quan he vdi cae each ludng su phg thupc vdo tai nguyen thien nhien khac nhau, vdi so lugng quan sat va thdi ky khde nhung nhin chung d i u cho k i t qua tuang d l i dong nhlt'^°' Vd d l giai thich eho hien tugng ndy, nhilu edng trinh da tap trung vdo ede gide dp khde BUI VIET C U d N G - sQ DUNG T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Vdl., eua m l i lien he giira viec phg thupc vdo tai nguyen va viec hinh thanh, tich luy eung nhu suy thoai eua cdc loai v i n khac 3.1 Sy phu thude vdo tdi nguyen vd tich luy v i n san xult Trwde hit, sy phg thude vao tai nguyen thien nhien cd t h i d i n tdi "can benh Ha Lan"'^''' (Dutch disease) Sy md rgng khai thdc tdi nguyen di kem vdi viec gia tang xult khiu ehiing cd t h i d i n tdi sy len gia cua dong ndi te va tir dd lam thu hep xult khiu hang e h i tao vd djch vg D i l u din d i n sy dilu chfnh ea d u nIn kinh t l ngi dja ede nguon d i u tu bj chuyin khdi khu vyc phi nguln lye D i l u tuang ty cung xay doi vdi eae ngudn d i u tu nude ngoai Mat khac, gia ea eua eae mat hang tai nguyen xult khiu thudng biln dpng manh dd ty gia hoi dodi eung biln dgng theo vd lam giam d i u tu vdo khu vyc san xult (Gylfason et al., 1999) Mdt diem khac cung d n luu y d day Id ty gia thuang mai giira hang xult khiu sa e h i vd hdng xult khiu e h i tao (gid tuang d l i tren thj tudng t h i gidi eua hai mat hang) thudng ed xu t h i ngdy cdng gidn rdng (bit Igi eho nhu-ng nude xult khau hang sa chi) nen xet dai ban doanh thu xult khiu se giam siit n l u phg thupe vao xult khiu tdi nguyen, va vi t h i nguon v l i danh eho d i u tu se giam xuong Ngodi ra, mpt s l tdc gia khac eho ring khu vyc san xult Id nai ede tiln bp cong nghe d i l n vd ed sue lan tda manh nIn kinh t l Do dd khu vuc san xult bj thu hep, tang trudng se giam xudng (Sachs & Warner, 1997) Thir hai, ty phin cua san lugng chay vao till nhCrng ngudi sd hu-u nguln tdi 19 nguyen tang len, nhu c l u v l von d i u tu giam viec khai thdc tai nguyen it ein d i u tu chilu sau vao may mdc thilt bi (trir mdt s l loai nhu d i u md) ma ehu y l u dua vao lao ddng (Gylfason & Zoega, 2001)'^^' Ngoai ra, p h i n thu khong lo d i n mdt each qua d l dang tir ban eac nguln lye t y nhien thudng duge eae ehinh phu vd ed nhan SLP dgng khdng hgp ly thdng qua viec d i u t u vao cac dy an khdng kha thi vd tieu diing hang xa xf*"' Vi dg, sy tang gia d i u md da Idm cho cac nude xult khiu d i u md d i u tu vao nhu-ng du an dpi quy md nhu eae khu nghf dudng tren nui d Venezuela, san bay d Saudi Arabia, nhung ddng sdng nhan tao d Libya, dudng s i t xuyen quIe gia d Gabon vd san xult d td npi dja d Indonesia (Oyefusi, 2007); hay dan gian ban la khoan tiln dd biln thdnh cae khoan tiln gu-i d ede ngan hang nude ngodi Vd n l u phin thu tCr bdn ede nguln lye t y nhien duge ddnh chu y l u cho tieu dung thi ty le tilt kiem eung giam xuong, vd ty lp tilt kiem thyc (genuine savings) cdn giam manh hgn nCpa (do ty le ndy edn trir vdo ty le tilt kiem phin td tai nguyen)*''''*, tir dd nguln v i n eho d i u t u eung giam theo ThCr ba, sy khai thac tai nguyen Idm giam nhu e l u d i u t u vdo eae boat dpng nghien eCru vd triln khai (R&D) vi it tao dpng lye eho viec sang tao vd thilt k l san pham mdi, do ddi ban lam giam chit lygng eae khoan dau t y vdo v i n san xult (Papyrakis & Geriagh, 2004b)''^' 3.2 Sy phg thude vdo tai nguyen va tich luy v i n eon ngudi Cac nghien eCru v l m l i quan he giu-a SLP dgng tai nguyen thien nhien va v i n eon 20 BUI VIET CUdNG - SU DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VOL ngudi chi ring sy phg thude vao tai nguyen khdng tao sy tich luy vdn ngudi Thir nhit, sy phg thugc hope su dgng nhilu tai nguyen lam giam ddng lye eua khu vyc cdng va tu viec tich luy vdn ngudi mire thu nhap phi tiln luang (co tLPC, trg c l p xa hgi, trg c l p thul, ) eao N i m tay lugng tiln Idn gia nguyen lieu tang cao, cac nude giau tai nguyen thudng danh gia t h i p gia trj dai ban eua viec d i u tu cho giao dgc Duang nhien, ddng thu nhap Idn tir ban tai nguyen ed t h i eho phep cae nude danh uu tien cho giao due Vi du nhu d Botswana, ehi tieu eua ehinh phu cho giao dgc so vdi thu nhap quIe dan thugc hang cao nhit tren t h i gidi, nhung day chf la mdt ngoai le Cae bing chirng thue tiln chf ring ty le nhap hge d t i t ca cac c l p ty le nghich vdi sy phu thugc vao von ty nhien, bing ty phin eua lao dgng cua khu vyc san xult san phim sa ehi (Gylfason et al., 1999) Ngoai ra, chi tieu edng eho giao dgc thu nhap quoc ddn, s l nam d i n trudng eung giam sy phg thude vao tai nguyen tang len (Gylfason, 2000,2001a)'''' Thir hai, nhirng nganh dya tren khai thac tdi nguyen v l ea ban SLP dgng it lao ddng ed trinh dp eao (trir khai thac va Igc diu) dd thudng khdng tao ddng lye cho viec d i u tu chieu sau cho giao dgc (Papyrakis & Geriagh, 2004b)''" Thir ba, eae nganh lien quan d i n khai thac nguyen lieu thudng cd it tac dgng lan tda d l i vdi cdc nganh khac nIn kinh t l qude dan dd ngan trd qua trinh hpc thdng qua lam, tiln bg edng nghe, va vi vay khdng chuyen dugc cac Igi t h i so sanh truyin thing eac Igi t h i so sanh mdi D i l u tilp tgc khdng khuyln khich su d i u tu cho giao due (Gylfason, 2001a)"'\ Thir tu, viec khai thac tai nguyen tren dien rgng se gay nhCrng tdc hai r i t Idn v l mat mdi trudng, tCr dd anh hudng Idn d i n SCPC khde eon ngudi ndi rieng va chit lugng nguon nhan lye ndi chung (Barbier, 2003) 3.3 Sy phu thude vao tai nguyen va tich luy v i n xa hgi Nhilu nghien CCPU nhCrng nam g i n day phat hien t h i y m l i quan he nguge giu'a sy phg thude vao tai nguyen va tich luy von xa hgi Moi quan he cd t h i dugc giai thich b i n g mdt s l lap luan sau Thip nhat, nguon Igi to Idn tip khai thac tai nguyen mang lai, cae tac nhan n l n kinh t l (cdng va tu, nude va nude ngoai) thudng ed ddng ea eao theo dudi eac hanh vi "tim kilm dae Igi" (rentseeking), nghTa la eo g l n g tim eae m l i lien he vdi nha nude d l an chia chile banh Igi nhuan Mat khac, eae tac nhan da ed phin d l an chia, hg thudng khdng tilt kiem ma thay vao dd eo g l n g d l mdt cd phin Idn ban vi lo sg ring ngudi khac se ehilm mit Va each p h i biln nhit d l dat dugc dilu la mua chuge nhu'ng ngudi ed quyln luc bp may nha nude T i l p d i n , cupc chiln vi dae quyln dae Igi thudng d i n d i n sy tap trung quyln lye kinh t l va ehinh trj tay mpt nhdm nhd; vd nhdm da ed quyln lye thi thudng m u l n tilp tgc tri vj t h i dd vd SLP dgng nguon Igi cd duge d l xoa diu nhu-ng ngudi ung hd minh han la md BUI VIET C U d N G - SU DUNG T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN V d l rdng dan ehu va nang cao chit lugng the ehi O khia canh khac, cac khoan Igi Idn thu duge tip ban tai nguyen se lam cac chinh phu rai vao can benh "tg man" va khdng chu y d i n hieu qua cua bg may va chit lugnq t h i c h i Cdc hdnh vi nhu vay thudng lam hdng cac t h i c h i xa hgi va cae quy tie, luat le (Gylfason, 2001a; Ross, 1999) Tim kilm dae Igi cung ed t h i cd bilu hien khac Vi dg cac chinh phu ed t h i bdp meo thj trudng bing each uu dai eac ca nhan hope doanh nghiep viec tilp can cac nguln luc ty nhien, tCr dd tao cupc chay dua giCra cac tac nhan d l ed uu dai dd Viec tim kilm Igi nhuan tCp eae meo md eua thj trudng ed t h i tao tham nhung doanh nghiep va ehinh quyln, phan b l sai ede nguln lye xa hpi, giam hieu qua vd cong bang xa hpi, va mat Idng tin eua xa hdi (Gylfason, 2001a; Gylfason & Zoega, 2002) O h i u h i t eae nude phg thugc vao nguln lye ty nhien, eae chf s l v l chit lugng t h i e h i d i u r i t thip''®'' '^°' ThCp hai, sy phan b l sd hCru eac nguln v i n ty nhien xa hdi thudng bit binh ding ban eac loai von khac, d eae nude phg thupc vao v i n ty nhien sy bit binh ddng phan phdi thu nhap, ca hpi giao dgc, b i t binh ding gidi, thudng Idn han'^" ThCr ba, sy phg thupe vdo v i n ty nhien vd he qua eua eae hdnh vi tim kilm dae Igi va bit binh d i n g sd hCru tai nguyen thudng d i n tdi sy tudc doat rudng d i t eua ndng dan, d nhilm mdi trudng, giam ea hdi viec lam, biln d l i elu true xa hgi lao dpng di eu, b i t binh dang phdn phli td tdi nguyen, T i t ca cdc y l u 21 td cd the tao sy bit binh sau rdng va lam sinh eae xung dot xa hgi (Ross, 1999; Collier, 2000) O gdc khac, viec khai thac cae nguon luc ty nhien d nhilu nude (kim cuang, cay thude phien, ) mang lai ca hgi cho cac nhdm philn loan tai trg cdc boat dgng vu trang eua minh d l vCra kilm soat sy khai thac vCra de dga bing bao lye cac cdng ty khai thac (Collier & Hoeffler, 1998) Ngodi ra, viec sd hu'u nhu-ng md mdi dugc phat hien se tao ddng lye eho nhu-ng nhdm ngudi d dja phuang dd thdnh lap cac ehinh quyln dde lap, ly khai vdi ehinh quyln trung uang NhCrng v i n d l tren ed t h i d i n tdi cac cudc xung dot vu trang, tham ehi ndi chiln (Ross, 2007)'^^) Ngoai ra, mpt d i l u d l nhan thiy Id viec khai thac tdi nguyen mpt each tran lan, mpt mat lam can kiet (nlu Id tdi nguyen khdng tai tao) va suy thoai (nlu la tai nguyen tai tao) eua ehinh loai tai nguyen dd, mat khac tac dgng tieu cue d i n eae loai v i n ty nhien khac nhu dit, nude, khdng hay he sinh thai MOT S NHAN XET Cdc loai tai nguyen thien nhien eung c l p eho cudc song r i t nhilu tien ieh vd vai trd quan trpng cua chung doi vdi cudc sing eon ngudi la dieu khdng phai ban eai Doi vdi eac nude cham phat triln, vdi xuat phat dilm thip, viec huy ddng da dang eae nguon lye, dd ed ede loai tdi nguyen thien nhien, eho qua trinh phat triln la d i l u e i n thilt Tuy nhien, sir dung tai nguyen qua mCpc lai la trd lye eho sy phat triln, vi nd gay sy hao mdn va m i t mat ehinh ban than nd va cae loai v i n khde: tilt kipm sgt giam va d i u tu khdng 22 BUI VIET CUdNG - SU DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VOL thich dang eho von san xult, khdng quan tdm d i n d i u t u cho v i n eon ngudi va lam xdi mdn vdn xa hgi Cd mgt dilu ein nhin manh la, v l thyc chit, ehinh sy phu thupc chCr khdng phai sy ddi dao tai nguyen mdi Id nguyen nhdn ehinh, vi sy d l i dao ehi ndi len kha nang SLP dung edn sy phu thude ndi len chinh viec SLP dgng D i l u cd sy khac biet ddi ehiit vdi gia thuyet ban d i u v l "Idi nguyin tai nguyen", mac dii giu-a sy d l i ddo vd sy phg thude eung ed quan he mat thilt Tdm lai, SLP dung tai nguyen nhu t h i nao ed y nghTa quan trpng khdng kem so vdi ed bao nhieu tai nguyen d l i vdi mdi quoc gia tren eon dudng tim kilm sy phat triln b i n vu-ng o l han e h i bdt ede hieu Crng tieu eye sy phg thude tdi nguyen gay ra, hien tren t h i gidi cae nude da dp dung bien phap khac Cac bien phap ed t h i dugc chia ba nhdm ehinh; i) Tdi phdn b l cae nguon Igi tCr tdi nguyen: su dgng thul, phi vd hinh thdnh ede quy d i u tu; ii) Minh bach hda sir dung vd tilp can tai nguyen: d i u thiu quyln khai thac, cdng khai thdng tin va hinh he thong bach toan tai nguyen; va iii) Dan chu hda: trdeh nhiem giai trinh cua chinh quyln eae c i p vd su tham gia cua ngudi dan d l i vdi cae ehinh sach va du an khai thac tai nguyen (xem them Humphreys et al., 2007) Vipt Nam khdng phai la nude doi ddo v l tdi nguyen (xem WB, 1997; Stijns, 2001b) nhung tdi nguyen lai da dang vd phan tan tren dien rgng Do dd, n l u qua phu thugc vac tai nguyen thi nhu-ng tac hai tilm tang r i t Idn Chinh vi vay, nha nude d n xay dung va hoan thien eac ca e h i nhdm ban e h i eac hau qua tieu cue eua viec khai thac tai nguyen, dd, dan chu hda la uu tien hang dau Sd dT nhu vay la vi thyc hien dugc dan chu hda se tao dgng lye manh d l hinh thdnh nen cdc cdng eg va bien phap hCru hieu khac nhd vao sy ddng gdp va xay dyng eua nhilu phia Mat khac, nha nude eung c i n ed su chuyin hudng chiln luge d l tranh xa eon dudng phu thude tai nguyen Nhu-ng dilu VLPa neu cung cd t h i gdp p h i n hinh cac hudng nghien eCru mdi xung quanh ehu d l d i l u kien dae thu Viet Nam • CHUTHiCH '" Gia thuylt Idi nguyen tai nguyen (resource curse thesis) dugc Auty (1993) dua diu tien nhIm mo ta tinh trang cac nuac giau tai nguyen khong the sir dung cac nguon lire de thuc day phat then kinh t l '•' Cd nhieu cdch tilp can v l phat triln bin vung, song khai niSm dugc sir dgng tuang doi rong rai hien Id cua WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987): Phat trien ben vu-ng la su phdt then nhIm thoa man dugc cac nhu clu cua hi$n tai nhung khong lam ton hai den kha nang ciia cac thi he tuang lai viec thoa man cac nhu clu cua ho "' Khai niem "vdn" (hay tu ban) xult phat tu dia hat kinh te hoc (Tan co dien), dugc dinh nghla la trup lugng cua cac hang hda thuc cd kha nang mang lai dong hSng hoa va djch vg cho tu-ong lai Noi each khdc, von cho ph6p chung ta san xuat cac hang hda vd dich vu - nhlj-ng thu mang lai phuc Igi vd su phon vinh cho cudc s6ng loai ngudi '" Khai niem von tu nhien d day rpng han khSi niem tai nguyen thien nhien Tai nguyen thien nhien gom hai loai: co the tai tao va khong tdi tao; von tu nhien ngoai tai nguyen thien nhien bao gdm cac he sinh {Ui\ BUI VIET C U d N G - 9.il DUNG T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Vdl., " ' Cach tiep can dua tren djnh nghla ve thu nhap cua John Hicks: Thu nhap la khoan t l i da CO the tieu dung mot nam ma khong lam giam kha nang san xuat va tieu dung mot lugng tuang tu nam tiep theo; hay noi each khac thu nhap chinh la tieu diing b i n vCrng, bat ky mot khoan tieu diing khong ben virng nao d i u khong phai la thu nhap ma la tieu dung von "" Thong thuang khai niem "to" doi vai mot loai nguon luc ty nhien dugc tinh bing gia t h i gidi ciia nguln luc tru di chi phi de khai thac va dua Chung thi truang ' " "Noi sinh hoa" cac ngoai ung moi trudng nghTa la tinh ca nhung chi phi giai quyet cac hau qua mdi trudng gay bdi viec khai thac vd su- dung mpt loai nguon luc vao chi phi san xult cua doanh nghiep "" d day can phdn biet giu-a su doi dao (abundance) von tu nhien va su phu thupc (dependence) vao von tu nhien Doi dao cd nghla la tong so von tu nhien ma mot nude cd (khoang san, d i u mo, rung, ) d muc cao va thudng dugc bing lugng von tu nhien tren dau ngudi Cdn phu thugc cd nghTa la phin lan cdc hopt dong san xuat ciia mpt nuac dua vao von tu nhiSn (thudng dugc bing nhieu chi so nhung biln nhit Id ty phin cua vdn tg nhi§n ciia cai quoc gia cdc nghien CLPU ciia World Bank (WB) (1997, 2006) Mpt so nude nhu My, Australia, Canada, doi dao ve von ty nhien nhung khdng phu thuoc vao ehiing; mot so nude khac nhu cac vien thuQC OPEC (To chuc nhung nude xult khau dau md) vua doi dao von tu nhien, vua phu thuoc vao chung; mot so nude khac nhu Chad, Mali, khong doi dao ve von tu nhien nhung phg thude vao chung; vP cuoi ciing mot vai nude khdng doi ddo v l von tu nhien va cung khdng phg thupc vdo chung '"' MOt so odng nhdn moi tuang vd sy phdt triln xem xdt sy "doi trinh nghien cuu khdng thua quan nghich giira su doi dao kinh t l Stijns (2001a, 2001b) ddo nguon ILPC" bdng chi tieu 23 gia tri khoang san tren dau nguai va thiy ring khong co moi quan he ro rang giii'a su d l i dao va tuu phat tnen kinh te thai ky 1970-2000 D l i vdi mpt vai loai khoang san m l i tuang quan tren la thuan, vdi mot s6 loai khoang san khac moi tuang quan la nghich Ding & Field (2004) tien hanh h i i quy m l i quan he giua tang trudng d i u ngudi thai ky 19701990 vdi ca su doi dao (gia tri von tLf nhien tren dau ngudi nam 1994) va su phu thuoc v6n tu nhien (ty phin cua v i n tu nhien cua cai qu6c gia, 1994) (s6 lieu deu tu WB, 1997), va thiy ring su phu thupc co m l i quan he nghich vol tang trudng su d l i dao co moi lien he thuan '"" Sachs & Warner (1995, 1997) SLP dung ty phan cua xuat khau san pham sa che GDP (Tong san p h i m quIc noi) lam ca sd (bien dai dien) cho su phg thupc K i t qua quan sat 87 nude cho thiy n l u ty phan neu tren tang them 10 diem % thi tang trudng dau ngudi se giam binh quan 0,95 diem % giai doan 1970-1990 Papyrakis & Geriagh (2004a) su- dung ty phan cua von tu nhien tong cac loai von lam ca sd cho su phu thuoc K i t qua quan sat 84 nude cho thiy n l u ty phin neu tren tang them 10 d i l m % thi tdng trudng d i u ngudi se giam binh quan 0,8 d i l m % giai doan 19751996 Pessoa (2005) sir dgng ty phan ciia xult khau nguon luc tu nhien so vai xuat khau cac hang hoa khac lam ca sd cho su phu thupc Ket qua quan sat 119 nude cho thiy neu ty phin neu tren tang them 10 d i l m % thi tang trudng d i u ngudi se giam binh quan 0,25 diem % giai doan 1980-2004 Torvik (2007) sir dung ty phin cua xuat khiu tai nguyen thien nhien Tong san p h i m quoc npi (GDP) Idm ca sd cho su phu thuOc K i t qua quan sdt 95 nude cho thiy n l u ty phin neu tren tdng them 10 d i l m % thi tSng trudng d i u ngudi se giam binh quSn 0,95 d i l m % giai doan 1980-2004 24 BUI VIET CUdNG - SQ DUNG T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VOL " " Thuat ngCp ddi vao nam 1977, du-gc tg The Economist su dung de mo ta su giam sut ciia khu vuc che tao cua Ha Lan sau nude phat hien cac mo dot ty nhien lan d Bien Bic Ly cua su giam sut la nguln ngoai te lan vao nuac lam cho ding noi te len gia, tu dd khu vuc san xult kem sue canh tranh tren thi trudng qude t l va cac khoan chi tieu cua chinh phii bi bo hep viec phuc vu khu vuc xult khau nguyen lieu Ngay nay, Ha Lan khong chiu anh hudng cua hieu ung nhung thuat ngCr neu tren v i n dugc sir dung d l chi moi quan he nghjch giira khai thac von tu nhien vd su thu hep khu vuc san xult "^' Gylfason (2001b) su dung ty phan ciia lao dong khu vuc san xuat san pham sa c h i (bao gdm lao dpng nong, lam, ngu nghiep nhung khong bao gdm lao dpng khai khoang) tong luc lugng lao dong lam ca sd cho su phg thuoc vao von tu nhien K i t qua quan sdt 162 nude cho thiy neu ty phin neu tren tdng them 10 d i l m % thi ty phin v i n dau tu nude ngoai tren GDP chay vao se giam binh quan 0,3 diem % giai doan 1975-1998 "•* Gylfason & Zoega (2001) sir dung ty phan ciia von tu nhien tong ciia cai lam ca sd cho su phu thupc vao von tu nhien K i t qua quan sat 85 nuac cho thay neu ty phdn neu tren tSng them 10 diem % thi ty le tong v6n d i u tu npi dia tren GDP chay vao se giam binh quan diem % giai doan 1975-1998 "^' Gylfason & Zoega (2001) sir dung ty phin cua von tu nhien tong cua cai lam ca sd cho su phu thuoc vao von tu nhien K i t qua quan sat 85 nude cho thiy n l u ty phin neu tren tang them 10 diem % thi ty le tilt kiem quoc npi thuc giam binh quan dilm % giai doan 1975-1998 "•' Papyrakis & Geriagh (2004b) su dung ty phan CLia von tu nhien tong ciia cai lam ca sd cho su phu thuoc vao von tu nhien Ket qua quan r.at 52 nude cho thiy neu ty phin neu tren tang them 10 diem % thi ty le chi tieu cho cac hoat dong R&D tren GDP se giam binh quan 0,5 diem % giai doan 1990-2000 '"" Gylfason (2000) sCr dung ty phan ciia v6n tu nhien tong cua cai lam ca sd cho su phu thuoc vao v6n ty nhien K§t qua quan sat 91 nuac cho thiy n l u ty phan neu tren tang them 10 diem % thi ty le chi tieu cho giao due tren GNP (Tong san p h i m quIc dan) va ty le nhap hoc c l p trung hoc giam binh quan tuang ung 0,5 d i l m % va 18 diem % giai doan 19801997 " " Papyrakis & Geriagh (2004b) sir dung ty phin cua von tu nhien tong ciia cai lam ca sd cho su phu thuoc vPo von tu nhien Ket qua quan sat 52 nuac cho thiy neu ty phan neu tren tang them d i l m % thi so ky su Mi nha khoa hpc hoat dpng ITnh vuc R&D se giam binh quan 66 nguai/1 trieu dan giai doan 1990-2000 '"" Tuy vay, Stinjns (2001a, b) cho ring ty le nhap hoc, tong so ndm hoc vd tuli thp binh qudn cd tuang quan thudn vdi su doi ddo cdc nguln tai nguyen dau mo va khodng san Sir dung gia tri khoang san va d i u md dau ngudi nhu thuac su d l i dao von tu nhien, Stinjns phat hien thay ri ng vai 1USD tSng len to tai nguyen, chi tieu cho giao due tang them cent, 1USD tang them GNP chi lam chi tieu cho giao due tang them 3,5 cent giai doan 1970-2000 Ngoai moi quan he nhan qua giCra su phu thupc vdo von tu' nhien vai chat luang von ngudi cung khong ro rang Rat co t h i chat lugng von nguai thap dan d i n su phu thude vdo v i n tu nhien " " Sachs & Warner (1997) qua quan sat 85 nude thay ring su phu thuoc vao von tu nhien (do bing ty p h i n xuat khau san pham sa c h i 1970) cd tuang quan nghjch vol chat lipgng the c h i tren ca ba phuang dien: chi so tham nhung, chi s6 phap quyln va ehdt lugng bo may (do Trung tam Cai each the che va Khu vuc phi chinh thuc - CIRIS - cdng bo) Xem them Gylfason (2001b) BUI VIET C U d N G - 25 sn n i ING T A I NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Vdl., '-'" Brunnschweiler (2006) qua nghien cuu tu 61 d i n 79 nu'gc thiy rdng khong co m l i lien he giira su d l i dao v l tai nguyen (qua chi tieu gia tn khoang san tren d i u nguai) vdi chit lugng thi chi '^" Gylfason & Zoega (2002) sir dung ty phan cua von tu nhien tong cua cai lam ca sd cho su phu thuoc vao v6n ty nhien Ket qua quan sat 74 nu-ac cho thiy n l u ty phin neu tren tang them 10 diem % thi he s l GINI (do bat binh d i n g v l thu nhap) se tang binh quan 0,3 diem giai doan 1965-1998 ' " ' v l v l i i d l nay, Brunnschweiler & Bulte (2007) lai cho ring can phai xem xet lai m l i quan he nhan qua va chinh noi chiln tao su phg thupc vio tdi nguyen d nhilu nude Collier, P 2000 The Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Impications for Policy www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/civilconfli ct.pdf Collier, P & Hoeffler, A 1998 On The Economic Cause of Civil War Oxford Economic Papers, Vol 50 (4) wvw/.woridbank.org/research/conflict/papers/c w-cause.pdf Costazan, R & Daly, H E 1992 Natural Capital and Sustainable Development Conservation Biology (6) 10 Daly, H & Cobb, J Common Good - Redirecting Towards Community, Sustainable 1989 For the Economy the Environment Development the Beacon and Press: Boston T A I L I E U THAM K H A O Auty, R M 1993 Sustaining in Mineral Economies: Development The Resource Curse Thesis London: Routledge Ayres, R et al 1996 Natural Human Capital and Sustainable Capital, Economic Grow/th Center for Energy and Environmental 11 Cu Chi Lgi 2009 Tang trwdng va Ngi: Nxb Tir d i l n Bach khoa 12 Dang Dinh Dao va Vu Thi Minh Loan 2010 Kinh ti Viet Nam ba nam gia nhap Td chirc Thwong mai thi gidi (2007-2009) Barbier, E 2003 The Role Natural 13 Ding, N & Field, B 2004 NatumI ResouKe Blackwell Abundance and Economic Growth Department of Resources in Economic Development Publishing Ltd, University of Adelaide and of Resource Economics Working Paper No 2004-7 Flinders University of South Australia Bp K l hoach vd D i u tu 2006 Chit Iwgng http://vi/ww.umass.edu/resec/workingpapers tang trwdng cua Viet Nam va mgt sd nude 14 Goodland, R 2002 Sustainability: Ddng A www.mpi.org.gov Social, Economic and Brunnschweiler, C N 2006 Cursing the Natural Hd Ngi: Nxb Dai hge Kinh t l Q u I e dan Studies Boston University Blessing? chit Iwgng tang trwdng kinh ti tai Viet Nam Ha Resource Abundance, Encyclopedia of Global Environment Change, John Wiley & Sons Ltd 15 Gylfason, T 2000 Natural Institutions and Economic Growrth Human, Environment rt//p://ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractJd=9 Education, 28330 the 15"^ Annual Congress of the European Brunnschweiler, C N & Bulte, E H 2007 Economic Association Bolzano, 30 August - Natural Resource Resources Abundance, and Violent Dependence Conflict and the and Economic Resources, Development For September 2000 wviw3.hi.is/~gylfason/pdf/eea2000k.pdf Onset of Civil Wars WV\AW.oxcarre.ox.ac.uk 16 Gylfason, T 2001a Natural Avp-content/uploads/brunnschweiler-bulte.pdf and Economic Grov^Ah: What Resources is the 26 BUI VIET CUdNG - SU DUNG TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Vdl Connection? CESifo Working Paper Series No 530 papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id =279679 17 Gylfason, T (2001b) Nature, Power and Grow/th wAww3.hi.is/~gylfason/pdf/sjpe3.pdf 18 Gylfason, T & Zoega, G 2001 Natural Resources and Economic Growth: The Role of Investment www.ems.bbk.ac.uk/faeulty/zoega/research/N atinvest31.PDF 19 Gylfason, T & Zoega, G 2002 Inequality and Economic Growth: Do Natural Resources Matter? CESifo Working Paper Series No 712(5) papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractJd =316620 20 Gylfason, T., Herbertsson, T & Zoega, G 1999 A Mixed Blessing: Natural Resoumes and Economic Growth Macroeconomie Dynamics, Vol www3.hi.is/~gylfason/pdf/mixedblessing2.pdf 21 Humphreys, M., Sachs, J.D & Stiglitz, J.E (eds) 2007 Escaping the Resource Curse Columbia University Press 22 Messinger, H & Colman, R 1998 Measuring Sustainable Development, A Nova Scotia Pilot Study, www.gpiatlantie.org 23 Morris-Jung, J vd Trin Trung Kien 2010a Ldi nguyen tai nguyen hay he qua cua nin quan tri kem? http://tuanvietnam.net/2010-05-24-loi-nguyentai-nguyen-hay-he-qua-cua-nen-quan-tri-kem24 Morris-Jung, J va Trin Trung Kien 2010b Ldi nguyin tai nguyen lieu cd tranh dugc? http://tuanvietnam.net/2010-05-24-loinguyen-tai-nguyen-lieu-co-tranh-duoc25 Nguyen Thi Tue Anh vd Le Xuan Ba 2005 Chit lugng tang tardng kinh ti - Mot so ddnh gia ban diu cho Viet Nam www.vnep.org.vn/Modules/CMS/Upload/2/RR -Chat%20luong%20tang%20truong%20-%20 2005%20-%2023-3-06.pdf 26 Nguyin Trung 2009 "Ldi nguyin tai nguyen" va nguy co cua mgt nude lam thue http://www.tuanvietnam.net/2009-12-29-loinguyen-tai-nguyen-va-nguy-co-cua-mot-nuocIam-thue24 27 Nguyin Van Nam va Trin Thp DaL 2006 Toe va chit Iwgng tang tnrdng kinh ti d Viet Nam Ha Ngi: Nxb Dai hpc Kinh t l QuIc dan 28 OEDC (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 2001 The Weilbeing of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital Organization www.oecd.org/dataoeed/24/51/2671078.pdf 29 Ostrom, E 1993 Social Capital and Development Projects American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Cambridge, Mass 30 Oyefusi, A Abundance and Paradigm Shift? Public Policy, Vol 2007 Natural Resource Development Is There a Journal of Business and 1, No 31 Papyrakis, E & Geriagh, R 2004a Natural Resources, Investment and Long-tenv Income www.ioes.hi.is/events/DEGIT_IX/Papers/Papy rakis.pdf 32 Papyrakis, E & Geriagh, R 2004b Natural Resources, Innovation, and Growth papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.efm?abstract_id =609764 33 Pearce, D & Ankinson, G 1993 Are National Economies Sustainable? Center for Social and Economic Research in the Global Environment (CSERGE) Working paper 9211 University College, London, UK 34 Pessoa, A 2005 Growth Failures and Institutions: The "Natural Resources Curse" Revisited www.fep.up.pt/eonferencias/eaepe2007/Paper s%20and%20abstraets_CD/pessoa.pdf BUI VIET CUdNG - SlV niING TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN Vdl 35 Pham Duy Hiln 2010 Viet Nam co tranh dwgc Idi nguyin tai nguyen? Bdo Sai Gon tilp thj 27/05/2010 36 Phan Minh Ngoc 2008 Sources of Vietnam's Economic Growth Progress in Development Studies, 37 Roseland, M 2005 Toward Sustainable Communities: Resources for Citizens and their Governments Chapter http://www.sfu.ca/cscd/publications/tsc/Chapt er_1.pdf 38 Ross, M 1999 The Political Economy of the Resources Curse World Polities, Vol 51 39 Ross, M 2007 Mineral Wealth, Conflict and Equitable Development WAAw.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/ross/Mine ralEquitableDev.pdf 40 Sachs, J D & Warner, A M 1995 Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Grovidh Development Discussion Paper No 517a, Harvard Institute for International Development 27 43 Stijns, J P 2001a Natural Resource Abundance and Economic GrovAh Revisited www.economics.neu.edu/papers/documents/0 5-002.pdf 44 Stijns, J P 2001b Natural Resource Abundance and Human Capital Accumulation weber.ucsd.edu/~carsonvs/papers/69.pdf 45 Torvik, R 2007 Why Some Resource Abundant Countries Succeed While Others not? Paper to be presented at Oxcarre Launch conference, Oxford University www.oxcarre.ox.ae.uk/wpcontent/uploads/ton/ik.pdf 46 Victor, P A 1994 Natural Capital, Substitution, and Indicators of Sustainable Development Third Biennial Meeting of the International Society of Ecologial Economics San Jose, Costa Rica 47 WB (Worid Bank) 1997 Expanding the Measure Wealth Chapter 2, wbln0018.woridbank.org/ /3dc00e2e462402 3585256713005a1 d4a/aa228cb86afc7ec1852 5671c00570418/$FILE/chap2.pdf 41 Sachs, J D & Warner, A M 1997 Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Gmwth Center for International Development and Harvard Institute for International Development viww.cid.harvard.edu/eiddata/wamer_files/natr esf5.pdf 49 WCED (Worid Commission on Environment and Development) 1987 Our Common Future, http://www.eytv4scf.net/ocf02.htm#l 42 El Serafy, S 1989 777e Proper Caeulation of Income from Depletable Natural Resources Washington DC: the World Bank 50 WHO (Worid Heath Organization) 1998 Health Promotion Grossary http://www.who.int 48 WB (Worid Bank) 2006 Where is the Wealth of Nations?, http://web.worldbank.org