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NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG O MIEN DIEN T R i r d C THE KY XIX LE THI Qui DlfC Tnrang Dai hpc Supham Dai hpc Hui T6m tat Nen giao due tmyen thong ton tai lau ddi d Miin Dien duac thi hi?n mot each day d[.]
NEN G I A O DUC TRUYEN T H O N G O M I E N DIEN T R i r d C T H E KY XIX LE THI Qui DlfC Tnrang Dai hpc Supham - Dai hpc Hui T6m tat: Nen giao due tmyen thong ton tai lau ddi d Miin Dien duac thi hi?n mot each day dii qua be thdng, chuang trinh va phucmg phap giao due Tir dd, nen giao due ay da co nhirng anh hudng, tac dpng quanffpngdin xa hpi Mien Di?n, dua dat nude Phat giao ffd mot vuong qudc hiing manh tmdc bi ngudi Anh xam chilm Tu kh6a: giao dpc, tmyen thing Miln Dien, dil ky XIX HE THONG, CHUONG TRINH, N Q I DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP G U O DUC TRUYEN THONG MIEN DIEN Trudc kM ngudi Anh thyc hien chinh saeh giao due d Miln Dien (nim 1854) thi giao due ciia dit nude dugc thyc hien dudi hai hinh thiic: giao dye ffong nhi chua vi giao due tai nhi Trong dd, nam gidi dugc giio due ffong cic nha chiia, cdn nii gidi chi dugc phep din cic din milu ffong nhirng dip d§c biet - dugc giio due tgi tu gia [4, ff 46] Trong hai loai hinh ffen, giio due nhi chiia ddng vai ffd chu dgo ffong nen hgc vin truyen thong cua Mien DiSn, *Hi thdng gido due: U% thdng giio dye nhi chiia d Miln Dien tgp trung ffong cic kyaung - trudng hgc ting vien Hgc sinh cac kyaung dugc gpi la kyaung-tha Nhi chua d Miln Dien ffong nMlu thi ky khdng chi li nai sinh hoat van hda tam linh cua ngudi dan ma cdn la trudng hgc chinh, giao due em ngudi Mien va cac tgc ngudi theo Phat giio khac tgi Mien Dien [6, ff 249] Ndi each khic, kyaung dam nhin hai vai ffd, vua la trudng hgc vira la cic ngdi chiia [4, ff 46] Vi vay, nd thu hiit su tham gia hgc tap cua ca nhiing ciu be khdng hoic chua cd y dinh ffd nha su Tuy nhien, ben canh tinh phd thdng, muc dich cbung ciia giao due nha chiia vin cd dinh hudng cho ngudi hgc sau ffd tiianh nhi su Do dd, ngi dung giao due cic kyaung s6 gdp phin true tilp vao muc tieu xay dung nhiing ky nang toan dien de ngudi hgc ffd thinh mpt nha su thuc thu ffong tucmg lai [2, ff 59-60] Mien Dien, ffong mdi ling ban hay thj diu cd trudng hpc nhi chua (kyaung), ddc lap vdi su kiem soat cua chinh quyIn trung uong [4, ff 46] Vi viy, chuang trinh giao due ciing nhu chit lupng ciia ndi dung kiln thiic dugc tinyin day d day la khdng hoan toin dong nhit Tbeo tmyin thdng, dd mdi di hgc cua ffe em Mien Dien la tir tudi vi ket thiic tir 16 din 20 tudi - ngudi hgc hoan chucmg trinh giao due ca bin Sau dd, hg cd the lua chgn mpt ffong hai dudng: mot Id, trd ve cudc sdng binh thudng cua ngudi din; hai Id, tilp tuc cugc sdng M hpc tgi chua vdi tu cich la mdt nha su diyc su [7, ff 106] Trong qui trinh hoc dd, ngudi hgc se tam dirag den hudng de tham gia vao cdng viec ddng ang nhu thu hogch lua kM vao miia vu [4, ff 46] Dieu mdt phin the Men quan Tap chi Khoa hgc va Giao dye Tnrong Dai hoc Su pham Hue ISSN 1859-1612 S6 03(27)/2013:tr 109-118 LE THt QUI DUC dilm gin liln giira hoat ddng hpc tap vdi lao dpng sin xuat ciia nIn giao due truyen thdng - phu hgp vdi mgt dit nude liy ndng nghiep lam nIn tang nhu Mien Dien Ngoai mdt sd hgc sinh chi den ldp vio ban ngiy, cung cd nMeu ngudi d hin ffong chiia Sau mdt hogc hai nam, nhiing hgc sinh d ban ffong chiia se dugc lam le thu phong tgm thdi - ffd ngir&i m&i tu (Samanera) Sau 20 mdi, neu quylt dinh tiep tuc d lai ffong chiia, Samanera se dugc lam ll thy phong cMnh thiic de trd nhd su that sy (Upasampada) *Chuang trinh gido due: Sau hoan chuang ffinh tieu hgc d cic kyaung vdi rihung budc chuin bi ban diu cho cupc sdng m hinh, ngudi hgc se chuyen len giai doan tmng hgc (ko-yin) Bgc hgc vin dugc tien hanh d cac kyaung, song chuang trinh giang dgy dugc nang cao ban Mac dii chuang trinh chii yeu vin Uen quan den ton giio, nhung ngudi hgc se phai ngMen ciiu mgt cich nghiem tiic cac van bin Phat giao, cau kinh, ngMen ciiu tieng Pali (de dgc va viet kinh) cung nhu thyc hanh an kieng sau moi budi CMIU [2, ff 59-61] Diy la giai doan ma ngudi hgc phai tir bd tit ci nhiing hara mudn trin tuc, mdt budc chuin hi quan ffpng vi day khd khan cho cugc sdng tu hanh sau [2, ff 59] Theo quan niem cua ngudi Mien, mgi ffe em nam Mien Dien deu la mgt Diic Phat tiem an Trai qua nhilu kiep tii sinh, luin hdi, neu ludn cd ging phin dau theo dudng cua Dire Phit, diia ffe dd se ffd Phit Ca hai bic tieu hgc va trung hgc deu dugc tien hanh ddng thdi d thi va ndng thdn Mien Dien Tuy nMen, sau giai dogn ko-yin, neu mudn tilp tuc dudng hgc hinh, ngudi hgc se phii den cac trudng chiia d tbi de tham gia vao bgc hgc cao hem, Bdi nh&ng nha su - giao vien du kha nang day bac hgc thudng tap trung d day tbeo yeu cau ciia vua Mien Dien d dd, ngudi hpc se nghien ciiu cac van ban ve nbiing tu tudng ciia Phat giio hoan toan bang tieng Pali Vdi nbiing k)' nang v i kiln thirc vl tdn giao dugc trang bi kbi hoin chinh d bac hgc nay, ngudi hgc neu quyet djnh tilp tuc su ngMep giao due ciia minh d trudng chiia thi kM den tudi 20, ngudi hgc se dugc lim le thu phong chinh thuc de trd mdt nhi su, Hoic vdi cac kien thiic hgc dugc ffong cic trudng chiia - chii yeu thien ve tdn giio va xa hgi han Ii ylu td kinh te, ngudi hgc se cd dugc nhiing nIn tang dao diic can thiet de trd ve cugc sdng cua nhiing ngudi din binh thudng vdi tu cich la mgt thinh vien cCia cdng ddng Cung xuit phit tir mdi lien he mat tMet giiia hoing gia vdi Phit giio ndi chung v i cac trudng chiia d Miln Dien ndi rieng, hiu hit nhiing ngudi nim cac vi tri quan ffgng ffong bp may hanh chinh cua Miln Dien liic biy gid diu xuit thin li nha su Ben canh dd, chuang trinh giio due truyin thdng d Miln Dien cdn bao gdm giao due nghe nghiep, giao due cho nu" gidi (d miic dd nhit djnh) va giio due thi chat Mpt hgc cua nhung hgc sinh ffong cic kyaung diln nhu sau: 4''00 - 4''30: thirc day Trudc 00: tham gia cac mdn thS thao de ren luyen sire khde nhu bai idi, cudi ngya 7''00-8''00:tirhoc 00- 11 00: thyc Men nMem vu ciia ngudi tu hanh Tnrdcl2''00:nghiffua NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG MIEN DIEN TRU6C THE KY XIX III 12''00 - d'^OO: hgc nbiing mdn bgc cac nha su giing day 18^00-20''30:dn bii 2l'^00:ngMngai[7,ff 107] Nhin chung, mac du cic mdn hgc the tuc dugc dua vao chuang trinh hpc ffong cic kyaung nhung sd lugng ciing nhu pham vi giing day ciia chiing rit han cbl Ndi dung giang day ciia cic trudng chiia chu yeu vin la nhiing van ban lien quan din Phat giio, nhim muc dich phat trien dao diic va tinh thin cho ngudi hgc, djnh hudng cho hg ffd thinh nhiing nha su ffong tuong lai * Npi dung gido due: Giao due truyen thdng d Mien Dien ddng nghTa vdi viec ngMen cuu ve dgo diic, giio ly Phat giao, v§ dac diem, su phit trien cua dao dire vi tinh thin [8, ff 290] Do dd, ffong nen giao due Phit giio (nha chiia), ndi dung chu yeu li "ngMep" (kamma), rin dgy ve nhung gi xiy sau hanh ddng cua ngudi Nghiep dgy hinh dgng nao la tdt, li xiu va viec chju ffich nMem ddi vdi nhiing hinh ddng dd Theo quan niem ciia nhiing phat tii Miln Dien, ling ldp cao ffong xa hpi la nhirng ngudi d i tich luy dugc nMeu nghiep tdt ffong qui khii, v i dia vi xa hpi vdi nhiing dac quyen hien tgi ciia hg la su phan anh ket qua cua nghiep tdt dd Trii lgi, nbiing ngudi d nhirng ting ldp thip han la khdng tich luy dugc nMeu nghiep tdt, hoic gay nhung nghiep xiu Vi vay, de cd dugc dja vi cao ffong xa hpi, ngudi cin phai tang cudng nghiep tdt cua bin than, thdng qua Ngu gidi (Five Precepts), sy hao phdng, tdn ffpng ddi vdi Sangha (Tang doan - cdng ddng nha su Mien Dien), giao vien va ngudi Idn mdi Die biet, d Miln Dien, nhung ngudi dugc xem li tich My nghiep tdt nMeu nhit, han ca nhiing ting ldp cao xa hgi thi tuc la cic yien ffong Sangha Hg la tim guong vl mgt cugc sdng mlu muc, kiln thiic uyen bac vl Tam tang kinh (Tripitaka), li nhiing giao vien ly tudng ffong mat cua ngudi din Mien Dien Cic mon bpc lien quan din Phit giao tiiudng dugc giang day d bac tiiu hgc ffong cic kyaung d Mien Dien bao gdm: - Nhung bai tiio md ti vl cMin thing cua Diic Phat ddi vdi Mara "ma quy" Trong dd, dl cap din chiln thing cua Diic Phat ca ben ffong lln ben ngoai bin tiian Ngai Cac khd tha vl nhiing chiln thing dd la nhung bai hpc ve dgo Phat diu tien ciia ngudi Mien Dien - Kinh Mangala-sutta (Kinh Dilm linh - Phude diic - Hanh phiic): la mdt bai tom tit rd ring vi diy du vl nhOng luan ly cua dgo Phit, cho ci nhin va xa hgi Ba muoi tam dieu phuac diic ffong kinh Mangala-sutta la mdt hudiig din tMit ylu cho dudng ddi Bit diu la "lanh xa ke xiu ac" vdn la cin ban cho cic tiln bd luin ly va tim linh Hanh tri tbeo nhimg ldi day ffong bii ke Ii dudng chic chin dua den ddi sdng hai hda va tien bg cua ca nhan cung nhu cua xa hgi, qudc gia, \a nhan loai - Kinh Singalovada-sutta: li nhung ldi khuyen ciia Due Phit danh cho nhung ngudi dan ong tt'e, dugc thi hien bing nhung doan tho bang tieng Mien Kinh Singalovada-sutta LE THI QUI DUC dugc chgn dl giang dgy nhim giiip hgc sinh y thirc ve ffach nMem v i nhiem vu cua ban than ddi vdi nhiing quyet djnh da lya chgn, - Lokamti; de cap din nhirng quy tic va nguyen tac dao diic ngudi tu hanh - Shm kyint wut: de cap din nhiing quy tic, quy dinh ddi vdi mdt Samabera - ngudi mditu - Parritta: la mgt tip hgp gdm 11 bai diln thuylt dugc lya chgn ffong kinh dien Pali, Nghien ciiu Parritta nham ngin chan ma quy vi dem lai phudc lanh Ddng thdi, ffang bj cho ngudi hgc kha nang thuc hien cac nghi ll kM bg dugc thu phong De viec tim hieu, hgc tap, tiep thu nhiing ndi dung cua cic vin ban Phit giao ffen dugc dien thuan lgi, cac kyaung - tha sau vio hgc d kyaung, dau tien, hg se duac dgy dgc va viit chii Mien Dien Mdt dieu dang luu y li cac trudng chiia md cho tit ci nam gidi Mien Dien, ffong sd dd, khdng phai ciing tham gia vdi mong mudn cd dugc su giii thoat, cuu rdi ffong tam hdn ciia ban thin m i cd nMeu ngudi vao hgc dan gian chi li de tim kiem co hdi dugc giao due Vi vay, ngoai cac mdn hgc lien quan den Phit giao, cic kyaung cdn phii xay dyng mdt chuang trinh giing day ffong dd, bao gdm mgt so mon hgc thi tuc co ban, nham dip ung nhu ciu ciia ci tdn giio va x i hdi Su thay ddi khdng dien ddng bd ffong cac kyaung ffen khap Mien Dien Nd dugc bin than cac su tru tri ddng thdi li hieu trudng cic trudng chiia thyc hien cho phu hgp vdi nhu cau ciia hgc sinb mdi trudng bac tieu hpc, mdn sd hgc dugc dua vao giing dgy vai muc dich dao tao cho ngudi hpc cd kha ning tinh toan am lich de xic dinh ngiy thing tien hinh cac nghi ll cung nhu lich gieo ffdng mua vu ffong ndng ngMep Vi vay, ngoai nhung van ban lien quan den Phat giao, cic mdn hpc ca ban cua kyaung dugc the hien ffong cdng thire R's (read, write, arithmetic - dgc viet, sd hgc) Den bac trung bgc, ngudi hgc sg cd ca hpi dugc tim M6u nhiing van bin quan ffgng cua Phit giio bao gdm: ngii phap Kaccayana, Abhidhamma tthassangaha va Patimokkha Trong dd, ngii phip Kaccayana cung cip kiln thiic ve ngii phip Pali, AbMdhamraa tthassangaha la sy tom tit cua Vi dieu phap, vi Patimokkha dl cap din Lugt tgng Trong tilng Mien, ba van ban niy dugc gpi ngin ggn la Thaida (ngii phap), Thingyo (tom tit) va Vinee(ky lugt) [5, ff 45] Chuang ffinh giang dgy cung cip cho ngudi hgc nhirng dieu kien cin tMet cho viec hgc d bac cao hem Nhilu mdn hgc thi tuc dugc dua vao chuong trinh giang dgy d bac tmng hgc, ngoai R's cdn cd cac mdn thien vin hgc (astrology), y hgc (medicine), toan hoc (mathematics), phep thuat (magic) va phip lugt (Imv) [1, ff 50-52] Nhung sd lugng kyaung cung cip nhfing mdn hgc la rit hgn chi (chi cd trudng Lokuttara d Toungoo va trudng Bagaya d Amarapuran) Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cd ke hogch d lai lau dii ffong cic kyaung se dugc cung cip mdt chuang ffinh hpc mang tinh chuyen biet, tap tmng chu ylu vao giao phip (Dhamma) va gidi luat (Vinaya) Nhiing ngudi theo dudi chuang trinh doi hdi phai ti^i qua m^t qui ffinh ren luyen nghiem khic vl tinh thin Ddi lai, sau hg cd ca hdi ffd nhiing ngudi lanh dao cua Sangha Thien vin hgc va y khoa van tilp tuc dugc nhin NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG O M E N DIEN TRUOC THE K Y XIX manh ffong chuang trinh giang day d bac hgc Ngoai cic kien thiic ffen, cac trudng hgc d thinh thj cdn cung cip nhiing kien thiic ve le nghi hoang gia, xd\' dung vd cdc hogt ddng san xuat khdc [2, ff, 60], Diy dugc xem la nhirng mdn hpc rit cin tMit ffong cudc ddi cua mgt nha su Mien Dien Trach nMem cua cic nha su, la xay dyng chiia chien, cic trudng hgc nha chiia - kyaung ciing nhu phuc vu hoang gia Nlu cac nha su khdng dugc tim Meu nhiing mdn hgc ffen thi hg khd cd the cd dugc nhiing kiln thiic \ a ky ning cin thilt dl hoin vai ffd cua minh Trudc kM ngudi Anh xim luge, Miln Dien cd rapt ddi sdng cung nhu ca ciu kinh tl rit don giin Trong mdt to chiic x i hdi nhu vay, cic kyaung nhin thiy ring khdng cin tiult de dua giao due nghe ngMep vao npi dung giing day chinh thiic d cic trudng hge Thay vao do, ngudi hgc se ty tim hieu thdng qua viec hpc nghe tai cac ca sd nghl khic (nhu hinh thuc bgc vi8c hien nay) Tre em Mien Dien thudng giiip cha me hg hang nhiing cdng viec ffen cac canh ddng hoic ffong cac xudng sin xuat nhu: xudng ren, xudng sira chiia banh xe, xudng mdc, xudng to, xudng det Ddi vdi nhiing nganh nghe ddi hdi ky thuat cao hon nhu son mii, nghe thugt cham khac gd, nga, lam dao kiem, dieu khac, kien tnic ngudi hpc se dugc tiep can thdng qua viec hgc nghe vdi nbiing ngudi tbg lanh nghe [9, ff 2] Trudc the ky XDC, cugc sdng cgng ddng xa hdi Mien Dien di cung cip nhiing dieu kidn thich hgp de nien Mien Dien cd the ren luy?n ve the chat Hau nhu mgi men Mien Dien liic biy gid deu thao cic mdn boi Idi, cudi ngua, diu kiem, dau vat, dim bdc kieu Miln [9, ff 2] d Miln Dien cd cau ngu: "Mgt ngu&i ddn dng thdt hgc gidng nhu mdt ngu&i mit, mgt ngu&i phit nir khdng biit thiu thiia Id mgt ngtr&i vd dung"[9, ff 3] Dieu cho thiy ngudi Miln dl cao mdt ngudi phu nii: chu toan viec ndi trg ban la mdt ngudi phu nii bilt dgc vilt Hg quan mem ring, vdi phy nu, nhimg kha ning nhu dgc vilt cM cd tinh chit ffang tii chii khdng phai la dilu thiet ylu ffong cugc sdng Vi viy, d Miln Dien, ty le vl trinh dp van hda eua phu nir Ii rat thip Nhung radt dieu ding luu y d day la, du phin ddng nir gidi Mien Dien khdng cd kha ning dgc viet, song hp la nhiing ngudi cd giao due Ngay tii nhd, hg d i dugc dgy lam nhiing cdng viec ffong gia dinh vdi muc dich chuin bi nhirag nIn ting cin thilt de ffd mgt ngudi ndi trg thuan thyc Igp gia dinh *Phuffngphdp hgc tap - ddnh gid: Trudc tiie ky XIX, giao due nhi chua d Miln Dien thudng dugc gin liln vdi ten ggi la tiudng hpc vai phuang phdp nghien a'ru vdn bdn khdng chinh thtrc Bdi ffong cic kyaung boat ddng giang day dugc tiln hinh ma khdng CO bit cir mgt giao ffinh giang dgy chung hay mgt hmh tinic kiem tra dinh gia tip trung nio Tit ca diu nim ffong tay cic su tru ffi (abbot) cung ddng thdi la Men trudng cua ffudng hpc nhi chua Dilu dd cd nghTa la cac kyaung dugc hoan toan ty viec thilt kl giao trinh va danh gii hpc sinh cua minh Ddng thdi, d do, cic hgc sinb khdng dugc khuyin khich bing cic phan thudng mang tinh vat chat ciing nhu khdng cd bing cip nio dugc ffao LE TH! QUI DUC Nhiing hgc sinh ffong cic trudng chiia d Mien Dien (kyaung-tha) thudng hgc mgt vin bin nhilu lin dudi su hudng dan cua mdt hoac nMeu giio vien khac cho den nim vung nd Sau qui trinh "dao x&i" va nam viing cic van bin dd, ngudi hgc dugc ggi la Kyangyipauk Mdt ffong nhiing die tinng ciia phuang phap nghien ciiu van ban khdng chinh thirc ffong nIn giio due tmyIn thdng d Miln Dien la viec khdng cd hinh thiic kilm tra dinh gii chinh thiic nio dugc ap dung cho cic trudng chiia toan qudc Vi vay, tiiy thudc vao su lua chpn cua mdi kyaung, se cd nhiing each danh gia hpc sinh khac nhau: ngudi hgc dugc giio vien danh gia nhu mdt zar-so ; hoic dugc giio vien giao nhiem vu giang day mdt sd vin ban ca ban cho cac ldp nhd ban; hoic dugc yeu ciu viet mgt cudn sich hay mgt bii Man bang tien^ Pali ve mdt vin bin ngudi hgc hoic giio vien lua chpn; hoic ngudi hgc dugc yeu cau thuyet giang vio nhiing tring ffdn Qua mdt ffong cic hinh thirc dd, ngudi hgc se chdng td dugc kha ning tiep thu cua ban than ddi vdi cic vin ban Phit giao Din thi ky XVII, giio dye tmyen thdng Mien Dien chiing kien mdt su thay ddi mang tinh budc ngoit Dd li su chuyen ddi tir phucmg phdp nghiin cuu khdng chinh thuc (nhu da de cap d tren) sang phuang phdp ddnh gid chinh thirc vdi cac giao trinh chung va cac ky thi tap trung Nhung vin de la, chii the thyc hien su thay ddi khong phai la cac su try tri - hieu trudng cic kyaung hay cic vien lanh dao cua cgng ddng Phit giao ~ Sangha ma la qudc vuong Mien Dien Thalun (1629-1648) Sy thay ddi xuit phit tir ylu td chinh tri Trong sudt the ky XVI-XVII, nMlu qudc gia d khu vyc Ddng Nam A diu tien hanh chien ffanh md rgng linh thd nham ciing cd de che ciia minh O Mien Dien, viec xay dyng mgt qudc gia manh bit dau tii the ky XVI vdi cudc chinh phuc cua vua Mien Tabinsheweti (1530-1551) d cic khu vuc Pegu, Arakan, cic bang ngudi Shan, Martaban, Prome, Ayuthaya Den diu the ky XVII, Thalun len ngdi vua d Miln Dien (1629-1648), vdi mong mudn ffi va md rpng de che dugc xac lip tir thdi vua cha Nyaungyan (1599-1605) De hoin muc tieu do, ve mgt quan su, Thalun cho xiy dyng mot lyc lugng quan dgi vdi sd lugng Idn Kit qua la, nam 1635, lyc lugng quan dpi Mien Dien ting 20 lin, tir 20.000 ngudi Ien 400.000 ngudi Trong kM dan sd Mien Dien liic cM cd khoing ffieu ngudi Dieu cd nghTa li 1/5 dan s6 Mien Dien dang tai ngu [5, ff 65] Ve mat x3 hdi, Thalun cho xiy dung rit nhieu tang vien d Pegu, sau tgi Ava De xay dung lyc Mgng quan ddi cung nhu cic cdng trinh ndi tren, mgi nien ffang kien ciia Mien Dien diu phai tham gia Trong kM dd, tit ca cac vien ciia Ting doan deu dugc mien nghTa vu quan sy va lao dich Do viy, dudi thdi cai tri cLia Thalun, mdt sd lugng rat Idn nien Mien Dien lgi dung nIn gido due nhi chiia de budc chin vio Tang doan, ffanh viec lao dich ning ne Trudc tinh hinh dd, mgt bien phap hieu qua de hgn che tinh trgng la vua Thalun phai lenh ap dung cac ky thi - kiem ffa chinh thiic nham loai khdi Sangha nhiing vien khdng du trinh do, qua dd, bd sung ngudn nhin lire dap iing nhu cau ciia dit nude liic biy gid Theo quy dinh nay, nhung ngudi vorgt qua ky kilm tra chinh thiic mdi dugc lam ll thu phong, ffd Thuat ngCr diing de chi ngiroi gioi nhat mpt lap hpc dira tren sir danh gia cua giao v NEN GIAO DUC TRU^TN THONG M E N DIEN TRUOC THE KY XDC thanh vien ciia Sangha Ngugc lai, hg phai ffd ve cugc sdng the tuc de thyc bien nghTa \'u ciia ngudi din binh tbudng, Tuy nhien, ddi vdi Sangha, binh ddng ffen ciia vua Mien dugc xem nhu mpt sy can tMep qua sau vio boat ddng giao dye vdn liu hoan toan cic tang vien kiem soit Do dd, chu truong i p dung I^ tM chinh thuc cua Thalun di khdng duac Sangha chip nhan Den thdi trj vi cua vua Bodawpaya (1782-1819), mdt lan niia, viec ap dung cic ky tM cMnh thiic dugc nha vua dua vdi hoin cinh va myc dich tuong ty nhu dudi thdi vua Thalun Dudi thai Bodawpaya, k> thi tip trung dugc mang ten la Pathamapyan Nim 1784, cd 12 vi giam khao dugc chi djnh tham gia vio Hdi ddng dinh gia thi sinh [5, ff 85], Do khdng nhan dugc sy ung hd cua gidi su tang, vua Miln bupc phii l?nh cho mdi su tiu tri d cic trudng chiia phai cii it nhat mgt hgc sinh tham gia vao ky thi Pathamapyan Vdi kinh ngMem tir sy thit bgi ciia Thalun, Bodawpaya da thyc Men mgt sd bien phap de thu hiit ngudi bgc tham gia vio k\ thi chinh thiic TM smh tham dy ky tM dugc ggi \kPathamasar tawpyan - "thisinh tuyet v&i ciia ky thi hodnggia" [5, ff, 85] Ddng thdi, vua Miln cdn khen thudng cho cic tM sinb tham gia vao ky thi ca ve vit chit iin dia vi xa hgi Trong kM do, Sangha lai tilp Mc thi hien sy phan ddi ciia minh, bdi hp mudn giii Igi hoan toin sy nr ffong quan ly giao due Han nii'a, hp cho rang, cac ky tin chinh thiic vdi cic bing cip cung nhu nbiing phin thudng ve vit chit dugc ffao cho thi sinh sS lam hdng tim hdn ffe tha cua bpc sinh - nhiing ngudi mdi tu [5, ff, 89] Trong kM Phat giao vin cdn la qudc giio ciia Miln Dien, cdng ddng Sangha vin cd vai ffd vd cimg quan ffgng ffong ddi sdng tinh thin cua ngudi din thi sy phan ddi ciia hg da trd mpt ffd luc qua Idn ffong viec ip dyng 1^ tiii chinh tinic cua cac vi vua d Mien Dien Nhu vgy, tir thi k\' XVn cho din trudc Anh kilm soit hoan toan Mien Dien, hinh thiic giao due ffuyin thong ffong cac ting vien vin dugc ffi kha manh song song vdi sy phat ffiln hgn chi ciia binh thiic giao due nha nude kiem soit ANH HUONG VA T A C D O N G CUA NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG (3 MIEN DIEN Sy tdn tai hang ngan nim cua he tiiong giio due nhi chiia thdng qua cic kyaung cd y ngMa rit quan trpng doi vdi ngudi din, Phit giao, xi hdi Mien Dien cung nhu cic giai doan phat ffiln vl sau ciia qudc gia - Ddi v&i ngu&i Miin: ffudng hgc nha chiia la nai cung cip kiln thiic, ca hpi hpc tap rdng rai cho nam gidi Miln Dien Dd li 1\ giai tMch tai ffudc kM Uiuc din Anh xim luge Miln Dien dit nude li mot ffong nhirng qudc gia cd ty le ngudi bilt dgc, bilt vilt cao nhit d khu vuc Ddng Nam A [6, ff 249] Nhirng du khach phuang Tay kM din Miln Dien diu in mgng bdi sy tdn tai cua mdt nIn giio due phd bien cho ddng dao nam gidi d dit nude Dilu ding ndi li he thdng giio due iy cdn tdn tai kha lau tnrdc kM he tiidng giio due cua phuang Tiy - noi ma cac nuac thuc din ludn tir hao vdi truyin thdng vin hda, tu cho minh cai quyIn di "khai hda vdn minh " cho cac dan LE THI QUI Dtrc tdc khic ffen the gidi, ffong cd cac nude Chiu A - ddi Nam 1569, Ralph Fitch da den thira Pegu va ke ring "ngu&i Mien Diin di hgc cho den ndm 20 tudi hogc nhieu han the nira" [10, ff 17], Ve tmdng bpc nhi chiia, San Germano den Mien Dien nim 1783-1806 da md ti cac ting vien "nhr nhung tnr&ng hoc vd thdt su la nhirng tnrang hgc nhdt tgi vuong qudc nhiim xni gido due dirge thuc hien hoan toan b&i cdc nhd su"[lO, ff 17] Nim 1931, J S Furaivall, mdt sir gia ngudi Anh nghien ciiu vl Mien Dien da viet rang: "Mgt tram ndm tru&c ddy Tdng doc nguai Anh ddu tien dd tuang thugt rdng: "hau hit moi ngu&i (& Miin Diin) diu cd the dgc vd viet Mac dii bdn bdo cdo cd phdn nao co y thdi phdng sir viic song chac chdn rdng ly- le ngu&i ddn cd thi dgc vd viet (& Miin Dien) cdn cao han nhiiu so v&i ntr&c Anh " [3] Vdi ndi dung giang dgy tip trung nMeu vao vin de dgo diic, giio due nhi chiia khdng chi dgy cho ngudi Mien cai chii, cich de tdn tgi ma cdn day hg cich de sdng nhu mgt vien ffong cdng ddng - Ddi v&i Phdt gido & Miin Diin: nen giao due truyen thdng Mien Dien chu yen gan lien vdi he thdng giio due nha chiia Day chinh la dieu kien thuin lgi di Phat giao cd the an sau bam rl ffong ddi song tinb than cua ddng dao nhin dan Mien Dien tir rat sdm Ndi dung giio due chii yeu la tun hieu kinh dien Phat giao lam cho ngudi dan tham nbuin nhung tu tudng, giio ly ciia dao Phit, gop phin quan trpng vao viec cimg cd vi tri ciia Phit giio vdi tu cich la qudc giio d Mien Dien - Ddi v&i xd hdi Mien Diin: cac trudng chua la sgi diy ket ndi va tri nhiJng gia tri vin hda quan trgng - dugc tiep thu va giii gm tii nhiing gia tri vin hda ciia hai nIn vin minh ling gieng An Do vi Trung Qudc - nhiing nen vin minh phat triln rye rd ffen thi gidi, die biet sau Mien Dien bi ngudi Anh thdn tinh hoan toan nam 1886 Kyaung la mpt thyc the dgi dien cho ca hai tru cot tix)ng x i hdi Miln Dien li tdn gido (Phdt gido) vd gido due Vdi sy tdn tgi ciia he thdng cic kyaung m i cic gii tri vin hda tinyln thdng cua ngudi Mien Dien khdng hoan toan bj mat di Do dd, nd cd vai ffd quan trgng ffong viec lim giam bdt nhiing tie ddng, nhirng cit sdc ve sy khac biet vin hda xuit hien ffong qua tiinh Anh sip nhap Miln Dien vio lanh tiid An Dp fliugc Anh - Su dnh hu&ng ciia nin gido due truyin thdng Miin Dien th&i Icy Miin Diin thudc Anh: Nen giio due ffuyen thdng ciia Miln Dien da tao nen nhiing thugn lgi nhit dinh cho viec ip dung chinh saeh giao due cua chinh quyIn thyc dan vao thudc dia Viec nir gidi dugc giao due (du chi la tai nha) cung d i tao dilu kien dl Anh cd till kit hgp nen giio due cho nii gidi vio he tiiong giio due tiiupc dia ciia Anh d Miln Dien sau niy Ben canh do, nhung khd khan raa nIn giio due tmyIn thdng Miln Dien dem lai cho chinh quyen thudc dia cung khdng nhd Do cai ffi d mgt dit nude ma trinh vin hda cua ngudi din thuge vio loai cao nhit d khu vyc vdi sy tdn tai liu ddi cua he tiidng giao due nhi chua nen ffai qua gin mgt till IQ- kilm soat va cai tti Miln Dien, chinh quyen thudc dia Anh da phai nhieu lin thay ddi chinh saeh giio dye Su tdn tgi lau dai ciia cic kyaung cung nhu viec phin doi chinh saeh giao dye thudc dia ciia cdng ddng su ting d Mien Dien da can ffd rat Idn ddi vdi viec md rgng he thdng giao due cua chinh NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG MIEN DIEN TRUOC THE KY XDC quyen thyc dan, tir tdc dd, quy md phit trien he thdng trudng ldp cho den sd lugng hgc sinh LE TBI QUI Dirc KET LUAN Nhu vay, cd thi thiy, ffong sudt thdi gian dai trudc Mien Dien bj Anh sap nhap, giio due ffuyin tiidng Miln Dien da dugc Mnh thinh Nen giio due iy phu hgp vdi cudc song xS hdi Mien Dien dd Mdt cugc sdng don gian va gin lien niem tin ciia ngudi vao ddi sdng Phat giio Giira cugc sdng vi giao due d Mien Dien cd mdi lien he rit gin gui Ndi cich khac, cugc sdng ay la giio due Sy tdn tai liu ddi cung nhu nhiing gi ma nIn giio due tiuyin tiidng d Miln Dien lam dugc d i tgo nen nhung tic ddng, anh hudng to Idn ddi vdi xi hgi, Phat giao cung nhu ngudi dan Mien Dien Trudc kM Mien Dien trd thuge dia cua fliuc din Anh, nen giao due vdi cic kyaung trudng hgc nha chua d thyc sy la mdt su chuin bj cin tMet va hieu qua cho the he Ire Mien Dien budc vao cugc sdng Su tic ddng dd keo dai den cac giai dogn phat ffien vl sau ciia qudc gia nay, d§c biet dudi thdi thupc Anh TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Bode (1995) Buddhism and Law: The View from Mandalay, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies,No\ 18, No Candy J (1958) A History of Modern Burma, New York: Cornell University Fumivall J S (1931) An Introduction of the Political Economy of Burma, Rangoon: Burma Book club Preface Harvey G E (1945), British Rule in Burma 1824-1942, London: Faber and Faber Khammai Dhammasami (2004/ Between Idealism and Pragmatism ~ A study of Monastic Education in Burma and Thailand from the Seventeenth century lo the present, St Anne's College Iran Khanh (chu bien) (2012) Lfch sir Ddng Nam A, tdp IV, NXB Khoa hoc xi hpi Ha Npi Lily T, K D Colonial education in Burma and Malaya: The move away irom Indian education polic, Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Sffategic Studies Rahula W (1956) History of Buddhism in Ceylon, M D, Gunasena, Colombo, Supdt, Govt Printing and staty Union of Burma Rangoon (1956) Octennial report on Education in Burma (1947-1948 to 1954-1955) U Kaung (1963) A Survey of the history of Education in Burma before the British conquest and the after, Journal of the Burma Research Society, vol XLVI, December Title: THE TRADITIONAL EDUCATION IN BURMA BEFORE NINETEENTH CENTURY Abstract: The Uaditional education has existed for a long time in Burma has expressed fully through the educational systems, programmes and approaches Since then, it has the important influences and impacts on Burma society, brought this Buddhism country to become a powerfiil kingdom before the British invasion Keywords: education,ttadition,Burma, 19"" century ThS LE THI QUI DUC Khoa Lich sii Tmdng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hul ... nMem vu ciia ngudi tu hanh Tnrdcl2''''00:nghiffua NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG MIEN DIEN TRU6C THE KY XIX III 12''''00 - d''^OO: hgc nbiing mdn bgc cac nha su giing day 18^00-20''''30:dn bii 2l''^00:ngMngai[7,ff... Thien vin hgc va y khoa van tilp tuc dugc nhin NEN GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG O M E N DIEN TRUOC THE K Y XIX manh ffong chuang trinh giang day d bac hgc Ngoai cic kien thiic ffen, cac trudng hgc d thinh... de ffd mgt ngudi ndi trg thuan thyc Igp gia dinh *Phuffngphdp hgc tap - ddnh gid: Trudc tiie ky XIX, giao due nhi chua d Miln Dien thudng dugc gin liln vdi ten ggi la tiudng hpc vai phuang phdp