Vài nét về người ấn Độ ở Hải Phòng (giai đoạn cuối thế kỷ XIX đầu thế kỷ XX).pdf

\yVai net ve ngUdi An Dp d Hai Phong (giai doan cuoi the ky XIX dau the ky XX) N G U Y I I N THI HOAI PHUdNG* H M Phdng Id mdt dd thi ddi khd mudn nhtmg thap men cudi cua thg' ky XIX, eimg vdi sG tao lap cua mdt thUdng cang kiem qudn cang eiia ngUdi Phdp cf Bic Ky Trong Hch sG Mnh va phdt trien, Hai Phdng da la ndi hdi tu eua nMeu luong cu ddn ca vd ngoM nudc KM nhac tdi cde edng d i n g ddn cU d HM Phdng thdi Phap thugc, ngGdi ta thudng ngM dd'n nhCmg ngGdi chau Au (ma ehu yg'u Id ngGdi Phap) d khu phd Tay, nhflng ngGdi Trung Qud'e d khu phd Khdeh vd nhCttig ngGdi dan Vidt (ban xG va tG cdc tinh ldn c | n ve) d cae lang xa ngoai vi phd Song, bgn eanh nhGng edng ddng eU d i n ed sd lugng ddng, cd vM trd quan trgng ddi sd'ng kinh te, vdn hda, xa hdi eua thi d cang thi cdn ed eae nhdm cU ddn khde vM sd lugng it hdn nhU ngGdi Anh, ngGdi DGc, ngUdi Nhat, ngUdi An Do Dti cMem mdt phan rat nhd ed ea'u dMi cU eiia phd, thdi gian sinh sd'ng khbng dM song edng ddng ngUdi An Dd da de lai nhflng da'u an nha't dinh ddi sd'ng kinh td', vdn hda, xa hdi d HM Phdng giM doan eud'i the ky XIX dau the ky XX Ddng Nam A ndi ehung da Id diem den cua nhieu thUdng nhan, nha truyen gide ngUdi An Do tG nhOhg the' ky dau Cdng nguyen NhiMg nhd budn bi hd'p din bdi vang, bae vd bUdng lieu Id nhtmg ngudi di tien phong, sau dd Id nhtmg tu si Bdlambn va nhCftig nhd sG Phat giao "dang ehdy bdng tinh t h i n truyen gido", nhuttig ngUbi thude dang edp Kshatriyas (vo si) dang hy vgng phuc hoi lai tM san cua minh bang long dung cam vd sU hilu big't qudn sU, vd nhtmg thg thu cdng tim cdeh eai tMgn vi tri xa hdi cua minh va dieu kien vat chit ed tay nghe cao da tim de'n cac nUdc Dong Nam A'^' Trong hch sG hinh thdnh dan tgc Viet Nam, d ca khdng gian vdn hba thdi tien-sd sG deu khbng t h i khdng n h l e tdi vM trd eua vdn hda An Do: miln Bdc Viet Nam vdi truyen thuye't ve sG Khau Da La, ve eae sG tang tG An Do dg'n truyin giao, de'n sG phdt trien eiia Phdt gido qua cdc thdi ky lich sG ; mien Trung va m i l n Nam Viet Nam vdi vM trd cda dao Balamdn eung nhG dd'u I n eiia vdn hda An Do van hba cua vGdng qud'e Chdm pa, vGOng qude Phu Nam'^' Tuy nhidn, bang di vM the' ky XVII-XIX, nhGng bien ddng ddi sd'ng eMnh tri d DM Viet - DM Nam, hoat ddng vd vM trd eua ngudi An Do it duge nhae tdi TrUde het, phai ndi tdi nhQng eugc di cU eua ngUdi An Do de'n Ddng Nam A, den Viet Nam ndi ehung vd de'n HM Phdng ndi rieng Co t h i ndi, cung vdi nhu eau trao doi De'n eud'i the' ky XIX, dau thg' ky XX dd budn b i n , cting vdi sU lan tda cua nen van diln mdt dgt di ddn mdi cua ngUdi An hda An Do, Viet Nam ndi rigng vd khu vUc Do de'n Dbng DUdng thude Phdp NhGng f Ths Nguyen Thi Hodi PhUdng, Khoa Lich sd, TrUdng BH KHXH va NV, DHQGHN Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 9/20l4_ ngUdi An Do tG nhGng vung lanh tho eiia Phap nhG Pondicherry, KarMkal vd Mahe da b i t dau de'n Ddng Duong de kie'm viee lam vd budn ban Sau dd, nhung ngUdi An Db tu Gujerat, Sindh eung de'n Vdo ndm 1910, ed khoang 1.000 ngudi An Do tren todn Ddng Ducmg*^' Sang de'n nhCttig nam 30 eiia the' 1^ XX, theo Charles Robequain, mdt sG gia kinh te' ngGdi Phdp, sdeh Su phdt triin kinh ti cua Phdp d Bdng Duang, cho big't; cd khoang 1.000 ngGdi An Do tG nhOtng vtmg cua Phap d An Do Hg song chu ye'u tai eac p h i d Nam Ky, dac biet d SM Gdn vd hg sinh sd'ng bIng budn vai, mdi gidi vd cho vay tien Robequain cung cho big't them la cd nhOng ngGdi An Do khac Id t h i n ddn Anh qud'c sinh sdng ehu ye'u d Nam Ky va CampucMa vd tie'n hdnh cdng viee mdi gidi vd cho vay tien Hg chu ye'u de'n tG vting Madras, mdt sd' tG vung Sindh An Do v l n giG gin nhtmg net vdn hda ridng O Sdi (jdn, hg da xdy dUng nen bon ngdi den thd dao Hindu va thudng t^p hop tai cac ngdi den ndy nhOng ll hdi hay lign hoan cua edng ddng minh Song, eude khdng cMg'n chd'ng Phdp vd chd'ng My eiia ngGdi Vigt Nam, nhQng ngudi An Do d nUdc ta da gidn tid'p ung hd de' qud'c My va chinh quyen \ ^ e t Nam Cong hda, ndn sau cMen t h i n g mua xuan nam 1975, nhtmg ngudi An Do d Vigt Nam vi lo ngai ve an ninh trat tG da ve nGdc, eM ed dg 60-70 gia i^nh An kilu da d lai'^' (SM (jdn - TG) Dd Id nhflng thbng tin ve ngudi An Do d Ddng DUdng ndi ehung, Viet Nam nbi rieng, vd giM doan eud'i the ky XLX dau the ky XX, phan dbng ngUdi An Do sinh sd'ng tai mien Nam Viet Nam Trd lai vdi edng dong ngudi An Do d HM Phdng Nhtmg thdng tin ve edng ddng eU dan ndy vd cung It di Trong nhuhg gM chdp ve dan sd eua phd nam 1893 eo ndi dd'n 600 i^udi Au, 400 Hoa kieu vd 200 ngudi ehdu A khac nhu An Do, Nhat BMi*^l Bdo eao ddn sd phd nam 1902 gM nhdn mdt "dieu mdi me" Id cd 41 ngudi Nhdt BMi va 29 ngudi An Do Ngudi Nhdt BMi cd mgt vM cM nhMih thGdng mai, hM nhd chGa dUdc quan ly trdng pham vi gia dinh Cbn ngGdi An Dd, ke sinh nhM ciia hg ehu ye'u ldm dd'c cdng hay eho vay cd the ehap*''* Trong nhCttig gM chep ve hoat dgng eua edng ty Xi mdng Poocland Dong DUdng eting nhac tdi "nhuttig cdng nhan Viet Nam lam viec dUdi sU cM huy ciia cdc dd'c edng ngudi Hoa hay ngGdi An" Song, ne'u nhQng ngGdi An Dd diu Cbng nguyen mang den eho Ddng Duong mdt nen vdn hda phong phu tM nhQng ngudi An Dd cua mgt nghin nam sau du da "tM thig't lap mdt sgi day hdn lac cu dUdi mdt hinh thGe mdi" nhGng lai ed rat It ddng gdp vl van hda NhCmg ngUdi An Do thude Phdp dGdc chinh quyen thUe dMi uU dM cho nhOttig vi tri thuan lgi ehinh quyen va boat dgng ldnh doanh Hg dd trd thdnh nhimg ngudi budn bdn va eho vay nang IM eb tie'ng Vi du nhU doanh ngMep Chetty ndi tie'ng vdi "mgt nGa sd ndng dan d Ddng DGdng phM vay tiln cua Chetty", va dti "ed nhtmg Mim nguy bdi vide eho vay khdng ed the' chip" hay "IM sua't md ngGdi cua NMn ehung, nhuhg thdng tui dUgc gM Chetty ap ddt khdng cao qua quit nhU IM chgp ve nhdm cG dan An Dd (sd iGong, ddi suat eiia Hoa kieu" nhGng nhd doanh sd'ng kinh td', xd hdi, sinh hoat vdn hda) ngMgp Chetty van "thu dugc nhCfng mdn ldi thGc sG rat it di Trong bg mdy chinh quyen khong Id O SM Gdn cd ba dd'n bdn phd eua cua phd (nhi^ Uy ban tU van, sau nhung nha doanh ngMep An Do ndy"*** Id Hdi ddng thdnh pho') ludn c6 su Men hOU Trong ddi sd'ng vdn hda, nhQng kilu dan ciia dai dien cdc cdng dong cG dan Phdp, Nguyen Thi Hodi Phuong - Vdi net ve ngudi An Bo d Hdi Phdng 81 Hoa, Viet md chUa bao gid xuat Men mdt dan dia phUdng d khu vde chd Cd Dao (HM thdnh vien ngGdi An Do cung phan ndo cho Phdng) v i n cdn nhd nMeu de'n nhOhg ngudi t h i y vM trd md nhat boat ddng ehinh "Tdy den" (ngGdi An Dd - TG) tnldc day tri cua nhdm cU dan An Do d day Tuy vay, thudng budn bdn vM d khu vGc chd ndy so vdi cdc nhdm cU dan cMg'm so lugng it di Thee dd, khu vUc chg Cd Dao (nay la dudng d thdnh phd (nhu ngudi Anh, ngGdi Nhdt Tran Nhat Duat) tnldc day vGa la ndi d vGa Ban ,) nhdm cG ddn An Do da de lai nhtmg Id ndi budn vM cua ngUdi An Do Ca khu dau ve't nhat dinh ddi sd'ng kinh te', phd cung la chg, pMa tiong Id ndi d, pMa van hda cua thdnh phd' ngoM Id ede cGa hdng ehu yeu bdn cde loai Ve boat ddng kinh te': Ngoai trU viee ldm vM da Cd t h i , ngGdi An Do cM budn ban thug cde nha mdy, xi ngMgp vd d nho, lam dai ly trung gian nen khdng thiy cang HM Phbng tM hM linh vUc kinh tg' vM trd ciia hg viec true tig'p xua't nhap chinh md nguM An Do tham gia d dd thi cang nhu thUdng nhdn ngUdi Phap hay HM Phdng Id eho vay nang IM vd buon ban ngudi Hoa d HM Phdng Ve ten ggi cua vM vde Tuy nMen, tren Iinh vdc cho vay dudng/ chg Co Dao, nMlu ngGdi dan cho ndng IM, ne'u nhU khoang thdi gian rang ten ggi ndy cd lign quan den nhd thd ndy d SM Gdn nhflng ngUdi An Do (md Hoi gido eiia ngGdi An Do d ndi day, mdt thudng dugc ggi la ngGdi Chetty) kiem vi M si, dan gian ggi Id Cha cd', sang lap nhflng mdn tien ldn nhd viec eho vay Dau sao, dd cflng Id each giM thich ciia dan khdng the chap vd IM suat vGa phM tM d gian cho mdt ten ggi eua mgt dGdng, HM Phbng boat ddng cho vay ndng lai khu chd dd tdn tai hdng tram nam (thGdng dGde ggi Id cam do) gan nhG Id linh tidng ldng phd Chg Cd Dao Mbn vGe dgc quyen cua ngGdi Hoa Trong cac gM v l n cdn, nhUng khdng budn ban vM nGa ma ehep ve boat ddng cam d l cf Hm Phdng thdi chuyin sang buon ban ede mat bdng thiiy thugc dia hau nhU khdng nhac gi dd'n vM hM sMi - dde trung cua thdnh phd biln tid cua ngUdi An Do Sau ndy, kM doanh Trong ddi song vdn hda, nhflng ngGdi nhan Bach ThM Budi cdng tren An Dd d HM Phdng da xay dung mdt nhd thuong trUdng da diu tu vdo kinh doanh thd Hdi gido g i n ke vdi khu vUe sinh linh vUc cam dd tM doi thu eanh song vd budn bdn eua minh Dd Id mgt nha tranh chinh ye'u cua dng d HM Phdng eung thd nhd d phd' vudng gdc vdi phd ehd Co cM thay nhac den la nhflng Hoa kieu giau Dao (nay la dudng Nguygn Khuye'n), md cd vd dugc tu ban Phdp ehe chd ma khdng dan gian quen ggi la chua Tay Den Day thay n h i c de'n nhCmg ngudi An Do tiong linh vUc ndy Cd le, sd lugng dan cG it, khdng cM Id noi thUc Men cdc ngM ll tdn IM khdng dGdc t l chGc "phGdng hgi" gido ma cdn la noi hdi tu cua nhQng ngGdi de tGdng trd nhu nhflng ngUM Chetty An Do ede ngdy le hay cae boat dgng d SM Gdn nen cd t h i boat ddng cho vay IM ehung cua cong ding NgGdi dan dia cM Id mdt hinh thGc kinh te' eua mgt sd it phGdng cho bie't sau nam 1955, giM phdng thdnh phd HM Phong tM cdng dong ngUdi ngudi An Cf HM Phdng md thdi An Do d day da di cU (cd t h i hg ve nude Trong hoat ddng budn bdn, khdng hodc di chuyin den mgt vung dat khae thay nhung gM chdp v l boat ddng xuat nhu di cG vdo SM Gdn, Viet Nam), chinh nhdp khau cua ngUdi An Do qua cang HM quyen thMih phd da cM tao ngbi nhd thd phdng nhimg qua ket qua khao sdt, ngGdi ndy nhd tre, sau cM tao thdnh Nghien cifu Ddng Nam 82 trGdng tieu hge Sau nay, ygu ciu md rong ed sd vat chd't cua cde S& ban ngdnh cung nhu viec tMe't lap he thd'ng trudng hgc cde eap, Uy ban Nhan ddn thdnh phd HM Phdng chuyen Trung tam Ve smh Dich t l thude Sd Y te' HM Phbng ve dia diem De'n nam 1985, Sd Y te' ehuyen sang tru sd mdi, Nhd xuit ban HM Phdng chuyin ve dia dilm nhd thd Hdi gido Trong hdi Gc eua nhuttig edn bg Nha xuat ban, nhtmg dau tig'p quan, kM nao vet chile gie'ng co khudn vien nha thd, hg dd tim thay mgt tGdng thd binh diu ldn bang gb hm (vat to tMeng Udng eua ngGdi Hii giao) nhung rat tie'e hg da khbng lUU giG dUde tUdng thd Hien nay, nhu cau sG dung cae khdng gian, toan bd ke't eiu ben eua nha thd dd dUdc cM tao ehia ede phbng ldm viec Tuy nMen, nhQng kien true dde tnmg cua nhd thd dao Hoi nhu cGa quay ve hUdng Tay - hUdng eua ngon nm than Mem, cac cot tiu trbn, cGa vbm cham tro hoa van uon lugn, vd dac bidt la nggn thap tren cd bilu tGdng mat trdng vd ngbi van dGge bao ton kha nguyen ven Ha Ndi ed nha thd Hoi giao Jamia Al Noor d sd 12 Hang LUdc xay dUng vao ndm 1890 cd nhflng net kie'n tnic tGdng til nhG nhd thd Hoi giao (chtia Tay den) d phd HM Phdng Nhd thd Men vln boat ddng vdo thU hdng tuan, phuc vu cho nhung tin ciia khu vUc Hd Ndi vd mdt sd tinh lan can Cdn ngdi nha thd Hoi gido d HM Phdng da thay doi hoan toan ehUe ndng sG dung, eung khdng phM Id mgt di tieh da duge xep hang eua thdnh pho, song tam thGe dan gian ddy van la mgt eong trinh tdn giao (dUde ggi la ehua) vd nhtmg dang net kien tnic v l n duge bao ton khd td't A9t20l4^ hinh thdnh vd phdt triln ciia dd thi Hai Phdng eho t h i y ro tinh hdi tu "tG chieng" tiong egng dong dan eU day NhGng nhdm CG dan ca va ngoM nGdc da etmg tdn tai, dan xen, ctmg hda nhip tao nen sU soi dgng dM sd'ng kinh tl" eung nhU tao ndn nhcmg sic mdu van hda ddi sdng tdn giao, tin ngUBng cua thdnh phd HM Phbng nda dau the' ky XXV CHU THICH R.C.MMjumdar, Ancient Indian Colonisation in South East Asia, ddn theo Nayan Chanda, "NgUdi An Db d Viet Nam" Ngo van Hba trich dich, Tgp chi Xua vd nay, so 227-228, thang 1/2005, tr.65 Xem thgm: Geetesh Sharma, NhUng ddu vit vdn hda An Dp tai ViH Nam, Nxb Vdn hoa Van nghe thdnh phd Hi CM Minh, 2012; Luong Ninh, Lich sU viiong qude Champa, Nxb DM hoc Qude gia, Hd Noi, 2004; LUdng Ninh, Vuang qud'c Phu Nam Lick sd vd V&n hoa, Nxb Vdn hba Thong tin Ha Nbi, 2005 L'Indochine, numero speciM, hors serie, Dec, 1922, ddn theo Nayan Chanda, "NgUdi An Dp d Vigt Nam" Ngo Vdn Hba trich dich, Tgp chi Xua vd nay, so 227-228, thdng 1/2005, tr.65 Nayan Chanda, "Ngudi An Do d Viet Nam", Ngb Van Hba trich dich, Tgp chi XUa vd nay, sd 227-228, thdng 1/2005, tr.66 Geetesh Sharma, Cdc quan he Viet Nam An Dp tu the ky I din thi ky XXI, Hd Duy dich, Nxb Lao dbng Ha Npi, 2006, tr.30 Nguyln Thda Hy, Trinh Nggc Vign, 'Vdi ngt vl sir ddi cua thdnh HM Phbng", Tgp chi Nghiin ciiu Lich sU Hdi Phong, s i 3/1986 Gilles Raffi, Hdi Phong - Ngudn gdc, diiu NMn lai vM trd vd boat dbng cua nhdm kien vd thi thdc phdt trien cho din n&m 1921, LATS Lich sG, Bm hgc Ting hop eU dan ngGdi An Do vd ddnh gid vl vM trb, Provence, 1994, tr.222 vi tri cua nhdm cG dan lich sG