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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0021 Educational Sci , 2016, Voi, 61, No 3, pp 3 9 This paper is available online at hltp''''//sldb,hnue edu vn PHAT TRIEN CHUONG TRINH DAY HOC DINH[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2016, Voi, 61, No 3, pp 3-9 This paper is available online at hltp'//sldb,hnue.edu.vn DOI: 10.18173/2354-1075.2016-0021 PHAT TRIEN CHUONG TRINH DAY HOC DINH H U N G NANG LlTC Nguyen Van Cifbng Dai hgc Potsdam Cong hoa Lien bang Ddc Tom tat Trong tam cua viec phal Irien chUdng trinh day hoc dinh hudng nang lUc la viec xay dUng md hinh nang lUc va chuan ddu cua mdn hpc, tif dd lUa chon cac chu de va ngi dung dgy hoc Chuan ddu mfi ta cac nang ldc ma ngUdi hpc mdt Ihdi diem cu the qua frinh hgc tap can phai dat dUdc Viec xac dinh cac khai niem cd sd hay cac IU lUdng chil dao ciia mon hpc hd trd cho viec tap trung viio nhflng nfli dung cd ban ciia mdn hpc Tit khda: Chuan, chifdng trinh day hoc, nang lUc, md hinh nang lUc Mci dau Cbuyen tif day hgc djnh hUdng ngi dung vdi muc tieu truyen thu he thong tri thdc khoa hgc chuyen mdn sang day hoc djnh hudng nang lflc vdi mue tieu phdt trien kha ndng vdn dung kien Ihlic, kT nang vao viee giai quyet eae tinb huong thue tien la xu hUdng quoc te gido due nay, dac biet td sau nam 2000 Sy chuyen bien trttdc het la yeu cau ciia sU phdt trien kinb te va xd hdl va qua trinh loan cau hda Tuy nhien ITnb viic li luan day hgc thi cau hdi phat trien va ihUc hien cac chUdng trinb day hoe djnh hudng ndng lUc nhU the nao thi dUbng nhy tai chUa duoc tra ldi mgt each rd rang Trong pham vi quoc le, hien cd sU da dang vd rat khac biet ve viee phat trien cac ehUdng trinh day hpc djnh hudng nang lUe, Id each bieu ve khai niem ndng lUc den viec xdy drfng cac md binh nang lUe cung nhU ttia chpn cbu de va ndi dung day hoc cae mdn hgc Trong qua trinh ehuyen ddi cd ca nhiing sai tam, nhU xem nhe ndi dung cd ban va linh he thdng Clia tri thii'c chuyen mdn, dan den viee anh bUdng den chat lifOng day hpe Gid day, d mdt so chUdng trinh day hoc ngUdi ta phai su:a chfla nhflng sai lam bang each phat trien chfldng trinh day hoc mdi Bai viel trinh bay long quan mgi sd khai niem cd ban phat trien chfldng trinb day boc dinh hudng nang lUe cbo eae mdn hoc tren cd sd tham khao kinh nghiem quoe te, ddc biet la kinh nghiem tfl CHLB Dflc, Idm cd sd cho viec phal Inen chfldng ttinh dmh hfldng ndng Iflc Noi dung nghien curu 2.1 Khai niem nang lu'c Phat trien chfldng trinh day hgc dinh hudng nang Iflc can bat ddu tfl each hteu khdi niem nang lflc Cd rat nhieu djnh ngbia khac ve khai niem ndng lflc, luy nbien kbdng cd mgt djnh nghia dddc thfla nhan chung Cd the dfla nhflng dae trflng cd ban ciia khai niem nang lflc nhfl sau: Ngay nhan bai: 5/1/2016 Ngay nhan dang: 10/2/2016 Lien he' Nguyen Van CiTcfng, e-mail' vancuong@uni-po.!iidam de Nguyen Van Cifdng - Nang Iflc chi kha ndng cua cd nhdn viec dap flng mdt yeu eau xdc djnh - Nang lflc mang ti'nh phflc hdp, cd sfl tham gia ciia nhieu phan thupc tinh tdm If - Ndng lflc djnh hudng ea nhan va dat dUdc thdng qua kinh nghifm - Nang lflc khdng the va ddnh gia trflc tiep mil can thdng qua tfch hoat ddng Ngay sfl phat tnen ciia khoa hgc, cdng nghe vd xd hdi ddn den tfnh chat, edng eu va quy trinh Iao dgng ludn bien doi NgUdi cd ndng Iflc can cd kha nang giai quyet cdc van de nhflng tinh huong Iudn Ihay ddi [7] va dd cung can cd sfl sdng lao Cd nhieu loai ndng lflc khdc Khai niem nang lflc d day dugc hieu ddng nghia vdi nang lire hdnh ddng theo nghia rdng, trpng tfl va hanh dfing luon cd sfl IflOng tac Ian Tfl cd the hie'u: Nang iUc la khd nang thflc hifn edng cac boat ddng, giai quyet cac nhiem vu va van de cdc tinh hudng xac dinh eiing nhfl cac tinh hudng thay doi, tren cd sd van dung kien tbflc, ki nang, dong cd, y chi, suy nghi thau dao va flng xfl cd trach nhiem cua ca nhan 2.2 Mo hinh nang lu'c chung Cac md hinh nang tflc chung md ta eac linb vUc ndng lflc ehung eho mgi mon hgc ciing nhif moi linh vflc hoat dgng cua eon ngfldi, khdng phu thude vao cdc mdn hgc hay ITnh vflc hoat dgng cu the Md hinh ndng lflc ehung la cd sd dinh hfldng eho vifc xdy dflng md hinh ndng lUc cho cac mfin hgc Cd nhieu mo hinh ndng Iflc chung khac nhau, khfing cd mdt md binh thdng nhat Sau ddy Id mdt sd md hinh ndng lflc chung 2.2.1 Md hinh Iinh vUc nang lUc Cd the phan chia cac ndng lflc ciia moi Iinh vflc hoat ddng eiia ngfldi tbeo ITnh vitc nang tfle cd ban ta: - Nang lflc chuyen mdn - Nang lflc phfldng phdp - Nang lflc xahdi - Nang Iflc ca the (ndng lflc tfl chu) Md hinh dfldc sfl dung phd bien d Dflc tfl nhflng nam 1990 ITnh vflc gido due nghe nghiep va nhflng nam 2000 Irong cdc chfldng trinh gido due phd thdng chuyen sang chfldng trinh dinh hudng nang lflc Khi ngfldi ta sfl dung md hinh cho tat ea cac mdn hpc va eu the hda chiing theo ddc thu cac mdn hgc khac [5], Uu diem eua md hinh la chi phan nang lflc cd ban eua bat cfl ITnh vflc hoai dgng, nghe nghiep nao Nd cung chi rang ben canb hf thong cac ndng lUc cbuyen mdn nhu kiln thfle, ki ndng eua mdn hoe, edn can phdt trie'n d ngUdi hoc cae nang Ifle phfldng phap (bao gdm ca phfldng phap hpe tap), nang tue xd hdi va nang tflc ed the Tuy nhien cung c6 nhflng phe phdn d6i vdi mc hinh nay, dd la sfl phan tdch cac thiinh phdn ndng lflc vdn ed lien quan ehdt che vdi nhfl nang Iflc chuyen mdn va nang luc phfldng phap Tfl dd, van dung md hinh ndy cd nhflng sfl dieu chlnh nhat djnh, nhfl kbdng lach rieng nang lUc phfldng phdp ma tich hdp vao eac phan khac Vi du khung trinh dp Dflc, mo hinh ndng lflc gom^bai linb vflc Idn la nang luc chuyen mdn (bao gdm kiln thflc, ki nang) va nang iflc canhan (bao gdm ndng Iflc xahdi, ndng Iflc tu chu) [2], •fn"" Phdt triin chUema trinh dgy hoc dinh hUe'Jnn ndng IUL 2.2.2 Md hinh cac nang Iuc then chot theo OECD Trong ldl lieu "Dinh nghia va lfla chgn cac nang lUc then chot" cua To' chflc Hdp iac va Phdt tnen Kinh te (OECD) ngUdi ta dUa md hinh cdc ndng lflc then chdl, dfldc sap xep pham trii Bang la cac nang lflc theo md hinh cdc nang Iflc then chot cua OF.CD [6] Bdng Cdc ndng hjc then chot (Nguon: OECD 2005) Ndng lflc I-A: Kha ndng sfl dung tfldng tdc ngdn ngfl, ki hieu va van ban Ndng Iflc -B- Kha nang sfl dung tfldng tac tri thflc va Ihdng tin Ndng Iflc l-C: Kha nang sfl dung IUdng tdc cae edng nghe Ndng Iflc 2-A Kha ndng tri eac mdi quan he tdt vdi nhflng Pham trii nang Iflc 2: ngfldi khdc Tudng tac cac Nang lue 2-B Kha nang hdp tdc nhdm khdng ddng nhat Ndng luc 2-C: Kha ndng giai quyet cae xung dot Nang luc 3-A: Kha ndng bdnh ddng cac bdi cdnh Idn Pham tru nang Ifle Kha Nang luc 3-B Kha nang to chflc va thflc hien cae ke hoach cudc ndng hanh ddng tfl ehii sdng va dfl dn ca nban Ndng luc 3-C: Kha ndng nban Ihflc eae quyen, Idi i'ch, gidi han va cac nhu cau Pham trii nang lflc I: Sfl dung mdt cdch tfldng tdc eac phUdng tien thdng tin va cdng cu Md hinh cdc ndng lflc then chot dfldc khuyen nghi dung lam khung dinh budng cho viec ddnh gia nang lflc cung nhfl cbo viec hgc tap suot ddi Md binh cbi cac ndng Iflc chung cd y nghia then chot cho khd ndng cdng ciia ngfldi Irong eugc sdng Tuy nhien md binb khong de cap den pham trii nang Iflc ehuyen mdn neng Md hinb hien dfldc van dung theo nhflng each thfle va mflc dd khac Irong phdt trien chUdng trinh day hgc d Dflc va nhieu nudc khdc 2.3 IMo hinh nang liTc cac mon hoc Md hinh nang lflc cdc mdn hgc md ta cac ciic ITnh vflc nang lUc irong mdt mdn hgc ehuyen mdn Viec xay dflng md hinh nang lflc eua mdn hge can cfl vao dac thii cbuyen mdn ciia tflng bd mdn dong thdi cung cd sfl phu hdp vdi md hinh nang Iflc chung Cac ndng lflc cua mdn hgc gdp phan thflc hien cdc ndng lflc ehung Cac ITnh vflc nang lUc thudng dfldc xay dflng eho mpt mdn hpc thdng nhdt d lat cd cac cap Md hinh nang Iflc mdn hgc lit cd sd cho viee xay dung chuan va chfldng trinh day hgc Cd the phan biet hai dang eua md hinh nang lflc mon hgc la md hinh cae ITnh vflc ndng tflc vd md hinh cac bac ndng Iflc, dd la hai mflc dd phdt tnen cua md hinh ndng Iflc mdn hgc 2.3.1 Mo hinh cac ITnh vUc nang Iuc Md hinh cac Iinh vflc nang Iflc eiia mdn hgc Id md hinh nang lUc dd md ta cac ITnh vflc nang lflc cua mdn hgc, moi ITnh vflc nang tflc bao gom mdt so nang Iflc phdn nhung chfla cd sfl phan chia cae bdc ndng tflc khac Vi du md binh nang lflc ciic mdn khoa hoc tfl nhien (Vdt li, Hda hpc, Sinh vai) d Dflc hien dfldc xay dung Ihdng nhat, bao gdm eac ITnh vflc nang Iflc sau [4] Nguyen Van Cudng - Tri thflc chuyen mdn: Lam viec vdi cdc tri thflc khoa hoc tfl nhien - Chiem ITnh kien thflc: LTnh hdi kien Ihfle vdi eac phudng phap khoa hgc lfl nhien - Giao tiep: Thilt lap va trao doi cac thdng tin lien quan den mdn hge - Danh gid: Nhan biet va ddnh gia cac sfl kien khoa hoc tfl nhien cac boi canh Tren ed sd md hinh ndng Iflc cac khoa hpe tfl nhien cdc mdn Vdl Ii, Hda hgc, Sinh vdt cu the hda dac thu bp mdn md hinh cae linh vflc ndng Iflc rieng cua mdn hoc cung nhfl cap hpc Ndng lyc khoa hQC lu nhien 2.3.2 Mo hinh bac nang lUc Md hinh bdc nang Iflc cua mdn hoc la md hinh Hinh I: Mo hinh cde ltnh vUc ndng luc ndng luc dd md la eac bae nang Ifle khae khoa hoc tU nhien tflng ITnh vUc ndng lflc Ddy Id sfl phat trien tiep Iheo cua md hinh cdc ITnh vflc nang tflc mdn hgc Md hinh bac ndng lUc cua mdn hgc ddc biet ho trd viec ddnh gid tfch hoc tdp iheo cdc bae nang Iuc Trong md binb bac ndng lflc mon hpc cd su ket hgp cfla cdc phUdng dien sau: - Cdc linb vflc ndng Iflc cua mfin hoc - Mfi td cae nang lflc theo cdc bac theo tfnh phflc hdp eua ndi dung - Phdn dnh cae mflc dp khae cua qud trinh nhdn thflc ffinh khdng gian ba ehieu sau ddy minh hoa phUdng dien cua md hinh bdc ndng Iflc cua eac mfin khoa hpe tfl nhien khudn khd mdt du an thfl ngbiem d Dflc Mo hinh ndy bao gdm bac Irinh dd khac Qua trinh nh^n thiic • Bac 1: Sy kien • Bac 11 su kifn • Bgc 111 moi quan Iif • Bac IV moi quan he B.ic V khiii mem bgc cao Tinh phiie hyp Cdc ITnh v yc nang luc Linn vice vdl kicn lliiic Ihu nhiin kien Ihuc tiiao Hep Danh aid Hinh 2: Mo hinh bdc ndng lite cua khoa hpc ttf nhien (Nguon: KMK 2013) Phdl trien chUOn^ Irinh elgy heK- dinh htfdng nana lUc 2.4 IMo hinh cac bac trinh dao tao Md hinh cac bdc trinh ddo tao md ta khung trinh bao gom nhieu bac trinh khac Ifldng flng vdi cdc giai doan khdc ciia mdt qua trinh dao lao dai han, nhu khung trinh gido due phd' thdng, khung trinh dp giao due ehuyen nghiep, Vf du trinh dd gido due thdng giai doan giao due bdt bugc tfl Idp den ldp 10 cua cac bang Beriin va Brandenburg bao gom bac ttinh khae [I] Khung trinh dao tao chuyen nghiep Dflc cung nhfl cua chdu Au dung cbo cac giai doan tfl dao tao nghe den ddo tao dai hoc vd tren dai hoc eung deu bao gdm bac trinh dd khdc [2, 3] Md hinh cae bdc trinh hay khung trinh dd ddo tao la cd sd cho viec xay dflng chuan va chfldng trinh day hgc cac mdn hgc Moi mdt bac trinh dao tao tfldng flng vdi mdi khoi ldp hgc nhal djnh d mgt loai hinh muc lieu dao lao xac djnh 2.5 Cac khai niem cd sol/ tU tudng chu dao cua mon hoc Trong phal trien ebUdng trinh day hge, cac khai niem cd sd hay "lfl Ifldng ehu dao"cua mdn hgc dfldc hie'u la nhflng kel ndi cd eau true cac khai niem If thuyet va md hinh cd lien vdi nhau, dtlde hinh tfl viee he thdng hda mdn hgc nham md td cac qua trinh vd hien tfldng cd ban cua mdn hgc Cae thuat ngfl "khdi niem cd sd", "khai niem cd ban", "tfl tfldng chu dao", "y Ifldng Idn" ("basic concepts", "fundamental concepts", "great ideas") dfldc sfl dung ddng nghia va khdng thdng nhdt iren pham vj qudc te, nhflng cho den da trd eae yeu id cd bdn phat trien ehUdng trinb dgy hpc, phuc vu cho viec tdp trung vdo kien thflc cd ban cua mon hoc Cdc "khai niem cd sd"/ "lfl tfldng chu dao" chfldng trinh day hoc thfldng bao trum cdc khai niem, sfl kien, nguyen tae va cdch tu rieng le, tap trung vao ede quan he, nguyen tac va qua trinh Idn hdn Dd la nhflng nhan thflc rgng, quan trong, can chfla ndi dung md ngUdi hoc van lflu gifl dfldc Idu ddi mac dii cd the hg da quen eae ndi dung chi tiet Vi du cac „khai niem cd sd"/ "tfl tfldng chu dao" toan hgc la: so, ludng, khdng gian va hinh dang, quan he ham so, dfl lieu va ngau nhien, day hgc Vdt Ii Id nang Ifldng, he thdng, vdt chat, tae ddng qua lai, day hgc kT thuat la muc dich-phfldng tien-he qua, he Ihong va qua irinh, phdt trien va ddi mdi 2.6 Chuan giao due (chuan dau ra) Chuan giao due cua mdn hgc quy dinh cac nang Ifle chuyen mdn ma ngfldi hpc d mpt thdi diem eu the qua trinh hoc lap (cuoi mdt nam hpc nhal dinh ndo dd) cdn pbai dat dflde d ede ndi dung tdm cua mdn hgc dd Chung tap trung vao cdc ITnh vflc bat nhdn cua mdn hgc Chuan gido due de cap d day Id chud'n dau (chuan ndng Iflc) ciia mdn hpc Viec xay dflng cac chua'n dUa tren md hinh nang lUc cua mdn hgc Chua'n dau md ta yeu cdu can dat doi vdi cac nang lflc dUdc xac dinh Irdng md hinh ndng Ifle cua mdn hgc Tfldng flng vdi mdi ITnh vflc nang Iflc cd mdt so chuan dUdc dUa Dd la chuan djnh hudng qua trinh hay chua'n dinh hfldng hanh ddng Vice xdy dflng chud'n cung can dfla tren cac khai niem cd sd cua mdn bpc Dd ta eac ehuan djnh hfldng ndi dung Cdc bac trinh dp dao tao eiing la ed sd eho viec xay dflng chua'n dau cua mdn hoc Kbi sfl dung md hinh cac bac ndng lflc, thi chua'n se dfldc chia Idm nhilu mflc khac nhau, IUdng flng vdi cac bac ndng lflc Chuan dfla tren eac bac ndng lflc cd y nghia dac biet vifc ddnh gta ndng lflc Sau day la vi du bang cdc bac ndng lflc va cac chud'n tUdng flng mdt dfl an thfl nghiem d Dflc [4]: Nguyen Van Cudng Bang Cdc bdc ndng lUc vd chuan Chuan Cac bac nang Iuc Chuan tdi flu (toi da) V Chua'n trung binh cdng IV Chuan trung binh m Chuan tdi thieu n I Dfldi chua'n toi tbieu { 2.7 Cac budc phat trien chirong trinh day hoc Trong giao due phd thdng, chUdng trinh day hoc khung Id chfldng trinh quoc gla mang tinh bit bugc dd quy dinh nhflng muc tieu, chuan dau ra, nhflng ehii de va ndi dung day hgc cung nhu nhflng dinh hfldng ve phfldng phap day hgc va danh gia ChUdng trinh day hoe khung la cd sd phdp If cho vifc xay dflng chfldng trinb day hpc npi bd va viec thflc hien qua trinh day hpc cdc trUdng hgc Ve phfldng dien quan li quy trinh phat trien chfldng trinh day hoc khung bao gdm cac giai doan cd bdn la: Xay dung dfl Ldy y kten Sfla chfla dfl thao chudng phan bien xd thao chUdng trinh mdi hdi cho dfl trinh dfla thed cdc thao chfldng tren y kien dinh hfldng trinh phdn bien mdi Hinh Quy trinh chung phdt triin chugng trinh dgy hpc Ldy y kien, danb gid chfldng trinh hien hanh Ban hanh va ho trd trien khai chUdng trinh mdi Ve phfldng dien li ludn day hge, eac bfldc ed ban xay dung chfldng trinh day hgc djnh hudng ndng Iuc cho cdc mdn hpc cu the bao gdm Md td muc tieu day hoe ehung cua mdn hgc Phiit trien Xac dinh cac Xay dflng Lflachon mfi blnh khiii niem cd chuan dinh cac chii de nang lUc cua sd/ tfl Ifldng -J bfldng hanh va npi dung mdn hoe, chu dao cua ddng va npi chinh cua md ta cdc mdn hgc dung chu de ndng tuc Hinh 4: Cdc bddc xdy dung chifpng trinh day hpc cdc mon hpc -^ Ket luan Viec phat trien chfldng trinh day hgc djnh hfldng nang Iflc cd sfl khdc biet vdi phdt frien chfldng trinb day hgc truyen thdng Trong tdm eua viec xay dflng chfldng trinh day hgc dinh hfldng ndng lflc la viec xay dflng md hinh nang lflc va chud'n dau cua mdn hpe, tren cd sd dd Ifla chpn cdc chu de va noi dung day hoc Chfldng trinh day hoc dinh hudng ndng lflc chii trgng tfnh tfl Iflc cua ngfldi hpc viec chiem ITnh tri thflc eung nhfl van dung kiln ihflc de giai quylt cac tinh huong gan vdi thflc tien, chii ttgng phat trie'n ndng lflc giao tiep va ddnh gid lien quan den ehuyen Phdl trien chifdng trinh elgy hen elinh hUe'ing imn}- hh mdn Tuy nhten chfldng trinh day hgc dinh hfldng ndng lflc khdng xem nhe tn thflc chuyen mdn Chfldng Irinh day hgc djnh hfldng nang lflc yeu cau nhieu bdn ve nang tfle, quy djnh ft hdn ve ndi dung day hge chi tiet nhflng tap trung vao ndi dung cd ban cua mdn hgc, Viee xac djnh cdc khai niem cd sd hay eac y tfldng cbu dao cua mdn hgc chinh ta nhdm dam bao tap trung vao nhflng ndi dung cd ban cua mdn hgc Nang lflc chi cd the phdt tnen ben vflng tren nen lang iri thflc chuyen mdn ed ban va vflng ehac TAX LIEU THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Beriiner Senatsverwaltung fiir Bildung, Jugend und Wis.senschaft / Ministenum fur Bildung, Jugend und Sport des I.andes Brandenburg, 18,11 2015 Rahmenlehiplan fur die Jahrgangsstufen I - 10 der Berliner imd Brandenburger Schulcn Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Fonschung (2013): Handbiich zum Deul.schen Qualijikationsrcuiicn Eupoean Commision (2008): European Quadficafions Framework for Lifelong Learning KMK (2013): Koinpetenzsfufenmodelle zii den Bildungsstandurds im Fach Phy.sik fiir den Miltleren Schulabschluss Meier, B., Nguyen Vdn Cfldng, 2014 Li ludn day hoc hien dai NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi OECD, 2005 The definition and selectiem of Key Competencies Weinert, Franz E (Hrsg) 2001 Lei.slung.smes.sungen in Schulen Weinheim und Basel ABSTRACT Competency-oriented Curriculum Development The focus of the competency-based curriculum development is the development of competency-model and output-standards of a subject; hencechoose topics and learning content Output-standards describe the competencies Ihat students should achieve at a particular time in their education The determination of basic concepts and great ideas of a subject support the focus on the basic contents Keywords: Competency, competency model, curriculum, standards