I D NGHIEN CtU Ll LUAN MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN VE PHAT TRIEN CHirONG TRINH MON HOC DAP ONG YEU CAU DO! M0I CHIfONG TRINH GIAO DUG PHO THONG'''' Bd TIEN DAT vit nhom nghien GUU'''' Email didatS5@gmaiLcom Vien K[.]
ID NGHIEN CtU Ll LUAN MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN VE PHAT TRIEN CHirONG TRINH MON HOC DAP ONG YEU CAU DO! M0I CHIfONG TRINH GIAO DUG PHO THONG' Bd TIEN DAT vit nhom nghien GUU' Email: didatS5@gmaiLcom Vien Khoa hoc Siitt due wei Nam Tdm tdt: Trong nhdng ndm qua, cdc nghiin ctfu ve phdt trien chuang due Viet Nam xde dinh day Id mpt nhdng hUdng nghiin thudng xuyin trinh dd duge chu trgng Viin Khoa hge Gido edu trgng tdm, dinh hUdng cho cdc nhiim vu nghiin edu Vdi quan niem rdng, phdt trien chUOng trinh mdn hge Id mpt cdc van de cot Idi cua phdt triin trinh gido due phd thdng, tde gid bdi viet diem Igi mpt sd vdn di ca bdn phdt trien chuang yiu cdu doi mdi ehuung trinh gido due thdng duge due rut tdcde kit qud nghiin Tif khda: Chuang trinh; phdt trien chuang trinh mdn hge; doi mdi chuang (Nhdn bdi ngdy 07/12/2016; Nhdn ketqudphdn I.Datvande Trong nhQng nam qua, d c nghien cQu ve phIt triln chuong trinh (CT) d l dQpc chu trpng Vien Khoa hpe Gilo dye Viet Nam xlc dinh day la mdt nhilmg hudng nghien cQu trpng tam, dinh hudng cho cac nhiem vu nghiin cQu thudng xuyen, die biet la dTrung tam Nghien cQu Gilo dye phd thdng (GDPT), Mdt sd de tai d p Vien theo hudng cung da dupc thUe hien Ban chi dao Odi mdi CT, sach giao khoa (SGK) phd thdng (Bd Gilo dye va DIo tao (GD&DT)) da triln khai nhieu nhiem vu nghien cQu cap bach nhIm xay dQng co sd khoa hpe cho ddi mdi CT vdi sQ tham gia cua nhieu n h l khoa hped cac trudng dai hoc (OH), vien nghien cQu; to chdc nhieu hdi thIo khoa hoc Cae k i t q u i nghien cQu da van dung xay dung DQthIo CTGDPTtong the cung nhudan hinh cae djnh hudng, md hinh phat trien CT mdn hpe Vdi quan niem rang, phIt trien CT mdn hoc la mdt cac van de cdt Idi cua phat trien CT GDPT, khudn khd bai Viet nay, chiing tdi diem lai"Mdtsdvdnde ea bdn phdt trien CTmdn hoc ddp dng yeu cdu doi mdi CT GDPT' duac due r u t tQ eae ket q u i n g h i e n cQu t h d i gian q u a B d i d n h d o i m d i c h U O n g t r i n h , s a c h g i a o k h o a giao due p h o t h o n g Ngay nay, t h e gidi d a n g t r i i qua nhQng b i l n d d i d o qua t r i n h c h u y e n ddi n h a n h tQ m p t xa hdi c d n g n g h i e p sang xa hdi hau edng n g h i e p va xa hdi t h d n g t i n , t r o n g l.Theo tmh than Nghi quyet so 19-HQfTW 04/11/2013 cua Hoi nghi lan thu tam Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (khoa XI) ve Doi mdi can Wn, toan dien GD&DT, dap Ling yeu cau cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ffieu kien kinh te thi trudng dmh hu6ng xa hot chu nghia va hoi nhap quoc te; Ngh^ quyei so 88/2014/QH13 28/11/2014 cua Quoc hoi ve Ooi men CT, SGK GD thong; Quyet dmh so 404/QD-TTg 27/3/2015 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phu phe duyet De an Ooi moi CT SGK GD thong, NhomnghiencLfugomcactacgia OaoThai Lai, Duong Quang Ngoc, Pham OUc Quang; Luong Viet Thai, Bui Ngoc Diep; Dao Van Toan; Le Anh Tuan, 26 • KHOA HOC GIAO OUC edu thdi gian qua trinh; gido ducpho biin vd chinh sda ngdy 04/01/2017; ehuang trinh mdn hoc ddp dng thdng Duyit dang ngdy 25/01/2017) d o d c q u a t r i n h n a y p h a n Idn d y a t r e n viec phat tnen va d d i m d i g i l o d y e (GD) N h Q n g c l i each v e q u I n li, kinh te, p h I p luat , v l b i n c h a t d e u d u a t r d n m d t chat lupng GD m d i O d i m d i c a n b i n , t o l n d i e n G D & D T da t r d t h i n h n h u eau r d r i n g cda c d n g c u d c e d n g n g h i e p hda, hien dai hda d a t n u d c Bdi d n h d d d d i h d i GDPT cung p h l i c d b u d c c h u y e n c a n b a n t r o n g d o c d t h e k l d i n m d t sd y e u c l u sau: - Mo hinh eua GDPT se p h l i la m d h i n h t a p trung v a o xay d U n g v l h o l n t h i e n n h a n d c h ( p h a m chatva n a n g iQc) e o n ngQdi Viet N a m d a p Qng y e u cau hdi nhap va p h a t t r i l n cua d a t n o d e t r o n g d i l u kien kinh t e thj t r u d n g d j n h h u d n g xa h d i chQ nghTa Vi vay, GDPT d n h u d n g t d i viec khai t h I c va p h I t h u y m o i n a n g lUe v l sd t h i c h d n h a n , " l l m p h I t t r i e n h o a n t o a n nhQng nang iQc s i n ed cua cac em" - GDPT phdi trd thdnh nen tdng cua GD sudt ddi M6 h i n h cua m d t n i n GD s u d t d d i I I m p t he t h d n g GD md; d d i t u d n g h o c t a p k h d n g c d n g i d i h a n t r o n g p h a m vi tudi t r e m a m d r d n g sang m p i IQa t u d i ; t a m l i h o c len OH dUOc t h a y b I n g t a m li h o c s u d t d d i ; GD Qng t h i dUoc thay the b I n g GD d i p Qng n h u d u ca n h a n va y e u cau xa hdi, - GDPT phdi phuc vu ddc Itfc cho yiu cdu phdt triin bin vdng (phat t r i e n xd hoi b e n vQng, p h a t trien mdi trUdng b e n vQng, p h a t t r i e n kinh te b e n vQng) N g o l i bdn cdt d d t r u y e n t h d n g la h o c d e biet, hoc d e h a n h , hoc d^ l a m n g u d i , hpe d e c h u n g s d n g , GD v i s u p h a t trien b i n vQng d d i h d i m d t c d t d d t h Q n a m la h o c de t h a y ddi b^n t h i n va xa h d i (UNESCO 2009), D i e u d d d a n d i n nhQng t h a y d d i c d b a n t r o n g CT GDPT d d la p h I t trien ele ki n a n g sdng, giQ g i n b i n s i c v a n h d a , t r a u d d i dc sang t a o v l t i n h t h a n d i m n g h i , d a m l a m can t h i l t t r o n g m6i c d n g d a n Viet N a m t U d n g lai - GDPT phdi dugc hiin dai hda theo hudng khai thdc, dng dung cdng nghe thong tin, truyen thdng (iCT) mdtedcl) hap a, toi Uu Ngay nay, c d n g n g h e sd c d m a t d k h I p nfli t r o n g c u d c s d n g h a n g n g a y va t u o n g t i c v d i m d i chtjng NGHIEN cdu Li LUAN ta; lien k i t mang trd phd bien giQa cle trQdng hpe, cle CO sd, d c d nhln; viee xQ li thdng tin, hinh Inh, am dQpc thuc hien de ding; dung IQpng d c bd nhd Idn d i n mQc ed the luu trd mpi dQ lieu mong mudn.Tat c l nhQng thay ddi dat d u hdi Idn cho GDPT nhQ sQ menh va vai trd cda nhl trQdng vile eung d p tri thQc CT GD can thay ddi nhQ the nIo ddi hdi chung ta phli cd dinh hQdng rd rang ehu truong hidn dai hda GDPT ca nin quan niem nhu t h i nao? Quy trinh va td chQe thUc hien? Mot sd van de cd b i n Phat trien chtfomg trinh mon hoc 3.1 Tiip can ndng Itfc Phdt trien chUOng trinh mdn hoc Mdt nhQng diem mdi then chdt eua CT GDPT lan la tiep d n theo dinh hUdng phat triln nang iQc ngudi hoc CIch t i l p can tac ddng den t i t el mpi y l u td cilia qua trinh day hoc Bin chat cua GD theo tiip can ndng lue II lay nlng lUc llm CO sd (tham chieu) d l td chQc CT va thiet k l ndi dung hoc tap [1] Dieu cung cd nghia nang lye cua HS se la kit q u i cudi eung d n dat dupe cda q u i trinh day hpe hay GD Ndt d c h khlc, thinh phan cudi cung va cP b i n cua mue tieu GD la d c pham chat v l nang lue cua ngudi hoc Nang lye dupe coi la diem xuat phat ddng thdi la su ey the hoa cua muc tieu GD Vi vly, nhQng ylu cav ve phat trien nang lye HS can dQpc dat dung chd cua chung myc tieu GD -GDPTphd/Moddm tinh edng bingxa hdi dGDPT, die biet II ddi vdi GD phd cap, neu mIt cdng bIng x l hdi thi se lam gilm hldu q u i GD ndi chung, gilm Ipi ich xa hpi v l Ipi ich e l nhan ma GD cd t h i dem lai Bien phIp eo bin d l khlc phye II sQ can thiep cda Nha nudc theo hudng bio d i m d l GD phd cap dQpc mien phi d c l tieu hoe v l trung hoc eo sd, ddng thdi day manh edng tie x l hdi hda GD - Xay dQng CTGDPTmdi II bQdc trien khai cy the Nghj quylt sd 29-NQ/TW 04/11/2013 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung QOng OIng (khoa XI) v l Nghi quyet sd 88/2014/QH13 cQa Qudc hdi Viec xly dUng CT GDPT GD theo t i l p can nang iQc nhln manh: Nang lUc dQa tren co sd "Ke thUa vd phdt then nhCtng Uu diem cda khdng ehi bao him kiln thQc, kl nang, kJ xlo m l cdn e l CT, SGK GDPT hien hdnh, phdt huy nhdng gid tri truyin gia trj, ddng CO, dao ddc va hanh vi xa hdi Mudn ed nang thong tdt dep eOa nin vdn hda Viit Nam vd phu hgp vdi lUe budc phli hpe tap, ren luyen hoat ddng va xu the qudc ti, ddng thdi doi mdi todn diin myc tilu npi trli nghiem ca nhan Mat khae, d c nang lye dQoc hinh dung phQdng phIp v l hinh thQc td ehQc GD, theo yeu q u i trinh day hpe khdng ehi d nha cdu phdt trien phdm chdt vd ndng lUc hoc sinh (HS); tang trudng ma cdn dUdi tac ddng cua gia dinh, xa hdi, eua cUdng thuc hanh va g i n vdi thuc tien cupc sdng" (Nghi chinh trj, tdn gilo, van hoa v.v quyet sd88/2014/QH13) Xay dUng CTtheo tiip cdn ndng lUe trudc hit d n xac Thang 8/2015, Bd GD&DT d l cdng bd DU thdo CT dmh dupe d c nlng lUe eIn thilt nhat ma ngUdi hpe d n GDPT tong frte dd neu rd: Dinh hudng xay dUng phli cd cho cudc sdng v l tham gia cd hilu q u i CT cle mdn hoc va hoat ddng, quy dinh cdc linh vtfe GD; ddi sdng x l hdi Viec lUa chpn he thdng tri thQc, ki nang hi thdng mdn hge; thdi lupng cua tQng mdn hpe; dmh dQa vIo ndi dung day hoc nha trudng phd thdng hQdng ndi dung GD bit bude d tQng linh vUc GD va phan cho tao dupc cP hdi thuan Ipi de hinh phat chia vao d c mdn hpe d tQng d p hpe ddi vdi tat el HS trien cac nang lye can dat Do dd, chung phli dupc ddi tren pham vi toan qudc; djnh hQdng ve phQong phap, chieu vdi cdu frtJc cuo ede ndng Itfc dinh hinh va hinh thdc td chQc GD va each thQc danh gia kit qui GD phIt trien d HS v l edi dich cudi cimg (kit q u i dau can cua tQng mdn hoe; dieu kien tdi thilu eua nha trUdng de dat) Id phdi hinh thdnh dugc ede ndng Itfc ndy d ele em thyc hien duoc CT CT theo tilp can nang luc chu den chu the CT GDPT mdi eung d p mdt khudn khd v l djnh ngudi hoe cung nhuden nang Qng dyng tri thQc da hudng cho GDPTde hinh va phat trien pham chat, hoc nhQng tinh hudng thUe tien Viec ren luyen nang luc, dao dQc va tri tue cua ngQdi hoc, giup ho cd phuong phap hpe tap cd y nghia quan trpng Viec kilm sQ chuan b| de tham gia mdt elch tieh cUe vao ddi sdng tra danh gia khdng chi kiem tra nang t l i hien tri thue tien cuaxa hdi, cua dat nUdccung nhudapQng vdi thdc ma edn dmh hudng vIo nlng van dung tri thQc nhQng thich thQc, canh tranh quylt Net thdi dai nhQng tinh hudng thuc tien cdng nghiep hda va toan cau hda, Do viee hinh thanh, phat trien cac nang lye ddi hoi De cu the hda djnh hudng ddi mdi CT GDPT ndi SQ van dung phdi hpp cac kiln thdc, ki nang, nen CT chung va Du thao CT GDPT tdng the ndi neng, mdt loat chij y tdi tinh tdng the, tinh tich hop Logic khoa hoc bd van de dat ddi vdi viee phat trien CT mdn hpe TQ quan mdn khdng phli la yeu td nhat chi phdi viec to chQc diem ve CT mdn hoc theo tiep can nang luc; chuan mdn ndi dung CT mdn hpe CT lien quan chat ehe den cac hpe dUdc xay dyng theo quy trinh nhuthe nIo va dQoc binh dien van hda va hoat dpng rdng Idn nhUng khdng bieu dat sao? khae biet gi so vdi chuan kiln thQc, ki dat van de ehu tdi viee cung cap nhieu kiln thQc nang CT hien hanh? Vai trd eua npi dung kiln cua ele khoa hpe bd mdn ma chu y lua chon, td chQc cac thQc nhQ the nao? NhQng quan diem tich hop, phan hda ndi dung hpe tap mpt each hdp li, tao co sdcho viec phat duoc the hien CT cac mdn hpe d tQng cap hpe trien cac nang lye ciia HS, De xdy dUng CTmdn hoc fheo sao? Hoat ddng trai nghiem sang tao la mdt khai mem t/ep can ndng/uc can chu y mdt sd dmh hQdng sau• mdi dupe dUa vao dU thao CT GDPT tdng the, nhien - Xac dinh cle nang lue chung cdt Idi va eae nang Stil36-THANG1/2017*27 Q NGHIEN CUU Li LUAN iQc d i e thu mdn hpe, mQc dp p h I t trien d tQng Idp, tQng cap hpe ( m l mdn hpe gdp phan hinh va p h I t trien cho HS) - Lya chpn, t d chQc d c ndi dung hpe tap mdt d c h hpp li, tao ed sd cho viec phat trien d c nang lue cho HS Tang cUdng tinh dng dung, gan k i t giQa ndi dung GD mdn hoc vdi ddi sdng thuc te va g i n vdi xu hQdng phat t r i l n hien dai cQa kinh te, khoa hpe va ddi sdng x l hdi, gdp phan giup HS hinh t h i n h , ren luyen v l l l m chu d c "kT nang sdng" - Trong d u true eua CT mdn hoc, cle "mach ndi d u n g " v l d c "nhanh nang luc"can p h l i lien k i t chat che vdi nhau, x o l n v I o tQpng tQ nhu md hinh chudi xoan kep vdi d c lien k i t ngang cua phan tQ AND, 3.2 Yeu cdu cdn dgt (chudn ddu ra) cda mdn hoc chUOng trinh gido due thdng Nghi quyet 29-NQ/TW xac djnh mdt nhQng g i l i phap ddi mdi can ban, toan dien GD&DT II: "Tren cd sd myc tieu ddi mdi GD&DT, can xlc djnh rd v l cdng khai muc tieu, Chuan dau cOa tQng bac hoc, mdn hoc, CT, nganh va chuyen n g l n h d I o tao, coi II eIn c Q g i l m sat, d i n h g i l chat iQpng GD&DT De xac dinh chuan dau cua GDPT ndi chung, cda tQng bic hpe, mdn hpe ndi rieng, trUdc h i t can b i t d I u tQ viee cu the hda d c yeu cau v l pham chat v l nang lUc m l HS can va ed the dat dupe hp rdi n h l trudng phd thdng" ThQc tien da chi ring, d n p h l i xay dyng Chuan GDPT ndi chung, Chuan dau cua mdn hoc ndi rieng tien hanh xay dyng CT GDPT 3.2.1 Quan mem, vai trd, vi tri, ehde ndng cda Chudn ddu cua mon hge Chuan dau cua mdn hpe la sQ ey the hda, t i l u chi hda muc tieu eua mdn hoc t h i n h nhQng tieu ehi v l chi b i o cu the de cd t h i lUdng va danh g i l k i t qua hpe tap, GD d mdn hoc Chuan dau eho biet HS ed t h i hieu gi, l l m duoc gi sau hpe mdi mdn hpe (hay linh VUc hpe tap, hoat ddng GD) d tdng d p hoc/giai doan/ Idp hpe, C d t h I ndi, CTtheo rilp can nang lUc dat y tUdng chpn lua, hinh t h i n h ndi dung GD t Q " k l t qua dau ra" (Chuan dau ra) Vi vay, xay dUng CT GDPT, can xay dung Chudn eua tdng mon hoc (xuyen sudt theo chieu doc tU Idp dudl len Idp tren) va can nhae xem xet xay dung chuan d tQng Idp hoc {ngang theo tQng linh vUc, tdng nhdm mdn hoc ed tQng Idp hpe) Chuan dau eua mdn hoc gdp phan: - Xac dmh ndi dung tdi thieu b i t budc cua CT mdn hoc; chuan hda "tai hpe" thdi gian hpe tieu chuan, bao dam tinh vQa sQc eua tai iieu hpe t i p ; - Bao dam tinh thdng nhat toan qudc, ddng thdi cd tinh den die diem cua tdng vung mien dieu kien da dang hoa cac kieu hinh trudng Idp 3.2.2 Dmh hudng quy trinh xay dung ehudn ddu cua mon hge - Xac dinh nhQng ndng lue chung then chdt (ma mdn hoc cd eo hpi ddng gdp, hinh thanh) va cac n l n g luc d i e thu cua bd mdn Xac dinh dudng phat tnen cua cae nang 28 > KHOA HOC GIAO DUC luc t h i hien qua d c mQc dd, tieu chi can dat -Xlc djnh ele mach npi dung cot loi cOa mdn hoc Md t l dudng p h I t trien eua mdi mach ndi dung mdi quan he lien k i t (hUdng tdi) dudng p h I t trien nang lye - Cu the hda Chuan dau thdng qua viec tieu chi hda v l x l c djnh mQc y l u d u ve k i l n thQc, ki nlng, thai dp; ve pham chat, nang iQc chung v l pham chat, n l n g iQc d i e thu mdn hpe d tdng Idp, tQng d p hoc (md t l cac mQc dp HS l l m dQpc gi vdi nhQng kien thQc, ki nang da hoc) Minh hpa cu the thdng qua he thdng cle tinh hudng day hoe (cd the dudi dang mdt ma trIn) - T h i d i e m v l ludng dieu chinh (thich hpp) 3.3 LUa chon ndi dung hoc tap cdt Idi cua mdn hoc chUdng trinh gido ducpho thdng 3.3.1 Cdc nguyen tde vd tiiu chudn lua chon npidung hge tap cdt 161 eua mdn hoc Ndi dung GD p h l i b i o d i m tinh gidn, ph6 thdng, ea bdn, hien dgi, thiit thtfc thtfc hdnh van dung kiln thQc vao thuc t i l n , phQ hop vdi dac diem t i m sinh li IQa tudi HS; GD nhan elch, dao dQc, van h o i phap l u l t v l y thQc cdng d i n ; t i p trung v I o nhQng gia trj cd b i n eua van hoa, truyen thdng va dao li d i n tde, tinh hoa vIn ho< nhan loai, g i l trj cdt Idi v l nhan van cQa chu nghTa Ma( - Lenin va tQ tQdng Hd Chi Minh; day ngoai ngQ va tir hpe theo hQdng chuan hoa, t h i l t thuc, b i o d i m nanc luc sQ dung cua HS; GD nghe thuat v l GD the chat co trpng viec dinh hudng tham m l v l bdi dUdng hQng thi ren luyen sQc k h o l , hoat ddng nghe thuat Moi CTmdn hge edn phdi xde dinh duge nhdng yiu ti cot Idi mang tinh nen t i n g , dn djnh va phan mem mang tinh md de thQdng xuyen cap nhat, bo sung, thay d6i, d i l u chinh Cau true ndi dung d c mdn hpe khdng cdn II sU thu nhd cua mdt n g l n h khoa hoc tUOng dng Kh3c phuc tinh trang dm d d m qua nhieu k i l n thQc khdng cIn thiet vdi HS phd thdng 3.3.2 Binh hudng lua ehgn npi dung hoe tdp cdt loi cua mdn hge -Xac djnh nhQng ndng/Uc chung then chdt (ml mdn hoc cd CO hdi ddng gdp, hinh thinh) va d c nanglUedgc thu cua bp mdn va dQdng phat t r i l n eua ele n l n g iQc nly - Tap trung v I o nhQng gia tri co b i n cua van h d , truyen thdng dan tdc, tinh hoa van h o i nhan loai; ca b i n , hien dai, phu hop vdi dac diem t i m li IQa tudi ciia HS d e d p hoc - Tham khIo CT mdn hoc cua ele nUde tien tien, ddi chieu vdi yeu eau cua mdt sd CT danh g i l qudc te nhiT PISA, PASEC.TIMSS, PIRLS - Xac dinh npidung toi thieu bdt budc (hat nhan hoc van phd thdng) va dudng phat trien eua ele mach vi cac ehu de ndi dung then chdt, cho tao dupc co hoi thuan Ipi de hinh phat trien cae nang iQc can dat 3.3.3 Ndi dung day hoc d trUdng thdng Ndi dung day hoc d trUdng phd thdng dupe td chiJc theo hai giai doan: GD eP ban ( b i t budc) va GD djnh hQdng nghe nghiep chuan bi cho HS di v I o eude sdng, hpe nghe, hoac hpe len cao d i n g , DH, NGHIENCiniLILUAN I giai dogn GD ea bdn: HS dQpc tiep nhan nhQng kiln thdc, kl nlng phd thdng cd ban d n thilt cho cudc sdng hiln tai v l cudc sdng sau vdi tU d c h la mdt cdng dan giai dogn GD dinh hudng nghe nghiep: Ndi dung day hpe d n dupe td chQc thinh d c mdn hpe v l boat ddng GD vdi nhieu phUdng In thue hidn di tao nhilu cd hdi lya chpn cho HS phQ hop vdi nang, sd thich v l dieu kien hoc tap cy the Ndi dung day hoc khdng I p dung ddng loat cho mpi HS, ed nhieu phUdng I n thue hien d l tao nhilu cd hpi lua chpn eho HS Can cQvIo dy kiln thdi iQong cd t h i dinh cho day hoc, nhl trQdng xac dinh nhCfrig ITnh vUc hpe tap cdt Idi the hien d mdt sd mdn hoc v l hoat ddng GD Cle ylu clu v l y tudng ndi tren dupe cu t h i hda thdng qua mdt ki hogch GD nhIm djnh hudng td chQc ndi dung day hoc d nhl trudng phd thdng 3.4 Tich hap vd phdn bod phdt triin ehuang trtnh mdn hge 3.4.1 Tich hop phdt triin chuang trinh mdn hge Viec Idng ghep, tich hdp cle ndi dung GD nhIm giOp HS huy ddng tdng hpp kiln thQc, kT nlng, thudc nhilu ITnh vUc khlc v l nhieu thudc tinh el nhan khae nhu y chf, nilm tin, tinh hpp tie, sing tao de gili quylt ed hilu qua d c nhiem vu hpe tap v l cudc sdng, thdng qua hinh bilu tUOng v l sQ toln ven cua t h i gidi, phIt trien pham chat v l nang iQc can thilt, nhat II nang lye gili quyet van de Day hoc tich hpp la d c h thQc quan trpng viec hinh thinh v l phIt trien nang lye cua HS Day hpe tieh hpp khdng ehl hieu theo mdt khia canh la tieh hpp npi dung m l cdn la tich hpp c l d c ylu td khlc nhu pham chat c l nhan, ele phuong tien, phan eiia mdi trudng hoc tap nhQng tinh hudng day hoc khlc De phat triln nang luc eho HS, can chii ddng thilt ke he thdng cle tinh hudng day hpe tich hpp.Trong thUe tien day hoc, thudng thay ed cac mQc dp tich hop chu ylu nhu sau: - Tieh hap npi bp mdn hge: LI hinh thQc tieh hpp nhdng ndi dung eiia d c phan mdn hay cac ndi dung ey t h i khlc mdt mdn hpe - Tieh hgp da mdn, lien mdn vd xuyen mdn: CIc chQ de tich hdp gin vdi nhQng van de thyc tien, nhQng van d l mang tinh toln d u (nhU sQc khde, mdi trQdng, ngQdi tieu dung, cdng dan v l eude sdng edng ddng, hieu biet qudc t l v l hda binh, t h i gidi cdng viec, thdng tin va truyen thdng ma xlc djnh ndi dung mdi mdn hpe can xem xet din), d d p Tieu hpe v l d p Trung hpe ed sd, cd the thUe hien long ghep nhQng ndi dung lien quan vdi cua mdt sd ITnh vUe GD, mdt sd mdn hpe; thyc hien rinh gian, tranh chdng cheo ndi dung GD, gilm hop li sd mdn hoc, Chu trpng tinh thiet thuc ciia cac ndi dung day hoe va hoat ddng trai nghiem sang tao, cung vdi hoat ddng tU van trudng hoe de giup HS hoc xong trung hoc co sd ed the chon dQdng hpe len theo GD nghe nghiep hoac trung hoe phd thdng, gdp phan thuc hien yeu cau phan ludng manh sau trung hpe co sd 3.4.2 Phdn had Phdt tnen chuang trinh mdn hge Day hpe phIn hoi II dinh hUdng day hoc phCi hpp vdi d c ddi tuong HS khlc nhau, nhIm phIt trien tdi da t i l m nang vdn cd cua mdi HS dua vao die diem t i m sinh li, nlng, nhu clu va hQng thQ khae eua HS Tinh phan hoa t h i hien d sQ phIn biet dUa theo cle ddi tupng khlc nhau, I p dung elch thQc td chQc, van dyng ndi dung, phuong phIp v l hinh thQc, boat ddng khae eho phu hpp nhat vdi tdng ddi tupng, nham dat hieu q u i cao [2] Cae hinh thQc td chQc phan hda (vT md) bao gdm: PhIn ludng; PhIn ban; Day hoc tQ chpn *P/idnftdatrong giai doan GDctf bdn, chu y l u the hiln d: - l/l chuan dflura:Cdthe edsQ phan chia mQc cao thap chudn (Vi du, mdt sd nUde phIn chia nhQng mQc chuan khlc nhau) Hole CT ehl dQa mdt chuan tdi thieu nhung dinh g i l ed dUa ele mdc dp khlc Tuy thudc vIo trinh dp, nhu eau eua moi HS ey the cd the dat mdt mQc trinh dp nhat dmh - Be dgt eung mptmtfctrinh dp chudn, cd the tao dieu kiln cho HS thUc hien theo nhQng Ip trinh khdc nhau, thdi gian khdc ChIng ban, vdi HS dan tdc thieu sd hay khuylt tat, ed the keo dai thdi gian de dat cung mQc dp dpc thdng vilt thao giai doan dau tieu hoc Mdt gili phIp hay dQpc ap dyng, dd la: Cdu trucCTtheo tdng giai doan ddi eo t h i la hoac nam chQ khdng theo ddn vj hoe ki hay nam hpe CT can dQpc mem hda, khdng quy djnh chat che npi dung, t i l n trinh td chQc npi dung m l chi dua chuan tdi thilu (hay nhieu mQc dd chuan) d n dat eho tUng giai doan Mdi dia phUOng, mdi nha trQdng v l giao vien (GV) se thiet ke va thyc hien CT phu hpp nhat cho dia phuong, nhl trudng v l c l nhan HS - Vi npi dung vd edu true npi dung: Oe dat cung myc tieu, chuan, CT mdt sd mdn hoc cd the dUa d c chu de khlc cho GV v l HS chpn lya Vi dy, vdi mdn Ljch sQ:Dl nghien cQu eung mdt giai doan Ijeh sQ cd t h i d u trije ehu de Ijeh sd chiln tranh hay lich sQ hinh nhl nQdc Vdi mdn Cdng nghe, vdi cung myc tieu gidi thieu quy trinh cdng nghe dich vy hay sin xuat, cd the cd nhieu md dun hay hoc phan khae de HS lya chpn: May mac CP khi, Kinh doanh Ngoai khdi mdn hpe/hoat ddng bit budc chung, CT cd the ed mdt sd mdn/hoat ddng tU chon dUdi nhilu hinh thQc khae nhu: Mdn tuchon y (vi dy ngoai ngQ 2) hay d e eau lac bd theo sd thich, nhu eau CT eua mdt sd mdn hpe cd the dinh mdt ti le thdi lupng nhat djnh eho ndi dung gan vdi dia phuong (nhat la Lich sQ, Dja li, GD cdng dan, GD nghi.,.) - Cac phuong phIp day hoc tich eye va mdt sd hinh thQc to chdc day hoc nhu day hpe dU an.,, tao dieu kien cho HS hpe theo nhip dieu, nhu eau , eua bin than, Vi thi, can tao dieu kien cho viec tnen khai cac phuong phap va hinh thQc td chQe day hoe * Phdn hda giai dogn trung hoc thong S013G-THANG1/2Q17>29 D NGHIEN COU Li LUAN (THPT): Giai doan dugc coi Id giai dogn phdn hda manh theo dinh hQdng nghe nghiep, Hinh thQc phIn hda vT md chinh la day hpe tQ chon: Ben canh mdt sd it mdn hoc bit bude, HS dupe tU chpn (bit bude v l y) mdt sd mdn hpc/chuyen d l Ngoai d c bien phap phan hda chung nhQ d GD eP bin, phIt triln CT d c mdn hpe giai doan can iQu y them mdt sd dilm sau: - Xac dinh rd ring nhiem vy, myc tieu cOa mdn/ chuyen de gin vdi dmh hudng nghe, vdi dinh hQdng phat trien nang iQc chuyen biet de thilt ke ndi dung, chuan phu hpp Vi du: mdn Khoa hoc x l hpi danh cho HS chpn lya theo dinh hudng Khoa hoc tu nhien rd rang ed myc tieu, djnh hudng, chuan khlc bin vdi mdn Khoa hpe x l hdi cho HS theo dmh hudng Khoa hpe xa hdi chQ khdng phli chi ddn thuan la sy ddn giln hda, gilm nhe yeu d u theo nhdm, theo Idp, theo khdi Idp hoac theo trudng HDTNST cd t h i td chQe tai nhilu dja diem khae d hoac ngoai n h l trQdng nhU: Idp hoc, thu vien, phdng da nang, phdng truyen thdng, sin trQdng, vifn bio ting, cae di tieh Ijeh sQ v l van hda, d c danh lam thing d n h , d c cdng trinh cdng cdng, tai nhl d c nghe nhan, d c ling nghe, co sd san xuat hole d d c dia diem khlc ngoli nha trudng cd lien quan den chii de hpe tap Phuang phIp va hinh thQc td chQc HDTNST mdn hoc rIt da dang, phong phu, cd the ke den d c phuong phIp v l hinh thQc nhQ: Day hoc d u i n , gili quylt van d^ tham quan hpe tap, hdi thi/cude thi, boat ddng thuc dja, sin khau tuong tic, dien dan, giao luu, trd choi, HDTNST nhIm dinh hudng, tao dieu kiln cho HS quan sit, suy nghT va tham gia cle hoat ddng trli nghi|m, thue tien; qua td ehQc, khuyin khich, dpng vien v l tao dilu kien cho ele em tich cue nghien cQu tim nhQng gill phap mdi, thue hien kham pha, phat hien, sing tao nhQng d i mdi tren co sd kiln thQc da hoc nha trQdng v l nhQng gi da t r l i qua thUctien cudc sdng, tQ dd hinh y thQc, pham chat, d e gia tri sdng, kT nang sdng va nang lye cho HS 3.6 Tinh ki thda Phdt trien chuong trinh mdn hoc Kl thQa nhihig thinh td cua CT hiln hinh xay dyng CT mdi, Tinh ke thQa phIt tnIn CT dupe the hiln dBIng dQdi day: - Nhilu mdn hoc cd the dUdc clu true theo nhQng mUe dp khae Vi dy, Toln cd bin, Toln nang cao v l v l cd t h i dupe bd sung bang nhilu ehuyin de nang cao hay md rdng (Vi du: Xlc suat va Thdng ke, ) de HS cd t h i Ida chon mdc khlc nhau, lUa chpn nhQng chuyen de khae Du ndi dung d c mdn/chuyen d l cd tinh ddc lap tuong ddi nhQng can lUu y den tinh lien thdng, sy phIt trien tri thQc ghep cac chuyen de., - Ngoli ra, cdn ed nhQng chuyen de rieng v l hudng nghiep Kit thuc giai doan nly, HS cd kiln thQc, kT nang phd thdng cd bin dUde djnh hQdng theo ITnh vUc nghi Bdng V Tinh kithtfa phdt trien CTmdn hge nghiep, phii hop vdi nang khilu v l sd thich, phat triln tiem nang ca nhan d l chuan bj tdt cho giai doan GD sau CT h i ^ n h i n h CTmdi phd thdng hole budc vao cudc sdng lao ddng Mue tieu - Xay d u n g muc tieu m d n hpe tren cd sd 3.5 To chdc hogt dpng trdi nghiem sdng tgo phat t n e n n a n g lUc, p h a m chat ciia HS chUcmg trinh mdn hoc 3.5.1 Hogt dong trdi nghlim sdng too mdn hge N p i d u n g - K l thQa nhOng phan m d n , nhOng mach d nhd trudng thdng noi d u n g ehu y e u ciia CT hien hanh Hoat ddng trai nghiem sing tao (HDTNST) - Cd t h e b d sung, dieu chinh m o t so nfii mdn hoc d nha trudng phd thdng la cle hoat ddng day d u n g cho p h u h o p vdi t a m sinh li ciia HS, - hpe dd dUdi su td chQe hoat dpng cua GV, tQng lam p h o n g p h u t h e m mdi trQdng va bdi el nhan HS dupe hoc tap thdng qua cae hoat dpng trli d n h hoc tap, tao co hdi de HS van dyng nghiem tQ dd linh hdi duoc nhQng kiln thQc eua mdn g i l i quyet van d l t r o n g thuc tien hoc va phat huy dupe tiem nang sang tao eiia bin than Chuan kien - Xay d u n g Yeu d u can dat, Chuan dau ra, HDTNST mdn hoc nhan manh tdi viec HS phli kinh thQc, kr nang, t r o n g d d ke thQa n h d n g t h i n h t d nhQng qua thuc te, van dung nhQng hieu biet, kien thQc da ed thai d p tieu chi tich eye ciia CT hien hanh cua minh de tham gia vao hoac tiep xiic vdi sQ vat, hien tupng, su kien Qua dd, tim va tao nhQng hieu biit Phuong phap - Ke thQa nhQng Uu d i e m va t h a n h tUu ve kien thQc mdi, each giai quyet mdi de tieh luy kinh nghiem day hoc day hoc tieh eye rieng va phat huy tiem nang sang tao ciia ban than - Xac d i n h nhQng phUong phap day hoc 3.5.2 Quy trinh to ehdc cdc hogt ddng trdi nghiim sdng tao mdn hge d nha trudng thdng - Khdi ddng (bIng mdt kinh nghiem cu the) va xac dmh nhiem vu Danh -Trai nghiem qua - Phan tich, khai quit hda, hinh tri thdc mdi, -Van dung 3.5.3 Hogt ddng trdi nghiem sdng tgo co thi to chdc theo nhi3ng quy md khdc HDTNST bao gdm: hoat dpng ca nhan, hoat dpng 30 • KHOA HOC GIAO DUC dac t r u n g ciia m o n hoc va tap trung vSo nhQng phUong phap td chQc hoat dong hoc t a p tich eye cho HS gia ket - K l thQa va dieu chinh viec danh gia kel qua hoc tap chii t r o n g viec d i n h gia bdi d n h thuc tien; Danh g i l dUa trfin chuan dau r a - Coi trpng c l danh gia t d n g ket v l danh gia t h u d n g xuyen -Tap t r u n g danh gia s u t i e n b d cua mdiHS NGHIEN CDU Li LUAN Kit luan v l khuyin nghj PhIt trien CT mdn hpe I I vIn d l cdt Idi phat trien CT GDPT O l ed mdt CT mdn hpe bio d i m chat luong, tren co sd tang cUdng dinh hUdng gia tri nhln van, dam bio sU phIt triln CT trIn binh dien van hda xa hdi, bio d i m tinh tich hop, phan hda, chuan muc, toi Qu v l linh boat, d n ehu y gili quylt nhQng van de sau: 1/ LQpe bd ele kiln thQc, kT nang ed the gay q u i t l i cho HS Tit d cle ndi dung dUdc de cap phli d n thiet eho cle giai doan GD, d e hoat ddng hpe tap hoac djnh hudng nghe nghiep t i l p theo Can d i m bio khdi lupng ndi dung GD (ddi vdi tdng mdn hpe cung nhu ddi vdi toan bd d c mdn hoc CT GDPT) hpp li, phu hpp vdi trinh dp nhan thQc v l die dilm t i m sinh IJ eua HS Bio dam kit hop tdi uu cle kiln thQc co bin v l thilt thyc D d n duoc thyc hien d d p quIn li GD tai d c dia phuong, d n tang quyen quIn li cho cle trudng q u i trinh triln khai 8/ Mdt so van de dat d n dUpc t i l p tue nghiin cQu, gili quylt phIt triln CT mdn hoc gdm: Van de xac djnh he thdng nang iQc mdn hpe? Vin de xay dUng chuan mdn hoc: Cd nhQng chuan nIo? quy trinh xay dyng d l d i m bao tinh khoa hpe va thi v l t i l n dd?Cau true van b i n CT mdn hoc; d c h thQc bieu dat; mQc dp chi t i l t ' TAILIIUTHAMKHAO [1], Dang Thanh HUng, (2014), Chuang trinh vdsdeh theo tiip can ndng Itfc [2] Bd Gilo due v l DIo tao, Dtfthdo ChUong trinh 2/Tao dilu kien d l HS khdng ehi ITnh hpi d c sy gido ducpho thong tong the thing nam 2015 kiln, kiln thQc m l cdn ed eP hdi phIt triln d e nlng [3] NguyenThj Minh PhUong, I'e viic xde dinh npi lUc chung va nang luc die thii mdn hpe; g i n vile hpe dung dgy hge theo dinh hUdng phdt triin ndng ItfedngUdi vdi thUe hanh gili quylt d c van de eua cupc sdng hang /ipcTapchiNghiencQuGiaodyc, sd5, nam 1996 Tang thdi gian cho hoat ddng ty hoc, hoat ddng [4] Do Ngoc Thdng, Xdy dUng Chuang trinh gido due ddc lap ciia HS Bio d i m cho HS cd nang luc thich Qng thdng theo hudng tiip edn ndng /yc,Tap chi Khoa hoc tieh cue vdi d c hoat ddng ddi sdng xa hdi hien dai Gilo dye, sd 68, thing 5, nlm 2011 3/ D i m b i o tinh tich hop v l phan hda lUa [5] Tran Kilu, Vi muc tieu mdn Todn trUdng chpn d c ndi dung GD, d i p Qng yeu d u day hpe phIn hda va d t h i hda Tang thdi lupng eho day hpe ty chpn thdng Viit Nam.lap chi Khoa hpe Giao due, sd 102, thing 3, nam 2014 va day hoc theo chuyen de hpe tap [6],VLiTrong Ry - Od Tien Dat, Mdf sd van dl/f'/udn 4/ Cung d p cho HS nen ting can thilt toi thieu de cd the Qng dyng cdng nghe thdng tin v l truyen thdng xde dinh npi dung day hoc d trUdng thdng, Tap ehi Khoa hoe Gilo dye, sd 115, thing nam 2015 hoc tap d e mdn hoc [7], Phdng Nghien cQuToln-Tin,Trung tam Nghien 5/Tang CQdng tinh mdcOaCTd tat d d c d p , bac hpe, d i p Qng yeu cau day hoe phan hda va d the hda (cd cQu Gilo dye thdng, Vien Khoa hoe Gilo dycVlet tinh d i n die diem v l nang eua HS bao gdm e l HS Nam, (2015), Bdo cdo tong kit nhiem vu nghien cdu thudng xuyen: "Xdy dtfng, thd nghiim mdt sd chu de tich nlng khilu v l HS khuylt tat) 6/ Cho phep van dyng linh hoat CT, CT cd hap mdn Todn cho Chuang trinh gido due thdng mdi" thiet ke"phan cQng"vl "phan mim", "phan mem" dinh (PGS,TS Pham DQc Quang chu tri) cho d c dja phuong va d c trudng tQ thiet kl, Cd t h i cho [8], Website eua co quan PhIt trien chuong trinh va phep td chQc thuc hien CT phii hop vdi dac diem d cle Dinh gia Australia (ACARA); http://wwvi/.aeara.edu.au/ vung khd khan [9], H.(D TonoBaHOBa, (2005), Odmaa nedazoeuKO 7/Viee quIn li, giam sat thuc hien va dieu chinh CT (yiednoe noco6ue dna eysoe), Pe^b, CaHK rieiepdypr SOME BASIC ISSUES IN THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT TO MEET RENEWAL REQUIREMENT OF GENERAL CURRICULUM Do Tien Dat and research group Emaib dtdatSS@gmaii.com The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: in recent years, research on eurriculum has been focused The Vietnam Institute of Educational Scie (VNIES) identified this is one of the key aspect, oriented other regular research tasks Curriculum development was s as one of core issues of the general curriculum development, the author reviewed some basic issues in the curriculu development to meet renewal requirement of general curriculum from recent research findings Keywords: Curriculum; curriculum development; curriculum renewal; general education 0136-THANG 1/2017'SI