Một số vấn đề cơ bản và cấp bách trong phát triển kinh tế, xã hội, văn hoá ở tây nguyên

21 TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN N H A N LUC, SO 6(l6)-2009 NGHIEN cufu - TRAO DOI MOT SO VAN DE CCi BAN VA CAP BACH • TRONG PHAT TRIEN KINH TE, XA HOI, VAN HOA TAY NGUYEN NGUYEN VIET NGA" T ay Nguyen bao gdm tinh (Dac Lae, Dae Ndng, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Lam Ddng) cd dien tich khoang 55.000km' vdi sd dan gan trieu ngffdi (chiem hdn 16% dien tieh va 5% dan sd ea nffdc) Nam tren cao nguyen trung tam cua ban dao Ddng Dffdng, Tay Nguyen cd dffdng bien gidi giap Lao va Campuchia va cd mdi hen he toan dien, mat thiet hifu cd vdi eae vung cua daft nffdc ma ti'ffc tiep la viing Ddng Nam Bd va duyen hai Nam Trung Bp Trong lich sff, nhffng yeu td dia ly, heh sff, kinh te, ehinh tri, van hda, dan tdc, tdn giao da tao nen mot Tay Nguyen cd vi tri ehien Iffdc quan trpng hong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, an ninh va qudc phdng Thd nhdt, la vung ed nhieu tiem nang phat trien kinh te ndng - lam nghiep, du lich, dich vu, Tay Nguyen ed ngudn dat dai rdng Idn, mau md vdi mffe binh quan cao nhat nffdc (l,5ha/hp), ed 1,5 trieu daft dd bazan (chiem 66% dat dd bazan ca nffdc) Nam d dau ngudn sinh thiiy va giff vai trd can bang sinh thai eho ea viing Nam Bd va Trung Bd, Tay Nguyen ed trff Iffdng thiiy nang Idn, chiem hdn 22% ngudn thuy nang ca nffdc, ed the san xua't 15 ty Kw dien mdi nam Vdi dp che phii 56%, riftig Tay Nguyen chiem 36% dien tich rifng ca nffdc vdi trff Iffdng gd hdn 286 trieu m\ dd, ed nhieu loai gd quy hiem Ben canh Idi the ve da't, nffdc, rffng ndi tren, Tay Nguyen edn cd trff Iffdng quang bauxit tdi 4,5 ty tan, chiem % Iffdng bauxit ea nffdc va nhieu loai khoang san khac (vang sa khoang, tluee, da vdi, da qu^, than nau, than bun )'" Tay Nguyen giau tiem nang va ed nhieu ngudn (*) PGS.TS Triet hpc, Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hdi va Nhan van - Dai hoc Qud'c gia TP Hd Chi Minh (1) Xem: Bao Thanh Nidn, 06/9/2009, tr.4 life de phat trien Idnh te - xa hpi, song tiec rang , nhffng nam qua phan Idn chiing van ton tai dffdi dang tiem nang Mudn bien tiem nang ddng life phat trien thi can cd nhan td eon ngffdi ket hdp vdi nguon vdn ciing nhffng tien bd khoa hpc ky thuat Thd hai, la vung da dan tdc va nhieu tdn giao dan xen nhau, Tay Nguyen cd nhffng thuan Idi can ban va eung rat nhieu khd khan qua trinh phat trien Chinh yeu td da dan tdc da gdp phan tao nhffng tien dc can thiet cho viec tap tiling nguon vdn, life Iffdng lao ddng ddi dao va phat huy nang life sang tao ciia nhieu dan tdc Dong thdi, nd ciing tao ,sff khac biet, tinh phan tan, cue bp va ludn ed nhffng mau thuan tiem an Trong lieh sff, chii nghia thffc dan, de' qudc da Idi dung chinh dae diem de thffc hien ehinh sach ngu dan, chia re dan tpc, tdn giao nham ap dat ach thdng tri; va hien nay, cac the life thil dich eung dang khai thac tdi da dac diem ndi tren de thffc hien am mffu "dien bie'n hda binh" Thd bo, vung da't eao nguyen phi nhieu, ddi mil bat ngan, hau can nhiet ddi ciing vdi each thffc san xua't nffdng ray da gdp phan tao nen ngffdi va van hda mang dam sac thai Tay Nguyen Dd la nhffng ngffdi trung thffc, chat phae sinh boat, khoan dung nhan giao tiep, can cu sang tao lao ddng, diing cam linh boat dafu tranh chd'ng giac ngoai xam, doan ket cdng ddng va sd'ng hda nunh vdi thien nhien Nhffng ngffdi vdi nhffng pham chat nhff vay ta't yeu da tao nen van hda da dang va dac sac Ndi each khac, van hda Tay Nguyen chinh la tam hdn ngffdi Tay Nguyen dffdc the hien mot each sinh ddng phong phii thdng qua ngdn ngff (tieng ndi, chff viet) 22 NGUYEN VIET NGA - MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN., hanh vi giao tiep, boat ddng va dffdc ket tinh cac truyen thuyet, sii" thi, phong tue, tap quan va cac loai hinh nghe thuat Trong the ky XX, ngffdi Tay Nguyen da phat huy gia tri truyen thd'ng doan ket mdt long, neu eao tinh than thffdng vd, hang hai tien len dffdi ngpn cd ve vang eua Dang, eung ea nffdc danh dudi giac ngoai xam, thffc hien trpn ven Idi can dan eua Ho Chu tich: "Ddng bao va ehien SI Tay Nguyen da doan ket cang phai doan ket chat che hdn nffa, cd' gang khdng ngffng, phat huy manh me thang Idi da danh dffdc, ludn neu cao canh giac, san sang dap tan mpi am mffu cua dich, sffc eung cd va phat hien vung giai phdng va phuc vii tien myen Tdi tin chac rang Tay Nguyen cung ca nffdc tien len danh thang hoan toan giac My xam Iffdc "'^' Sau mien Nam giai phdng, da't nffdc thdng nhat, nhan dan Tay Nguyen lai bffde vao cudc thff thach gay go, phai dd'i mat vdi cudc khung hoang kinh te - xa hpi va cuoc ehie'n chd'ng Fuho Chinh hoan canh ngat ngheo dd, Tay Nguyen da ciing ca nffdc danh bai mpi am muff cua cac the life thu dieh, vffdt qua eude khiing hoang kinh te - xa hpi va vffng bffde thffc hien cdng cudc ddi mdi daft nffdc Sau hdn 20 nam ddi mdi, Tay Nguyen da dat dffdc nhffng tffu bffde dau raft quan trpng ve nhieu mat, nhff xay dffng cd sd vat chat - ky thuat, nang cao tang trffdng kinh te, dn dinh va tffng bffde nang eao ddi sdng vat cha't va tinh than eua nhan dan Dd la nhuhg tien de raft quan trpng va can thiet cho viec day manh edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Tuy nhien, cd mdt thffc te la, eho den nay, vffng da't eao nguyen day tiem nang van chffa dffdc dau tff dung mffe, chffa dffdc khai thac, sff dung mdt each khoa hpc, hdp ly va cd hieu qua Hien nay, tren cac linh vffc kinh te - xa hpi, van hda, dan tpc va tdn giao dang ed nhffng khd khan, thach thffc can dffdc nhan thffc va giai quye't mdt each khoa hpc, hdp ly va kip thdi Mot Id, hnh vffc kinh te - xa hdi da va dang tdn tai tinh trang tranh cha'p, mua ban chuyen nhffdng khdng hdp ly ve daft dai; mot bp phan dan cff thieu da't canh tac va ca daft d; cham chuyen dieh cd cau kinh te theo hffdng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda; nhieu budn lang, thdn, xa d vung eao, vung sau, vung xa edn thieu "Dien - Dffdng - Trffdng - Tram" va nhffng cdng trinh phuc Idi cdng cdng khac Ty le ho ngheo dffng vao loai eao nhat nffdc (khoang 20%), ty le vung ddng bao dan tpc thieu so cdn eao hdn nhieu, khoang each giau ngheo mdt tang; ed sff khac biet va baft binh dang ve thu nhap va mffe sd'ng giffa dong bao eae dan tdc"'; trinh dp dan tri chffa eao, nguon nhan life (nhat la life Iffdng lao ddng cd ky thuat) edn thieu ve sd Iffdng, non ve chat Iffdng va baft hdp ly ve cd can nganh nghe; tinh trang di dan tff lam phffe tap them cac van de kinh te - xa hdi; qua trinh dd thi hda cham chap, nhd le, phan tan vdi chat Iffdng khdng cao Tat ca nhufng van de tren khdng chi lam anh hffdng den viec tap trung eae ngudn life de thuc day cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda; ma edn gdp phan lam phffe tap them eae vafn de xa hdi, dan tdc va tdn giao Hai Id, hong nhuhg nam qua, sff phat trien cua eae dan tpc va tdn giao d Tay Nguyen dien cd phan phffe tap va ludn tiem an nhffng mau thuan Hien cd khoang gan trieu ngffdi sdng cl Tay Nguyen thupe 45 dan tdc khac nhau, dd ddng bao eae dan toe thieu sd chiem khoang 33% Sff khac ve ngudn gdc xua't xff, dac diem tam ly, each thffc san xua't, sd thich thoi quen, phong tue tap quan, Id'i sd'ng da tao nen nhffng khac biet nhaft dinh, lam sinh mau thuin va ea nhffng xung dot Cung vdi van de dan tpc, tin ngffdng va ton giao da va dang trd van de te nhi, phiJc tap Trong heh sff, cac eff dan ban dia Tay Nguyen thffdng theo ba loai tin ngffdng ehu yeu: da than, phdn thffc va thd cung td tien Tren cd sd ba loai tin ngffdng ma eae tdn giao tac ddng, xam nhap, pha trdn lam cho tin ngffdng va ca tdn giao trd nen da dang, phffe tap Hien nay, tren dja ban Tay Nguyen ed tdn giao chu yeu vdi nhieu tin dd khac Theo thd'ng ke chffa day dii, Phat giao ed hdn 500.000 tin dd, Cdng giao c6 gan 700.000 tin dd, dao Cao dai ed khoang 20.000 tin va Tui lanh cd gan 300.000 tin Nhin chung, cac tdn giao phat trien cang nhanh ve tdc dp, rdng ve quy md va tang ve so Iffdng (2) Ho Chf Minh Cac dan tdc doan ket, binh dang giup dd cung tien bd Nxb ST, Ha Ndi, 1977, tr.144-145 (3) Xem: TS Bui Minh Dao (chu bien) Mdt so vin de giam ngheo d cac dan tdc thieu so Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 2003, tr.48 NGUYEN VIET NGA - MOT SO VAN DE CO BAN 23 Van de dan tdc va tdn giao d Tay Nguyen cd dien bien phffe tap, nhat la bdi canh the gidi cdn "xung dot vii trang, xung dot dan tdc tdn giao, chay dua vu trang, boat ddng can thiep lat dd, khung bd edn xay d nhieu ndi vdi tinh chat phffe tap cang gia tang""" Tren thffc te, nhi?ng nam qua, cac the life thu dich da Idi dung van de dan tdc va tdn giao d Tay Nguyen de thffc hien am mffu "dien bien hda binh" va cd dieu kien thi gay bao loan; chung lap cac td chffc phan ddng d nffdc ngoai vdi nhffng ten gpi khac de mdc nd'i vdi bpn phan ddng nffdc td chffc cac boat ddng kich ddng, bao loan nham pha hoai cdng cudc ddi mdi va tao "dien bien hda binh" Nguyen la dia ban chien Iffdc dac biet quan trpng ve kinh te - xa hdi va qudc phdng, an ninh cua ca nffdc; la vffng giau tiem nang, Idi the de phat trien kinh te - xa hpi" "Dong bao cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen doan ket mdt long eung vdi ea nffdc xay dffng Tay Nguyen giau ve kinh te, viihg ve chinh tri, phat trien nhanh ve van hda - xa hdi, manh ve qud'c phdng, an ninh, tien tdi xay dffng Tay Nguyen vung kinh te ddng life" Van de quan trpng ndi bat d day la: lam gi va bang each nao de dffa Nghi quyet vao cudc sd'ng va bie'n ndi dung cua Nghi quyet hien thifc, xay dffng dffdc mdt Tay Nguyen "giau ve kinh te, vffng ve ehinh tri, phat trien nhanh ve van hda - xa hdi; manh ve qud'c phdng, an ninh", nhff Nghi quyet cua Dang da khang dinh? Giai quyet va'n de ddi hdi sffc life va hi me cua nhieu cap, nhieu nganh va can ed thdi gian, dieu kien nha't dinh Dffdi gdc dp khoa hpc xa hdi, ehung tdi xin neu mdt sd giai phap mang tinh dinh hffdng nham gdp phan thiie day sff nghiep edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda d Tay Nguyen - Trudc het, can xac dinh nhdm giai phap ve ehinh tri - tff tffdng, van hda dan tpc va tdn giao de gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo, nang cao dan tri, dn dinh chinh tri xa hdi, tap trung cac ngudn life thiic day edng nghiep hda,hien dai hda - Thd hai, xay dffng va thffc hien eae giai phap ve Cling ed va tang effdng khd'i doan ket toan dan, doan ket dan tdc, doan ket tdn giao - Thd ba, can xay dffng ehffdng trinh nghien eu\i tdng the ve Tay Nguyen Trong dd, chu trpng cac van de: xac dinh cac ngudn life phat trien ben viTng; nhiihg van de cd ban ve kinh te - xa hdi, van hda, dan tdc va tdn giao; van de eon ngffdi va phat hien ngudn nhan life; va'n de bao ve va nudi dffdng mdi trffdng v.v.,, - Thd tu, ed chinh sach thich hdp huy ddng cac ngudn life, dac biet la ngudn kinh phi va ngudn nhan life khoa hpc phuc vu cho nghien ciiu va ffng dung khoa hpc - ky thuat d Tay Nguyen Cac tinh Tay Nguyen can cd chinh sach "chieu hien dai si" dd'i vdi khoa hpc de tap trung kinh phi, thu hut ngffdi tai Ba Id, nhff da nhan xet, van hda Tay Nguyen chinh la nhffng pham chat eiia ngffdi Tay Nguyen dffdc the hien thdng qua ngdn ngff, tieng ndi, chff viet, hanh vi giao tiep, boat ddng, Id'i sd'ng va dffdc ket tinh cac truyen thuyet, sff thi, phong tue, tap quan va eae loai hinh nghe thuat Kho tang van hda la phong phu, da dang va dac sac; cd nhieu yeu td mang gia tri raft dang qu^ can dffdc giff gin, phat trien nhff truyen thuyet, sff thi, van hpc dan gian va cac loai hinh nghe thuat (am nhac, ea mua, dieu khac ) Dong thdi, cung ed nhieu yeu td phan gia hi, loi thdi can loai bd nhff eae hu hie, me tin di doan v.v O day, cai mdi va cai cu, gia tri va phan gia tri, tien bd va lae hau, tich cifc va tieu effc tdn tai va thffdng dan xen, tac ddng anh hffdng lan Nhff vay, bffde vao thdi ky day manh edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, Tay Nguyen ed nhiihg thuan Idi ra't can ban; song cung dffng trffdc nhu^ig khd khan phffe tap va ea nhiihg nguy cd, thach thffc to Idn phat hien O day, tdn tai ca nguy cd "dien bien hda binh", "tut hau xa hdn ve kinh te" va ca nguy cd "tut hau ve khoa hpc - cdng nghe" Nhan thffc mdt each sau sac va toan dien ve tinh hinh qud'c te va hong nffdc vai thap nien dau the ky XXI, nha't la tinh hinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, van hda d Tay Nguyen, Nghi quyet X cua Trung ffdng (Sd 10-NQ/TW 18/01/2002), Dang ta da nha'n manh: "Tay (4) 04ng Cdng san Vidt Nam Van kidn D?ii hdi Dai bilu toan qu6c iSn thil IX Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hk Ndi, 2001, t r i ... hoang kinh te - xa hpi va cuoc ehie'n chd'ng Fuho Chinh hoan canh ngat ngheo dd, Tay Nguyen da ciing ca nffdc danh bai mpi am muff cua cac the life thu dieh, vffdt qua eude khiing hoang kinh te... linh vffc kinh te - xa hpi, van hda, dan tpc va tdn giao dang ed nhffng khd khan, thach thffc can dffdc nhan thffc va giai quye't mdt each khoa hpc, hdp ly va kip thdi Mot Id, hnh vffc kinh te... la dia ban chien Iffdc dac biet quan trpng ve kinh te - xa hdi va qudc phdng, an ninh cua ca nffdc; la vffng giau tiem nang, Idi the de phat trien kinh te - xa hpi" "Dong bao cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen